311 Research Paper
The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guidelines One of the more tedious tasks in the writing of a course paper is following the APA style guidelines. This module presents basic information on how to write a reference, how to a create a reference list, and how to place citations in text. A reference is the information about a book, article, magazine or report that is in the reference list or bibliography; it allows the reader to find the documents that you needed to write the paper. The in text citation is an acknowledgement in the text of your paper that you found the information in someone else’s work. The module will not show you how to use all of the APA guidelines for references and in text citations. Instead it focuses on ones that you will frequently use. The module covers documents in print and those from electronic sources.
The module ends with a brief quiz.
Table of Contents 1. How to write references 2. Reference lists 3. In text citations 4. Quiz time 1. How to write references References This module shows you how to write a reference by building on a simple example: a reference from a journal article in print that has one author. Note that journals are often called “periodicals” in the APA manual. This term periodical means that new issues of the journal are available periodically, for example, four times a year or six times a year.
References Documents in print: Articles This example shows how to write a reference for a journal article with one author. The article is in print; it was not retrieved from an electronic source such as the Internet.
O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
The first characteristic that you may notice is that the reference is in a “hanging indent” format. That is, all of the lines of text below the first line of the reference are indented five spaces.
References Documents in print O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
The author’s name is written so the last name (or surname) comes fi\ rst and is followed by a comma, a space, and the author’s initials. (Note that the parts of the reference under discussion are printed in red text. Of course, red text is not used in the APA style guidelines.) A space separates the authors name and the year of publication (2003). Note that the year of publication is placed in parentheses and is immediately followed by a period. A space separates the year of publication from the title.
References Documents in print: Articles O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10 , 503-509.
The title is written as if it were a sentence. The first word is capitalized, proper nouns are capitalized (“Americans’), and the word following a colon (“The”) is capitalized. The title ends with a period. Note that there are no quotation marks, underlining or bold fonts.
Regular font is always used for the title of journal articles. References Documents in print: Articles O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
A space separates the title’s period from t he name of the periodical. The journal name is written so the first word and important words in the name are capitalized. The name is in italics and it ends with a comma.
References Documents in print: Articles O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
The volume number is also in italics; it is separated from the comma after the journal name by a space. The volume number for this article indicates it was printed during the tenth year of the journal’s existence. References Documents in print: Articles O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
The first and last page numbers of the article are given. A space separates the comma after the volume number from the page numbers. Note that the page numbers are in regular print; there are no spaces between the numbers and the hyphen, and a period follows the last page number.
References Documents in print: Articles Let’s imagine that Professor O’Data had a co-author, Professor M.J. Smith, Jr. The reference would now look like this:
O’Data, G.P., & Smith, M.J., Jr. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10 , 503-509.
First, note that Professor O’Data’s initials are now followed by a comma and a space.
This comma after the initials does not follow standard usage in English. If you list two items in a sentence you do not put a comma between the first item and the word “and.” However, when you use the APA Style Guide lines you place a comma after the first author’s name.
The word “and” is not used when listing the authors’ names; instead the ampersand (&) is used. The ampersand is followed by the second author’s surname (Smith), a comma, a space, and his initials. Note the abbreviation for the word “junior” is placed after the Professor Smith’s initials. The period after the initial “J” is immediately followed by a comma, a space, and “Jr.” The rest of the reference remains unchanged. References Documents in print: Articles In our next example we imagine that Professor O’Data’s paper has six authors (that is, Professor O’Data and five co-authors). There is no change in the rules for placing initials, periods, spaces, and commas when writing the authors’ names. The only change is that the ampersand comes between the next to the last author and last author.
O’Data, G.P., Smith, M.J., Jr., Hochendonner, P.A., Grzenda, R.D., Jarrett, D.I., & Vicinsky, J. B. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
Articles with three, four, and five authors follow the same rules.
The rest of the reference remains unchanged.
References Documents in print: Articles In this example let’s imagine that Professor O’Data’s paper has more than six authors.
That is, six or more co-authors worked with Professor O’Data to write\ the paper.
O’Data, G.P., Smith, M.J., Jr., Hochendonner, P.A., Grzenda, R.D., Jarrett, D.I., & Vicinsky, J. B. , et al. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10, 503-509.
The APA style guidelines tell us not to list everyone who worked on the paper; just list the first six authors and no more. Now the last name in the list is followed by a comma and the phrase “et al.” This is Latin for the phrase “et alia” which means “and others”; note at the word “alia” is abbreviated to become “al.” It may seem unfair to not recognize the work of the other authors, but this is what must be done in order to comply with the APA style guidelines.
