Describe a scenario where a BACB Disciplinary Ethical Standard was violated, psychology homework help

2 2nd E xp anded E ditio n by J o n B aile y & M ary B urc h 3 R outl e d ge T aylo r & F ra ncis G ro up 2 70 M ad is o n A venue N ew Y ork , N Y 1 0016 Routl e d ge Taylo r & F ra ncis G ro up 27 C hurc h R oad Hove, E ast S usse x B N 3 2 FA © 2 011 b y T aylo r a nd F ra ncis G ro up, L LC R outle dge is a n im prin t o f T aylo r & F ra ncis G ro up, a n I n fo rm a b usin ess P rin te d in th e U nit e d S ta te s o f A meric a o n a cid -fre e p aper 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I n te rn atio nal S ta ndard B ook N um ber: 9 78-0 -4 15-8 8029-9 ( H ard back) 9 78-0 -4 15-8 8030-5 ( P aperb ack) F or p erm is sio n to p hoto copy o r u se m ate ria l e le ctr o nic ally f ro m th is w ork , p le ase a ccess h ttp :/ /w ww.c opyrig ht.c om ( http :/ /w ww.c opyrig ht.c om / ) o r c onta ct th e C opyrig ht C le ara nce C ente r, I n c.

( C CC), 2 22 R ose w ood D riv e, D anvers , M A 0 1923, 9 78-7 50-8 400. C CC is a n ot- fo r-p ro fit o rg aniz a tio n th at p ro vid es lic ense s a nd r e gis tr a tio n f o r a v arie ty o f u se rs . F or o rg aniz a tio ns th at h ave b een g ra nte d a p hoto copy l ic ense b y th e C CC, a s e para te s y ste m o f p aym ent h as b een a rra nged.

T ra d em ark N otic e :

P ro duct o r c orp ora te n am es m ay b e tr a dem ark s o r r e gis te re d tr a dem ark s, a nd a re u se d o nly f o r id entif ic atio n a nd e xpla natio n w it h out in te nt to in frin ge.

Lib ra ry o f C ongre ss C ata lo gin g-in -P ublic atio n D ata Baile y, J o n S .

Eth ic s f o r b ehavio r a naly sts / b y J o n S . B aile y a nd M ary R . B urc h. - - 2 nd expanded e d.

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Fir s t p ublis h ed: M ahw ah, N .J . : L aw re nce E rlb aum A sso cia te s, 2 005.

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IS B N 9 78-0 -4 15-8 8029-9 ( h ard back : a lk . p aper) - - I S B N 9 78-0 -4 15-8 8030-5 (p bk. : a lk . p aper) 1. B ehavio ra l a sse ssm ent- -M ora l a nd e th ic al a sp ects --U nit e d S ta te s-- Handbooks, m anuals , e tc . 2 . B ehavio r a naly sts --P ro fe ssio nal e th ic s--U nit e d S ta te s-- Handbooks, m anuals , e tc . 3 . B ehavio r a naly sts --C ertif ic atio n--U nit e d S ta te s-- Handbooks, m anuals , e tc . I . B urc h, M ary R . I I. T it le .

RC437.B 43B 355 2 011 174.2 0973--d c2 2 2010035023 V is it t h e T aylo r & F ra n cis W eb s it e a t h ttp ://w ww.t a ylo ra n dfr a n cis .c o m a n d t h e R outle dge W eb s it e a t h ttp ://w ww.r o utle dgem enta lh ealt h .c o m 4 5 Con te n ts Pre fa ce Ackno w le d gm ents Dis c la im er Evolu ti o n o f th e 2 nd E xp and ed E diti o n SE C TIO N I Back gro und f o r E th ic s in B ehavio r A naly sis Chap te r 1 How W e G ot H ere Chap te r 2 Core E th ic al P rin cip le s Chap te r 3 What M akes B ehav io r A naly sis U niq ue?

Chap te r 4 Most F re q uent E th ic al P ro ble m s Chap te r 5 Every d ay E th ic al C halle nges f o r A vera ge C iti z e ns a nd B ehav io r Analy sts SE C TIO N I I Understa ndin g a nd F ollo w in g t h e B ehavio r A naly st c e rtif ic a tio n Board G uid elin es f o r R esp onsib le c o nduct Chap te r 6 Resp onsib le C ond uct o f a B ehav io r A naly st ( G uid elin e 1 ) Chap te r 7 The B ehav io r A naly st's R esp onsib ility to C lie nts ( G uid elin e 2 ) Chap te r 8 Asse ssin g B ehav io r ( G uid elin e 3 ) Chap te r 9 The B ehav io r A naly st a nd th e I n d iv id ual B ehav io r C hange Pro gra m ( G uid elin e 4 ) Chap te r 1 0 The B ehav io r A naly st a s T eacher o r S up erv is o r ( G uid elin e 5 ) Chap te r 1 1 The B ehav io r A naly st a nd th e W ork p la ce ( G uid elin e 6 ) Chap te r 1 2 The B ehav io r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to th e F ie ld o f Behav io r A naly sis ( G uid elin e 7 ) 6 Chap te r 1 3 The B ehav io r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to C olle agues (G uid elin e 8 ) Chap te r 1 4 The B ehav io r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to S ocie ty (G uid elin e 9 ) Chap te r 1 5 The B ehav io r A naly st a nd R ese arc h ( G uid elin e 1 0) SE C TIO N III Pro fe ssio nal S kills f o r E th ic a l B ehavio r A naly sts Chap te r 1 6 Cond ucti n g a R is k – B enefit A naly sis Chap te r 1 7 Deliv erin g th e E th ic s M essa ge E ffe cti v ely Chap te r 1 8 Avoid in g th e “ S lip pery S lo pe” o f E th ic al P ro ble m s b y U sin g a Decla ra ti o n o f P ro fe ssio nal S erv ic es SE C TIO N IV Tip s, G uid elin es, I n dex, a nd S ce nario s f o r S tu dents Chap te r 1 9 A D oze n P ra cti c al T ip s f o r E th ic al C ond uct o n Y our F ir s t J o b Append ix A:

