Assignment 2: Program Design ElementsProgram DesignWith the continuation of Assignment 2, it is important to notice and appreciate the congruity provided through systematic program planning and evalua
Running Head: PROGRAM PLANNING THEORY 0
Program Planning Theory
Institution
Name
Program Planning Theory
Theory or Model and Justification
The selected theory for the Breast cancer problem among the African American women is social cognitive theory abbreviated as SCT. This theory focuses on the impact of individual experiences, the activities and actions of others coupled with the surrounding or environmental facts on the health status and behavior of the affected population (Hodges & Videto, 2011). this is made under the consideration that breast cancer is treatable but can also be fatal if advanced. The theory avails opportunities to offer support in the social context by installing expectations of “self-efficacy and utilizing the observational learning among other reinforcements to achieve a change of behavior and perception” (Cronin, 2016). The theory utilizes several concepts or components which are related to individual behavior change; firstly, there is self-efficacy which is the belief that a person has ultimate control over their health and they can do as they wish, behavioral capability such as regular checkups despite the financial status involving understanding the importance of focusing on personal health. Thirdly there are expectations which determine the outcomes of the behavior change, for example, regular checkups where a patient expects to keep their health in check and at the required standard (Cronin, 2016). Fourthly there is self-control which gives the patient autonomy and total control of their behavior change, and most importantly there is observational learning where the African American women can observe what the Caucasian women do to keep their 90% survival rates. Lastly, the model is enforced through reinforcements which include the provision of incentives such as free checkups and rewards for every African American that achieves regular visits to the hospital (Cronin, 2016).
The current problem lies between social determinants and hindrances which are perceived by African Americans more than white women such as poverty, inaccessible healthcare services, and education among others. SCT as a theoretical framework of program planning can be utilized in different settings and environments aligned with the demands of this problem (Hodges & Videto, 2011). Most importantly it is a critical model for understanding the influence of social determinants of health and persons past experiences on behavior change (Hodges & Videto, 2011). This model is chosen on the basis that white Americans achieve better health standard by overcoming the social determinants which are also possible with the African Americans.
SCT in Nursing and Other Fields
The social cognitive theory was instituted by Albert Bandura as part of his theory of social learning (Hodges & Videto, 2011). This theory originates from psychological fields. It has been utilized in education and communication in education for instance teachers and institutions tend to adopt models of learning depending on their success in other environments, for example, the use of grades as a reward or utilizing an online based or one on face teaching (Hauffman et al., 2017). According to this theory when people observe a model of behavior and consequences of the same trait their automatically remember the sequence of events and try to implement this information in guiding their subsequent behaviors. In the same context observation of a given behavior prompts the observer to engage in learned behavior (Lewis et al., 2015). In other words, the survival of humanity is dependent on replication of behaviors. In nursing, the SCT theory is utilized in several aspects, for example, it is the basis of evidence-based practice considering that providers try to replicate practices that work in other settings. Depending on whether there are rewards or punishments for the behavior as well as the outcome, the observer replicates the behavior as needed (Hauffman et al., 2017).
References
Cronin, C. (2016). Case Study Research: A Methodology for Nursing. Nursing Research Using Case Studies: Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing, 55.
Hauffman, A., Alfonsson, S., Mattsson, S., Forslund, M., Bill-Axelson, A., Nygren, P., & Johansson, B. (2017). The development of a nurse-led internet-based learning and self-care program for cancer patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression—A part of U-CARE. Cancer nursing, 40(5), E9-E16.
Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011). Assessment and planning in health programs. (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Lewis, F. M., Brandt, P. A., Cochrane, B. B., Griffith, K. A., Grant, M., Haase, J. E., ... & Shands, M. E. (2015). The Enhancing Connections Program: A six-state randomized clinical trial of a cancer parenting program. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(1), 12.