The rest of the reference remains unchanged.
References Documents in print: Magazines In this example we imagine that Professor O’Data’s article is published in a magazine:
O’Data, G.P., Smith, M.J., Jr., Hochendonner, P.A., Grzenda, R.D., Jarrett, D.I., & Vicinsky, J. B., et al. (2003, January 21 ). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. Science, 254, 402-407.
Note that the month and day of publication have been added after the year of publication within the parentheses. Do not abbreviate the month; always write it out. A comma and space have also been placed immediately after the year. References Documents in print: Books We will now examine references for books. Professor O’Data has written a book about online gambling:
O’Data, G.P. (2003). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self. Sheffield, CT:
Webster – Thornton. The book reference is very similar to the jour nal article. The rules for listing the author (or authors) are the same as those for journal articles. The rules for listing the year of publication are the same. References Documents in print: Books An important difference from articles is the title of the book.
O’Data, G.P. (2003). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self. Sheffield, CT:
Webster – Thornton. The use of capitals in the title of the book follows the same rules as the title of a journal, except that the book title is written in italics.
References Documents in print: Books Unlike the reference for articlesl, the book reference includes the location of the publisher and the name of the publisher.
O’Data, G.P. (1995). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self. New Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton. Note that the location of the publisher comes first. If the city is not known to most people, place a comma immediately after the city’s name, a space and the two letter abbreviation for the state. However, if the book had been published in Chicago or New York, one would simply write “Chicago” or “New York” for the location.
A colon and space follow the abbreviation for the state. The name of the publisher is written and followed by a period.
References Documents in print: Books The rules for multiple authors and how they are listed in a book reference are the same as the rules used for journal articles. For example, if there are more than six authors, “et al.” is placed after the sixth author.
O’Data, G.P., Smith, M.J., Jr., Hochendonner, P.A., Grzenda, R.D., Jarrett, D.I., & Vicinsky, J. B., et al. (1995). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self.
Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton. References Documents in print: Books You must indicate when you have used a revised edition of a book. O’Data, G.P. (1997). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self (Rev. ed.).
Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton.
The abbreviation for revised edition (Rev. ed.) comes one space after the title and immediately before the period of the title. The abbreviation for revised edition is enclosed in parentheses. The “r” in “revised” must be capitalized. Re\ gular font is used.
References Documents in print: Books In the APA style guidelines the edition of a book is treated much the sa\ me as a revised edition. If Professor O’Data’s book is in its third edition:
O’Data, G.P. (1997). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self (3 rd ed.).
Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton. The edition uses same font and location as the revised edition; note that the number of the edition is written as above. References Documents in print: Books An edited book is a collection of short papers that are placed in a single book. The editors are the individuals who selected the articles and worked to create the book. Let’s examine the reference for a book edited by Professor O’Data.
O’Data, G.P. (Ed.) (1999). Varieties of online gambling. New York: Roulette Press.
The indication that the book is edited is the abbreviation for the word “Editor” in parentheses. This reference indicates that you are referring to the entire book. A different type of reference is used if you refer to a chapter in the book.
References Documents in print: Books If Professor O’Data had a co-editor, J.S. Smith III, the reference becomes:
O’Data, G.P., & Smith, J.S., III (Eds.) (1999). Varieties of online gambling . New York:
Roulette Press.
When there is more than one editor use (Eds.) instead of (Ed.). References Documents in print: Books There are a number of new features added to a reference when a chapter from an edited book is referenced. The author is now the individual who wrote the chapter, Professor Adirred.
Adirred, W.Z. (1999). Online gambling and the culture of chaos: A post-modern interpretation. In G.P. O’Data & J. S. Smith III (Eds.), Varieties of online gambling (pp. 345-355). New York: Roulette Press.
If the chapter had more than one author you would use the rules given for books to list their names. References Documents in print: Books The title of the chapter is treated as if it were the title of an journal article:
Adirred, W.Z. (1999). Online gambling and the cult of danger: A post-modern interpretation. In G.P. O’Data & J.S. Smith, III (Ed.), Varieties of online gambling (pp.
345-355). New York: Roulette Press.
References Documents in print: Books A major change occurs when the editors of the book are listed. Adirred, W.Z. (1999). Online gambling and the cult of danger: A post-modern interpretation. In G.P. O’Data & J. S. Smith III (Eds.), Varieties of online gambling (pp. 345-355). New York: Roulette Press.