Behav io r A naly st C erti fic ati o n B oard G uid elin es f o r R esp onsib le Cond uct f o r B ehav io r A naly sts Append ix B:

In d ex f o r B A CB G uid elin es f o r R esp onsib le C ond uct f o r Behav io r A naly sts DEV ELO PED B Y J O N B A IL EY Append ix C:

Fifty E th ic s S cenario s f o r B ehav io r A naly sts Append ix D:

Suggeste d F urth er R ead in g Refe re nces In d ex 7 8 Pre fa ce EV O LU TIO N O F T H IS B O OK A ND H OW T O U SE I T My fir s t e xp erie nce in e th ic s c am e w hen I w as a g ra d uate s tu d ent in p sy cho lo gy in th e la te 1 960s. I w as w ork in g w ith a p ro fo und ly d ev elo pm enta lly d is a b le d y o ung man w ho w as co nfin ed to a heav y m eta l crib in th e sm all w ard o f a p riv ate in sti tu ti o n in P ho enix , A riz o na. B lin d , d eaf, n o nam bula to ry , a nd n o t to ile t tr a in ed , my “ su b je ct” e ngaged in s e lf- in ju rio us b ehav io r v ir tu ally a ll d ay lo ng. H is h ead - bangin g b ehav io r a gain st th e m eta l b ars c o uld b e h eard 2 5 y ard s a w ay a nd g re ete d me e ach ti m e I e nte re d h is d ep re ssin g, m alo doro us liv in g u nit. D ay a fte r d ay, I s a t by h is c rib ta kin g n o te s o n a p ossib le th esis c o ncern in g h o w o ne m ig ht tr y to r e d uce his c hro nic s e lf- in ju rio us b ehav io r, o r S IB ( w e c alle d it se lf- d estr u ctiv e b eh avio r in th o se d ays). A fte r a fe w in fo rm al o bse rv ati o n s e ssio ns, a nd r e ad in g th ro ugh h is med ic al c hart, I h ad so m e id eas. I se t u p a m eeti n g w ith o ne o f m y c o m mitte e mem bers , D r. L ee M eyers o n, w ho w as s u p erv is in g th e r e se arc h a t th e f a cility . “ I'm obse rv in g a s u b je ct w ho e ngages i n s e lf- d estr u cti v e b ehav io r,” I b egan. “ H e h its h is head 1 0 to 1 5 ti m es p er m in ute th ro ugho ut th e d ay. I'v e ta ken in fo rm al d ata at diffe re nt ti m es o f th e d ay, a nd I d on't se e a ny c o nsis te nt p atte rn ,” I o ffe re d . D r.

Meyers o n l e t m e g o o n f o r a b out 1 0 m in ute s, n o ddin g a nd o ccasio nally ta kin g a p uff on h is p ip e ( s m okin g w as a llo w ed e v ery w here i n th o se d ays). T hen h e s to pped m e ab ru p tl y a nd , g estu rin g w ith h is p ip e, b egan to a sk m e q uesti o ns th at I h ad n ev er th o ught a b out. D id I k no w m y “ su b je ct's ” n am e? D id I h av e p erm is sio n to o bse rv e and re p ort o n th is in d iv id ual? W ho g av e m e p erm is sio n to lo ok a t th is m ed ic al re co rd ? H ad I d is c usse d th is c ase w ith a ny o f m y g ra d uate s tu d ent c o lle agues o r sh o w n th e d ata i n c la ss? I h ad n o g o od a nsw ers to a ny o f D r. M eyers o n's q uesti o ns.

I w asn 't th in kin g o f m y “ su b je ct” a s a p ers o n, o nly a s a s o urc e o f d ata f o r m y th esis .

It n ev er d aw ned o n m e th at “ B illy ” h ad r ig hts to p riv acy a nd c o nfid enti a lity a nd th at he n eed ed to b e tr e ate d w ith d ig nity a nd re sp ect, n o t a s ju st a no th er “ su b je ct” to help m e c o m ple te a m aste r's th esis . A s i t tu rn s o ut, D r. M eyers o n w as a head o f h is ti m e in g rillin g m e w ith e th ic al q uesti o ns th at w ould n o t a ctu ally c o m e u p in le gal cir c le s fo r ano th er 1 0 years (s e e Chap te r 1 ). D r. M eyers o n's q uesti o ns help ed se nsiti z e m e to l o okin g a t w hat I w as d oin g f r o m a n e xtr a -e xp erim enta l p ers p ecti v e.

How w ould I lik e to b e tr e ate d if I w as a “ su b je ct” in s o m eo ne's e xp erim ent? O r ho w w ould I w ant m y m oth er o r s is te r to b e tr e ate d ? “ W ith k in d ness, c o m passio n, and r e sp ect” i s n o d oub t th e q uic k r e sp onse th at m ost o f u s w ould o ffe r. A nd s o i t i s th at eth ic s in psy cho lo gy, and parti c ula rly in behav io r analy sis , can be easily pers o naliz e d a nd m ad e ta ngib le if w e w ill ju st s to p a nd th in k a b out w hat w e a re 9 doin g.

Stu d ents to day h av e a g re at a d vanta ge o ver m y g enera ti o n. W e h ad n o c o de o f eth ic s o r g uid elin es to f o llo w ; w e h ad o ne f o ot i n th e a nim al l a b a nd o ne i n th e r e al world , and w e w ere tr y in g to fig ure out ho w to tr a nsfo rm pow erfu l opera nt co nd iti o nin g p rin cip le s i n to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ents . I t d id n't d aw n o n u s a t th e ti m e th at eth ic s w as in v olv ed a t a ll, u nti l, o f c o urs e , w e e nco unte re d D r. L ee M eyers o n.

Today, gra d uate stu d ents in b ehav io r analy sis hav e nearly 3 0 years o f ap plie d re se arc h a nd p ra cti c e to f a ll b ack o n ( a nd to l e arn f r o m a nd b e h eld a cco unta b le f o r kno w in g). I n ad diti o n, th ey h av e a w ealth o f r e so urc es o n e th ic s i n clu d in g c ase l a w and pre ced ent- s e tti n g le gal fin d in gs. Fin ally , stu d ents to day hav e a perfe ctl y le giti m ate , th o ro ughly re se arc hed , and w ell- v ette d se t o f guid elin es sp ecific ally desig ned fo r our fie ld : The Behav io r A naly st Certi fic ati o n Board (B A CB) Guid elin es fo r R esp onsib le C ond uct. In te achin g th e g ra d uate c o urs e P ro fe ssio nal and E th ic al I s su es i n B ehav io r A naly sis f o r th e p ast 1 0 y ears , I h av e l e arn ed a g re at deal a b out th e e th ic al is su es th at a p pear to b e u niq ue to o ur fie ld ( s e e Chap te r 3 ) and h av e b een d ev elo pin g le ctu re s a nd tr y in g to d is c o ver w ays o f m akin g e th ic s in te re sti n g, in fo rm ati v e, and engagin g fo r stu d ents w ho do no t quite se e th e re le v ance o r a p pre cia te o ur c auti o us a p pro ach. O ne th in g I'v e d is c o vere d is th at alth o ugh w e n o w h av e a n e xcelle nt s e t o f G uid elin es th ey a re s o m ew hat d ry a nd b y th em se lv es d o n o t c o nv ey th e u rg ency a nd r e le v ance th at th ey s h o uld . R ead in g th e Guid elin es i s s o m eth in g l ik e r e ad in g i n str u cti o ns f o r c o m pute r s o ftw are : i t's c le arly im porta nt, b ut y o u w ould r a th er j u st s ta rt u sin g i t.

A fe w y ears a go , I w as s c hed ule d to g iv e a h alf- d ay w ork sh o p a t P enn S ta te o n eth ic s w ith D r. J e rry S ho ok. In th e p ro cess o f p re p arin g m y m ate ria ls , I w ond ere d what k in d o f e th ic al q uesti o ns th e p arti c ip ants m ig ht h av e. D r. S ho ok a rra nged in ad vance to hav e each parti c ip ant w rite and su b m it to us tw o questi o ns or “sc enario s” th at he o r sh e had co nfr o nte d in th e w ork se tti n g. W hen I go t th e questi o ns, I re aliz e d th at re ad in g th e sc enario s su d denly m ad e th e e th ic al is su es ju m p r ig ht o ff th e p age. I b egan tr y in g to l o ok u p th e c o rre ct r e sp onse s ( a cco rd in g to th e B A CB G uid elin es), a nd th is tu rn ed o ut to b e q uite d iffic ult. S om eth in g w as mis sin g; a n i n d ex o f s o m e s o rt w ould h elp , b ut n o ne w as a v aila b le th at I c o uld f in d .

Sev era l all- n ig hte rs la te r, I had dev elo ped one. B y th e ti m e D r. S ho ok and I tr a v ele d to th e c o nfe re nce, I h ad a n ew a p pro ach to te achin g e th ic s. It in v olv ed pre se nti n g sc enario s, hav in g th e stu d ents lo ok up th e re le v ant se cti o ns in th e Guid elin es, a nd th en p re se nt th eir p ro pose d e th ic al a cti o ns. T his a p pro ach te aches stu d ents th at s o m eti m es b ro ad , e th ic al c o nsid era ti o ns a lw ays c o m e d ow n to s o m e sp ecific G uid elin es. M y e xp erie nce i n u sin g th is meth o d o ver th e p ast s e v era l y ea rs is th at i t b rin gs th e to pic to l ife a nd g enera te s e xcelle nt d is c ussio ns o f v ery r e le v ant is su es.