Note that Professor O’Data’s name is preceded by the word “In” and his initials now precede his surname. The co-editor is J.S. Smith III. His initials also precede his surname, and the two names are separated by an ampersand (&). The abbreviation for “editors” is enclosed in parentheses and immediately followed by a comma.
References Documents in print: Books The page numbers of the chapter are placed after the book title. Adirred, W.Z. (1999). Online gambling and the cult of danger: A post-modern interpretation. In G.P. O’Data & J.S. Smith III (Ed.), Varieties of online gambling (pp.
345-355). New York: Roulette Press.
The page numbers are preceded by “pp” which is an abbreviation of \ the word “pages.” The letters “pp” are followed immediately by a period. There is a space between the page numbers and the period, but there are no spaces between the numbers and hyphen. This is all enclosed in parentheses. A period is placed next to the right hand side parenthesis.
The place of publication and name of the publishing firm remains unchanged from the format found for other book references.
References Documents in print: Books Let’s say that you read about the first implementation of online gambling in the 1997 book by Professor O’Data. The article is by Professor Adirred, but you are unable to find the article and read it. When this happens your reference list entry is O’Data, G.P. (1997). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self (Rev. ed.).
Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton.
You cannot place the article by Professor Adirred in your reference list even though the reference is available in Professor O’Data’s book. The reason you cannot enter Professor Adirred’s book in your reference is list because you did not read it. References Electronic media Electronic sources of information are being used with increasing frequency in academic writing. Online articles, newsletters, repor ts, and messages are retrieved from a wide variety of sources. In this module we have limited the types of references to two of the more important sources of information that you will use.
References Electronic media: Internet articles from a print source In many cases the articles that you find online are exact duplicates of those in print.
When this occurs you must note that you read the “electronic version.” O’Data, G.P. (2003). The evolution of Americans’ attitudes toward online gambling: The impact of technology on social cognition. [Electronic version]. The Journal of Gambling and Society, 10 , 503-509.
This reference is nearly exactly the same as the reference for the article in print. The major difference is that “Electronic version” is placed between the article title and journal title. Note that “Electronic” is capitalized and the two words are enclosed in brackets (not parentheses). A period is placed immediately outside of the right hand side bracket. References Electronic media: Article in an Internet-only journal In this case the article appears in an online journal; a print version does not exist. O’Data, G.P. (2001, June 10). How lucrative is online gambling? Gambling for Fun, 4, Article 8763b. Retrieved July 12, 2001 from http://gamblfun.com/sub/article/vol87b . This reference is identical to a magazine reference until you pass the volume number.
To indicate the source of the article, the article number from the online source is presented as well as the date you retrieved the article and the URL. The URL is the instruction to your computer that allows you to retrieve the article. It appears in a long rectangular box on your web browser.
Note the order of the highlighted words and the punctuation. The month must be written in full and the words “Retrieved” and “from” must appear as indicated. 2. Reference lists Reference lists The APA style reference list is basically an alphabetized list of the references. However, there are some important exceptions.
Whenever you create a reference list you must look at the surname letter-by-letter; ignore apostrophes and don’t interpret anything in the name. For example, the surname “O’Reilly” becomes “Oreilly.” Even though the surname “St. James” is pronounced “Saint James”, you treat the surname as it were written “Stjames.” Using this rule the surname “Sainte-Saens” appears before “St. James” in the reference list. Reference lists If you have a number of references by the same author, list them so they are arranged by year of publication. Place the earliest publication first.
O’Data, G.P. (1995).
O’Data, G.P. (1997).
Use the same rule when you have two or more references by the same authors.
O’Data, G.P., & Smith, J.S., Jr. (1990).
O’Data, G.P., & Smith, J.S., Jr. (1992). Reference lists In some cases you may have references by different authors who have the same surname. When this happens you determine the order by using the first initial. For example, let’s say you have references by J.S. Smith, Jr. and A.R. Smith. They are arranged as follows Smith, A.R. (1999).
Smith, J.S., Jr. (1998) Note that these references were arranged using the first initial only; the year of publication was ignored.
Reference lists References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author. If the first and second surnames are the same, use the surname of the third author.
O’Data, G.P., Hochendonner, P.V., & Smith, J.S., Jr. (1999).
O’Data, G.P., & Smith, J.S., Jr. (1998).
Smith, J.S., Jr., O’Data, G.P., & Jarret, D.S. (1997).