10 One tr o ub lin g pro ble m I enco unte re d in te achin g th e Eth ic s fo r B ehav io r Analy sis c o urs e w as th at s p ecific c o de ite m s w ere o fte n v ery m uch o ut o f c o nte xt or w ere w ritte n in s u ch s ti lte d le gale se th at s tu d ents d id n o t u nd ers ta nd w hy th ey were necessa ry or ho w th ey w ere re le v ant. I fo und m yse lf ofte n “tr a nsla ti n g” sp ecific G uid elin es in to p la in E nglis h . T his p ro cess, a lo ng w ith p ro vid in g so m e his to ric c o nte xt a nd b ackgro und a b out h o w a nd w hy c erta in i te m s w ere i m porta nt i n our f ie ld , s e em ed to i n cre ase th e l e v el o f u nd ers ta nd in g f o r th e s tu d ents .

This b ook, th en, i s th e c ulm in ati o n o f th is a tte m pt to p re se nt a p ra cti c al, s tu d ent- cente re d a p pro ach to te achin g e th ic s in b ehav io r a naly sis . A ll o f th e c ase s a re base d o n r e al e xam ple s k no w n to th e a uth o rs b ut m odifie d to a v oid e m barra ssm ent or le gal hassle s. In ad diti o n, fo r each case , th ere is a q uesti o n fo r stu d ents to co nsid er fo llo w ed b y a re sp onse th at c an b e fo und a t th e e nd o f e ach c hap te r. In Append ix C , y o u w ill fin d 5 0 p ra cti c e s c enario s th at c an b e u se d in c la ss o r a s ho m ew ork . Y ou c an, o f c o urs e , d ev elo p y o ur o w n s c enario s b ase d o n th e s p ecific are as o f a p plic ati o n th at y o u e nco unte r in y o ur p ra cti c e o f b ehav io r a naly sis . O ur exam ple s le an heav ily o n o ur exp erie nce in auti s m , d ev elo pm enta l d is a b iliti e s, ed ucati o n, a nd o rg aniz a ti o nal b ehav io r m anagem ent ( O BM ).

A fin al w ord a b out u sin g th is v olu m e: th is te xt is in te nd ed to b e a p ra cti c al hand book, and w e sp ecific ally atte m pte d to av oid m akin g th is an acad em ic o r th eo re ti c al w ork . A lth o ugh w e f e el th at i t i s q uite c o m pre hensiv e, i t i s n o t i n te nd ed to b e u se d a lo ne b ut ra th er a s a s u p ple m ent to o th er te xts o r s o urc es th at y o u a re curre ntl y u sin g ( s e e S uggeste d R ead in g i n Secti o n I II ). M any p eo ple te achin g e th ic s co urs e s w ill ro uti n ely h av e stu d ents re ad th e U .S . C onsti tu ti o n, v ie w One F le w Over th e C ucko o's N est , and re se arc h th eir sta te la w s o n lim its o f tr e atm ent, re q uir e m ents f o r k eep in g d ocum ents , m ain ta in in g c o nfid enti a lity , a nd o th er r e le v ant is su es. M y exp erie nce is th at it ta kes so m e cre ati v e dig gin g to fin d re le v ant re ad in gs. E xp osin g s tu d ents to a v arie ty o f s o urc es fr o m B. F . S kin ner a nd M urra y Sid m an to A sso cia ti o n fo r B ehav io r A naly sis ( A BA ) p ositi o n s ta te m ents is u se fu l in p re p arin g th em to ta ckle th e w orld o f e th ic al is su es th ey w ill c o nfr o nt. I h av e tr ie d to s u m mariz e w hat I c o nsid er th e m ost im porta nt a nd p re ssin g is su es fo r n ew Board C erti fie d B ehav io r A naly sts (B CBA s) in Chap te r 1 9 : “ A D oze n P ra cti c al Tip s fo r E th ic al C ond uct o n Y our F ir s t J o b.” I h o pe y o u e njo y u sin g th is b ook a nd welc o m e in p ut and d ia lo gue o n effe cti v e w ays o f te achin g th is m ost im porta nt to pic .

Jon B aile y 11 12 WAck now le d gm en ts e w ould l ik e to th ank C ris ta l E lw ood f o r h er i n sig htf u l c o m ments a nd h elp fu l ed iti n g s u ggesti o ns o n a n e arlie r d ra ft o f th is m anusc rip t fo r th e fir s t e d iti o n.

We le arn ed a gre at d eal fr o m th e hund re d s o f p eo ple w ho atte nd ed o ur E th ic s Work sh o ps, a nd w e th ank y o u f o r th e w id e v arie ty o f s c enario s y o u s u b m itte d , s o m e of w hic h a p pear in Append ix C . W e w ould a ls o lik e to th ank th e P ro fe ssio nalis m and E th ic s S ub co m mitte e o f th e S uffo lk C ounty (N Y) C om mitte e o n P re sc ho ol Specia l E ducati o n f o r s u b m itti n g s e v era l n ew s c enario s f o r Append ix C .

We a re a ls o in d eb te d to Je rry S ho ok. W ith o ut h im a nd th e B ehav io r A naly st Certi fic ati o n B oard , th ere w ould b e n o G uid elin es. W e w ould a ls o l ik e to th ank th e exp ert p anel th at w ork ed o n th e re v is io ns to th e co de, w ith sp ecia l th anks to Marg are t ( M is ty ) B lo om , th e B A CB's v ery c ap ab le a tto rn ey.

13 14 TDis c la im er his b ook d oes no t re p re se nt an o ffic ia l sta te m ent b y th e B ehav io r A naly st Certi fic ati o n B oard , th e A sso cia ti o n f o r B ehav io r A naly sis I n te rn ati o nal, o r a ny oth er b ehav io r analy sis o rg aniz a ti o n. T his te xt canno t b e re lie d o n as th e o nly in te rp re ta ti o n o f th e m eanin g o f th e G uid elin es o r th eir a p plic ati o n to p arti c ula r situ ati o ns. E ach B oard C erti fie d B ehav io r A naly st ( B CBA ), s u p erv is o r, o r r e le v ant agency m ust in te rp re t a nd a p ply th e G uid elin es a s it b elie v es p ro per, g iv en a ll o f th e c ir c um sta nces.

The c ase s u se d in th is b ook a re b ase d o n th e a uth o rs ’ c o m bin ed 6 0 y ears o f exp erie nce in b ehav io r a naly sis . S om e a re n early e xact re p re se nta ti o ns o f a ctu al ev ents , w here as o th ers a re a n a m alg am o f tw o o r m ore in cid ents . In a ll c ase s, w e hav e d is g uis e d th e situ ati o ns a nd u se d p se ud onym s to p ro te ct th e p riv acy o f th e parti e s a nd o rg aniz a ti o ns in v olv ed . A t th e e nd o f s o m e o f th e c hap te rs , w e o ffe r “R esp onse s to C ase Q uesti o ns” a s e xam ple s o f r e al, o r i n s o m e c ase s h yp oth eti c al, so lu ti o ns to th e e th ic al p ro ble m s p ose d b y th e c ase . W e d o n o t h o ld th ese to b e th e only e th ic al s o lu ti o ns; r a th er, e ach r e sp onse is a n e xam ple o f o ne e th ic al s o lu ti o n.

We enco ura ge in str u cto rs w ho u se th e te xt to c re ate a lte rn ate s o lu ti o ns b ase d o n th eir ow n exp erie nces. F in ally , w e ho pe th at th e re sp onse s offe re d here w ill sti m ula te d is c ussio n, d eb ate , a nd th o ughtf u l c o nsid era ti o n a b out w ays o f h and lin g what a re b y d efin iti o n v ery d elic ate m atte rs .

15 16 NEvolu tio n o f t h e 2nd E xp an ded E ditio n ot lo ng afte r th e pub lic ati o n of th e fir s t ed iti o n of Eth ic s fo r B eh avio r Analy sts , w e b egan re ceiv in g re q uests to g iv e w ork sh o ps o n e th ic s a t sta te asso cia ti o n m eeti n gs a nd fo r o th er g ro up s a ro und th e c o untr y . It w as e nlig hte nin g and e d ucati o nal to l e arn f ir s th and f r o m p ra cti ti o ners a b out th e e th ic s s itu ati o ns th ey were co nfr o nti n g on a daily basis . To fa cilita te our ab ility to re fe r to th e parti c ip ants ’ pra cti c al sc enario s th ro ugho ut th e day, w e began ask in g th em to co m ple te “ S cenario F orm s” b efo re th e w ork sh o p b egan. T hese s c enario s g enera te d liv ely dis c ussio ns th at gav e pra cti ti o ners a so und in g board fo r th e eth ic al challe nges th ey w ere co nfr o nti n g in th eir jo bs (s e e m any new sc enario s in Append ix C a nd i n Chap te r 4 , “ M ost F re q uent E th ic al P ro ble m s.” ) In r o le -p la yin g e xerc is e s, w e n o ti c ed th at, w hile w ork sh o p a tte nd ees m ig ht k no w what a p arti c ula r G uid elin es ite m s a id , th ey h ad a h ard ti m e c o m in g u p w ith th e word s a nd a cti o ns n eed ed to h and le a s itu ati o n. T his le d to a no th er n ew c hap te r, “D eliv erin g th e E th ic s M essa ge E ffe cti v ely ” ( Chap te r 1 7 ). A k ey a d diti o n to th e se co nd e d iti o n c am e f r o m a d ev elo pm ent a t T xA BA i n 2 005. I t w as th ere th at K ath y Cho vanec a sk ed u s w hy b ehav io r a naly sts d id n o t u se a D ecla ra ti o n o f P ro fe ssio nal Serv ic es to h elp w ard o ff p ro ble m s p re se nte d b y p are nts , te achers , a nd o th ers . In co lla b ora ti o n w ith K ath y, w e dev elo ped ju st su ch a docum ent fo r behav io r analy sts , a nd i t i s n ew ly a d ded to th is e d iti o n ( s e e Chap te r 1 8 ).