Smith, J.S., Jr., O’Data, G.P., & Vicinsky, J.A. (1998). 3. In text citations In text citations When you write an academic paper you must indicate the origin of the information that you used. This information must appear in the text that you have written. The APA style guidelines use an author and date citation format. With this information the reader can go to the reference list and find the reference information about the in text citation. The first time you mention an author or source in a paragraph you must list the author and year of publication:
O’Data (1997) examined patterns of online gambling in the United States or In an examination of online gambling in the United States (O’Data, 1997) Note in the first example the author’s name occurs in the sentence; in this case you follow the name with the year of publication in parentheses. In the second example the name does not occur in the sentence, so you must place the surname, a comma, space and year of publication in parentheses.
In text citations One author If you refer to O’Data’s 1997 article in another paragraph, you must cite the article again using the author and year of publication. From this analysis O’Data (1997) concluded that online gambling was In text citations One author Within a paragraph the first citation of a document must use the author and year of publication format. However, you do not need to repeat the year of publication within the paragraph as long as the reader will not confuse it with another citation in the same paragraph.
In a study of online gambling in the United States, O’Data (1997) used sophisticated method of data analysis. O’Data found that stepwise regression In text citations Surnames with suffixes Although you use the surname in the in-text citation, do not include suffixes such as “Jr.” and “III”. Smith (1998) has done pioneering work in this field that complements the work In text citations Two authors When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
O’Data and Smith (1998) Note that “and” is used instead of an ampersand.
In text citations Three to five authors When a work has three to five authors, cite all of the authors the first time the reference occurs. O’Data, Smith, Hochendonner, and Grzenda (2001) In the next citation in the paragraph, include only the name of the first author followed by “et al.” O’Data et al. (2001) The third time it appears you may omit the year of publication.
O’Data et al.
In text citations Six or more authors When there are six or more authors, you cite the surname of the first author and add the phrase “et al.” and the year of publication:
O’Data et al. (1996) In text citations Citation from a secondary source Finally, you must acknowledge when you have read about an article or book in another source but have not read the original. This is called a “citation from a secondary source.” Let’s say that there is an article by Professor Adirred that discusses the first implementation of online gambling. It is cited in the 1997 book by Professor O’Data. You are unable to find the original article and read it. When this happens your reference list entry is O’Data, G.P. (1997). Online gambling: The impact on society and the self (Rev. ed.).
Sheffield, CT: Webster – Thornton.
However, your in text citation becomes Adirred (as cited in O’Data, 1997) did pioneering studies on the origin of You cannot cite the Adirred article as if it were an article; again, the reason is that you did not read the article.
4. Quiz time! Quiz Time! Select the reference that is consistent with the APA style guidelines. Write your answers on a sheet of paper; the correct answers will be on the next screen.
Problem 1 The book The Stream of Consciousness by Albert R. Ayler, published in 1998 in San Francisco, CA, by New Neuron Press.
Choice A Ayler, A. A. (1998). The Stream of Consciousness. San Francisco: New Neuron Press.
Choice B Ayler, A. A. (1998). The stream of consciousness . San Francisco: New Neuron Press.
Problem 2 The book chapter entitled “The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970” by O. R. Coleman in the book The origins of creativity in music edited by A.B.
Braxton and R.M. Mitchell, published by Orion Press in 1999 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Choice A Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970.
In A.B. Braxton and R.M. Mitchell (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
Choice B Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970. In Braxton, A.B. and Mitchell, R.M. (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
Problem 3 An online article that is not in print entitled “A constructivist replies to his critics” dated June 4, 1999, article 37B, was retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/, the article is by C. A. Gayle.
Choice A Gayle, C.A. A constructivist replies to his critics. Retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/.
Choice B Gayle, C.A. (1999, June 4). A constructivist replies to his critics. Retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/.
Answers Problem 1 The book The Stream of Consciousness by Albert R. Ayler, published in 1998 in San Francisco, CA, by New Neuron Press.
Choice A Ayler, A. A. (1998). The Stream of Consciousness. San Francisco: New Neuron Press.
Choice B Ayler, A. A. (1998). The stream of consciousness . San Francisco: New Neuron Press.
The correct answer is B. In A capitals are used incorrectly in the title and the title is not in italics.
Problem 2 The book chapter entitled “The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970” by O. R. Coleman in the book The origins of creativity in music edited by A.B.
Braxton and R.M. Mitchell, published by Orion Press in 1999 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Choice A Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970.
In A.B. Braxton and R.M. Mitchell (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
Choice B Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970. In Braxton, A.B. and Mitchell, R.M. (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
The correct answer is A. In B the initials of the editors are in the wrong place; they should be precede the surnames.