In th e c o urs e o f te achin g e th ic s g ra d uate c la sse s, I'v e c o nti n ued to le arn a b out challe nges th at m y stu d ents fa ced as th ey p arti c ip ate d in p ra cti c a and b egan to und ers ta nd th at th eir ap pro ach to eth ic s w as ho m egro w n. S om e stu d ents had a diffic ult ti m e giv in g up “p ers o nal eth ic s” and ad opti n g o ur fie ld 's p ro fe ssio nal eth ic al g uid elin es. I s o on b egan e ach c la ss w ith th is d ra m ati c in tr o ducti o n: “ T oday is th e la st d ay o f y o ur c iv ilia n life . F ro m th is p oin t fo rw ard , y o u a re e xp ecte d to jo in th e ra nks of Pro fe ssio nal B ehav io r A naly sts and to le arn and use our Guid elin es fo r R esp onsib le C ond uct.” F ro m th is cam e th e id ea fo r Chap te r 5 , “E very d ay E th ic al C halle nges f o r A vera ge C iti z e ns a nd B ehav io r A naly sts .” In s p rin g 2 010, th e B A CB u nd erto ok a r e v ie w o f th e G uid elin es; a n e xp ert p anel co nsis ti n g o f c erti fic ants Jo n B aile y (c hair ), Jo se M arti n ez-D ia z, W ayne F uq ua, Ellie K aze m i, S haro n R eev e, a nd J e rry S ho ok ( c hie f e xecuti v e o ffic er o f th e b oard ) was c re ate d . T he p anel re co m mend ed se v era l c hanges to th e G uid elin es o vera ll 17 and d id i n clu d e s o m e n ew p ro ced ure s, i n clu d in g r is k – benefit a naly sis . T his to pic i s in clu d ed i n Chap te r 1 6 , “ C ond ucti n g a R is k – B enefit A naly sis .” I te ach a s e m este r-lo ng g ra d uate c o urs e e ach y ear c alle d E th ic s a nd P ro fe ssio nal Is su es f o r B ehav io r A naly sts . I u se Eth ic s f o r B eh avio r A naly sts f o r th e f ir s t h alf o f th e se m este r a nd 25 E sse n tia l S kills a nd S tr a te g ie s fo r P ro fe ssio nal B eh avio r Analy sts ( B aile y & B urc h, 2 010) f o r th e s e co nd h alf. B y c o verin g e th ic s f ir s t, I f in d th at th e stu d ents b eco m e se nsiti z e d to th e n ew w ay o f th in kin g a b out ho w th ey sh o uld c o nd uct th em se lv es, a nd th en I in tr o duce th em to a ll th e o th er p ro fe ssio nal sk ills th ey w ill n eed to b e s u ccessfu l.

We h o pe th at th is s e co nd e xp and ed e d iti o n o f Eth ic s fo r B eh avio r A naly sts w ill be u se fu l a s y o u l e arn a b out a nd te ach o th ers a b out e th ic s.

Jon B aile y 18 19 Sectio n One Back gro u nd f o r E th ic s in B eh av io r A naly sis 20 21 T1 How W e G ot H ere here is n o th in g m ore s h o ckin g a nd h o rrific th an th e a b use a nd m altr e atm ent o f in no cent p eo ple w ho a re u nab le to p ro te ct a nd d efe nd th em se lv es. A tr o cio us in cid ents o f p hysic al a nd e m oti o nal a b use to w ard a nim als , c hild re n, w om en, a nd peo ple w ho a re e ld erly o ccur e v ery s in gle d ay in o ur c ultu re , a nd th ey a re o fte n re d uced to a f e w l in es i n th e l o cal n ew s o f th e d aily p ap er.

In d iv id uals w ho a re d ev elo pm enta lly d is a b le d c an a ls o b e th e v ic ti m s o f a b use .

The re p re hensib le mis tr e atm ent of child re n and ad ults w ith dis a b iliti e s is esp ecia lly d is tu rb in g w hen th e a b use s c o m e a t th e h and s o f y o ur c ho se n p ro fe ssio n.

But th is is exactl y w hat hap pened in F lo rid a in th e early 1 970s. T hese ab use s changed th e c o urs e o f h is to ry f o r b ehav io r a naly sis a nd th e tr e atm ent o f p eo ple w ith dis a b iliti e s.

Avers iv e c o nse q uen ces w ere u se d w ith a b an don in in fo rm al r e actio ns to s e lf -in ju rio us, d estr u ctiv e, a n d in ap pro pria te b eh av io rs .

The sto ry o f th e ev olu ti o n o f guid elin es fo r re sp onsib le co nd uct o f b ehav io r analy sts b egan in th e la te 1 960s w hen “ b ehav io r m odific ati o n” w as a ll th e ra ge.

Hav in g sta rte d o nly in th e m id -1 960s (K ra sn er & U llm ann, 1 965; N eurin ger & Mic hael, 1 970; U llm ann & K ra sn er, 1 965), s o m e o f b ehav io r m odific ati o n's e arly pro m ote rs p ro m is e d d ra m ati c changes in b ehav io r th at w ere quic k and easy to pro duce a nd c o uld b e c arrie d o ut b y a lm ost a nyo ne w ith a n a tte nd ance c erti fic ate fr o m a d ay-lo ng “ b ehav io r m od” w ork sh o p. P eo ple c allin g th em se lv es “ b ehav io r modifie rs ” o ffe re d re nte d -h o te l- b allr o om tr a in in g se ssio ns in ab und ance. T here were no pre re q uis ite s fo r re gis te rin g, and no questi o ns w ere ask ed ab out th e sp eaker's q ualific ati o ns. T he b asic p itc h w as th is : “ Y ou d on't h av e to k no w w hy a behav io r o ccurs ( it w as a ssu m ed to b e le arn ed — an ‘ o pera nt b ehav io r’); y o u n eed to k no w o nly h o w to m anip ula te c o nse q uences. F ood is a p rim ary re in fo rc er fo r alm ost ev ery b ody; ju st m ake it co nti n gent on th e behav io r yo u w ant. For in ap pro pria te o r d angero us b ehav io r, u se c o nse q uences ( p unis h ers ) to ‘ d ecele ra te ’ th e b ehav io r.” T here w as no co nsid era ti o n giv en to th e no ti o n o f “cause s” o f behav io r o r th at th ere m ig ht b e a c o nnecti o n b etw een a l ik ely c ause a nd a n e ffe cti v e 22 tr e atm ent. F urth er, n o th o ught w as g iv en to p ossib le s id e e ffe cts o f u sin g f o od ( e .g ., fo od a lle rg ie s, w eig ht g ain ) o r h o w th e f o od, o fte n c and y, m ig ht b e h and le d . I n d eed , Cheerio s • , M &M s • , p re tz e ls , a nd o th er b ite -s iz e d s n acks a nd tr e ats w ere lo ad ed in th e p ockets o f th e “ b ehav io r s p ecia lis t” i n th e m orn in g a nd u se d th ro ugho ut th e d ay as n eed ed ( a h ungry b ehav io r s p ecia lis t m ig ht e v en h av e a fe w fr o m ti m e to ti m e).

Lik ew is e , a v ers iv e c o nse q uences w ere u se d w ith a b and on i n i n fo rm al, i m pro m ptu , and sp onta neo us re acti o ns to se lf- in ju rio us, destr u cti v e, and in ap pro pria te behav io rs . S om e sta ff m em bers w ere u rg ed to “ b e c re ati v e” in c o m in g u p w ith co nse q uences. A s a r e su lt, h o t p ep per s a uces s u ch a s T ab asc o a nd u nd ilu te d l e m on ju ic e m ig ht b e s e en i n th e j a cket p ockets o f s ta ff m em bers w ho w ere o n th eir w ay to work o n “ th e b ehav io r u nit.” In th e early 1970s, “th e unit” w as fr e q uentl y a re sid enti a l fa cility fo r dev elo pm enta lly dis a b le d in d iv id uals w ho had modera te to se v ere menta l re ta rd ati o n, so m e p hysic al d is a b iliti e s, a nd tr o ub le so m e b ehav io rs . It w as m ost lik ely a fo rm er v ete ra ns’ o r tu b erc ulo sis ( T B ) h o sp ita l, w hic h m ig ht h o use 3 00 to 1,5 00 “ p ati e nts .” C usto dia l c are w as th e n o rm u nti l “ b ehav io r m od” c am e a lo ng and o ffe re d d ra m ati c tr e atm ent fo r s e v ere b ehav io r p ro ble m s.

With n o g uid elin es and e sse nti a lly n o r e str ic ti o ns, th is “ tr e atm ent” q uic kly d rifte d i n to f la t- o ut a b use .

TH E S U N LA ND M IA M I S C A NDAL The Sunla nd Tra in in g C ente r in M ia m i becam e “gro und ze ro ” fo r an ab use in v esti g ati o n th at r o cked th e s ta te o f F lo rid a in 1 972. T he c ente r h ad b een p la gued by h ig h tu rn o ver ra te s s in ce it o pened in 1 965, re su lti n g in fr e q uent u nd ers ta ffin g and lo w -q uality tr a in in g. S urp ris in gly , th e m ajo rity o f s tu d ents s e rv in g a s “ co tta ge pare nts ” w ere c o lle ge s tu d ents . I n 1 969, th e s u p erin te nd ent r e sig ned u nd er p re ssu re fr o m a n i n v esti g ati o n i n to “ alle gati o ns o f r e sid ent a b use .” I t s e em s th at h e c o nfin ed tw o r e sid ents in a “ cell im pro vis e d fr o m a la rg e tr a ile r” ( M cA llis te r, 1 972, p . 2 ).

Then, in A pril 1 971, th e F lo rid a D iv is io n o f M enta l R eta rd ati o n a nd th e D ad e County A tto rn ey's O ffic e b egan a n in te nsiv e in v esti g ati o n o f re sid ent a b use th at co nclu d ed a fte r a 6 -m onth i n q uir y r e gard in g a lle gati o ns o f “ in fr e q uent a nd i s o la te d case s o f a b use ” (p . 2 ) a nd th at th e su p erin te nd ent h ad d ealt w ith th e e m plo yees in v olv ed and ta ken ap pro pria te dis c ip lin ary acti o n. O ne of th o se pro fe ssio nal em plo yees, D r. E ., c halle nged h is re assig nm ent, a nd a g rie v ance c o m mitte e th en unco vere d w hat it co nsid ere d to be a “hig hly exp lo siv e situ ati o n” in v olv in g re sid ent a b use w ith th e a p pare nt k no w le d ge a nd a p pro val o f to p a d m in is tr a to rs . A s a re su lt, se v en in d iv id uals were im med ia te ly su sp end ed , in clu d in g th e su p erin te nd ent, th e d ir e cto r o f C otta ge life , th e sta ff p sy cho lo gis t, th re e co tta ge su p erv is o rs , and a co tta ge pare nt. Each was charg ed with “m is fe asa nce, malfe asa nce, neglig ence, and co ntr ib uti n g to th e ab use of re sid ents ” (p . 4).

Sub se q uent to th is , Ja ck M cA llis te r, th e dir e cto r of th e Sta te H ealth and 23 Rehab ilita ti v e S erv ic es (H RS) D iv is io n o f R eta rd ati o n, fo rm ed a nin e-m em ber Blu e R ib bon P anel “ R esid ent A buse I n v esti g ati n g C om mitte e” c o m pose d o f e xp erts in re ta rd ati o n a s w ell a s a n a tto rn ey, a s o cia l w ork er, a c lie nt a d vocate , a nd tw o behav io r a naly sts ( D r. J a ck M ay, J r., a nd D r. T odd R is le y).