Problem 3 An online article that is not in print entitled “A constructivist replies to his critics” dated June 4, 1999, article 37B, retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/, the article is by C. A. Gayle.
Choice A Gayle, C.A. A constructivist replies to his critics. Retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/.
Choice B Gayle, C.A. A constructivist replies to his critics. Retrieved April 3, 2000 from http//edu.edu/constr/art37b/.
The correct answer is B. The date of the article (1999, June 4) must be in the reference. Quiz Time! Arrange the following names and dates into a list that is consistent with the APA style guidelines. Write your answer on a sheet of paper; the correct answer is on the next screen.
Rollins, T.C. (1999).
Shepp, A.R. & Wright, F.W. (2001).
Taylor, C.T., Tyner, M.C., & Hancock, H.A. (1998).
St. James, R. R. (1998). Ayler, A. A., & Ayler, D.T. (1996).
Taylor, C.T. (2001).
Rollins, T.C., & Mingus, C.B. (1998).
Rollins, T.C. (2000).
Samman, G.T. (1996).
Ayler, A. A., & Ayler, D.T. (1998).
Taylor, C.T., Tyner, M.C., & Coltrane, J.W. (1998).
Taylor, C.T., & Tyner, M.C. (1998). Answer Ayler, A. A., & Ayler, D.T. (1996).
Ayler, A. A., & Ayler, D.T. (1998). Rollins, T.C. (1999).
Rollins, T.C. (2000). Rollins, T.C., & Mingus, C.B. (1998). Samman, G.T. (1996).
Shepp, A.R. & Wright, F.W. (2001).
St. James, R. R. (1998). Taylor, C.T. (2001).
Taylor, C.T., & Tyner, M.C. (1998).
Taylor, C.T., Tyner, M.C., & Coltrane, J.W. (1998).
Taylor, C.T., Tyner, M.C., & Hancock, H.A. (1998).
Quiz Time! Select the in text citations that are consistent with the APA style guidelines. Write your answer on a sheet of paper; the correct answers are on the next screen.
Problem 1 You read about the following article, but you were unable to find a copy of it to read:
Jarrett, D.A. (1996). Happy workers are safe workers. The Journal of Health and Safety, 67, 56-68.
The information about the article appeared in the book Hines, E.F. (2003). How to live longer on-the-job. Ely, NV: The Safety Press.
Choice A Jarrett (1996).
Choice B Jarrett, 1996 (as cited in Hines, 2003).
Problem 2 The reference is Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970.
In A.B. Braxton and R.M. Mitchell (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
Choice A Coleman (1999) Choice B Braxton and Mitchell (1999) Problem 3 The book reference is Coleman, O.R., Braxton, A.B., Mitchell, R.M., Cyrille, A. J., Ware, D.S., Gayle, C.R., et al. (1996). Fundamentals of improvised music . Redlands, CA: Metronome.
Choice A Coleman, Braxton, Mitchell, Cyrille, Ware, Gayle, et al. (1996).
Choice B Coleman, et al. (1996). Answers Problem 1 You read about the following article, but you were unable to find a copy of it to read:
Jarrett, D.A. (1996). Happy workers are safe workers. The Journal of Health and Safety, 67, 56-68.
The information about the article appeared in the book Hines, E.F. (2003). How to live longer on-the-job. Ely, NV: The Safety Press.
Choice A Jarrett (1996).
Choice B Jarrett, 1996 (as cited in Hines, 2003).
The answer is B. You are using a secondary source, so you cannot place the Jarrett article in your reference list.
Problem 2 The reference is Coleman, O.R. (1999). The role of nationalism in the development of jazz: 1950 to 1970.
In A.B. Braxton and R.M. Mitchell (Eds.), The origins of creativity in music. St. Paul, MN: Orion Press.
Choice A Coleman (1999) Choice B Braxton and Mitchell (1999) Choice A is the correct answer. The reference indicates that you are using information from the chapter by Coleman; you are not re ferencing the entire book edited by Braxton and Mitchell.
Problem 3 The book reference is Coleman, O.R., Braxton, A.B., Mitchell, R.M., Cyrille, A. J., Ware, D.S., Gayle, C.R., et al. (1996). Fundamentals of improvised music . Redlands, CA: Metronome.
Choice A Coleman, Braxton, Mitchell, Cyrille, Ware, Gayle, et al. (1996).
Choice B Coleman, et al. (1996).
The correct answer is B. When the reference has six or more authors you use the first author’s surname, et al., and the year of publication.