In te rv ie w s w ere s e t u p with m ore th an 7 0 i n d iv id uals , i n clu d in g c urre nt s ta ff m em bers , f o rm er e m plo yees, re sid ents , and re la ti v es o f re sid ents (in clu d in g o ne w ho se so n d ie d at S unla nd Mia m i) , w ith so m e in te rv ie w s la sti n g a s lo ng a s 1 0 h o urs . T he c o m mitte e a ls o exam in ed orig in al lo gs, in te rn al m em ora nd a, a pers o nal dia ry , and pers o nnel re co rd s.

Dr. E . e sta b lis h ed a “ tr e atm en t” p ro gra m th at co nsis te d o f f o rc ed p ublic m astu rb atio n, f o rc ed public h om ose x u al a cts , f o rc ed w ash in g o f th e m outh with s o ap , b eatin gs w ith a w ooden p ad dle , a n d ex cessiv e u se o f r e str a in ts .

It se em s th at D r. E ., a psy cho lo gis t w ho pre se nte d him se lf as an exp ert in behav io r m odific ati o n a nd jo in ed th e sta ff in 1 971, h ad se t u p a tr u ly ir o nic ally nam ed p ro gra m c alle d th e “ A chie v em ent D iv is io n” in th re e c o tta ges, a lle ged ly to stu d y “ so m e r a th er e so te ric q uesti o ns o f s ta ti s ti c al m odels fo r e co no m ic a naly sis ” (M cA llis te r, 1 972, p . 1 5). D r. E ., o ver a p erio d o f th e n ext y ear, e sta b lis h ed a “tr e atm ent” p ro gra m th at c o nsis te d o f, o r e v olv ed i n to , a b usiv e i n cid ents , i n clu d in g th e fo llo w in g: fo rc ed pub lic m astu rb ati o n (fo r re sid ents caught m astu rb ati n g), fo rc ed p ub lic h o m ose xual a cts ( a gain f o r th o se c aught i n th e a ct) , f o rc ed w ash in g o f th e m outh w ith s o ap ( a s p unis h m ent f o r l y in g, a b usiv e l a nguage, o r s im ply s p eakin g at a ll) , b eati n gs w ith w ooden p ad dle ( 1 0 “ lic ks” fo r r u nnin g a w ay); a nd e xcessiv e use o f r e str a in ts , i n clu d in g o ne r e sid ent w ho w as r e str a in ed f o r m ore th an 2 4 h o urs and a no th er w ho w as f o rc ed to s it i n a b ath tu b f o r 2 d ays. R estr a in ts w ere r o uti n ely use d a s p unis h m ent r a th er th an a n e m erg ency m eth o d o f p re v enti n g s e lf- in ju ry . A s i f th is w ere n o t e no ugh, th e lis t o f h o rrific , s y ste m ati c a b use s g o es o n: a m ale c lie nt re q uir e d to w ear w om en's und er-p ants ; excessiv e use o f le ngth y (e .g ., 4 -h o ur) se clu sio ns in b arre n a nd u np ad ded ro om s w ith n o p erm is sio n to le av e to u se th e bath ro om ; p ub lic sh am in g b y fo rc in g a re sid ent to w ear a sig n th at sa id “T he Thie f” ; fo od o r s le ep w ith held a s a fo rm o f p unis h m ent; a no th er r e sid ent fo rc ed to ho ld fe ces-s ta in ed und erw ear und er his no se fo r 1 0 m in ute s as p unis h m ent fo r in co nti n ence; a nd a no th er r e sid ent f o rc ed to l a y o n u rin e-s o aked s h eets f o r r e p eate d in co nti n ence ( p p. 1 0–11 ).

The “m ilie u” of th e A chie v em ent D iv is io n co nsis te d of an utte r la ck of pro gra m med acti v iti e s, w hic h re su lte d in “p ro fo und b ore d om and d ete rio ra ti o n, 24 unattr a cti v e s u rro und in gs, c o m ple te la ck o f p riv acy, p ub lic h um ilia ti o n, n aked ness …, a nd la ck o f a ny m eans o f re sid ents to e xp re ss th eir g rie v ances” (M cA llis te r, 1972, p . 1 3). O ne r e sid ent d ie d f r o m d ehyd ra ti o n, a nd a no th er d ro w ned i n a n earb y canal i n h is f u ti le a tte m pt to e sc ap e h is c o tta ge a t S unla nd M ia m i.

These r e v oltin g a cts o f a b use w ere th e r e su lt o f a n atte m pt b y D r. E . to c re ate a “ su perb b eh av io r modif ic atio n p ro gra m .” At fir s t g la nce it m ig ht a p pear th at s u ch a b use s w ould c erta in ly h av e to b e th e work o f a fe w fr u str a te d , a ngry , p oorly tr a in ed e m plo yees b ent o n sa d is ti c a cts .

How ev er, th e in v esti g ati o n re v eale d th e co ntr a ry : th ese re v olti n g acts o f ab use were th e r e su lt o f a n a tte m pt b y D r. E . to c re ate a “ su p erb b ehav io r m odific ati o n pro gra m ” (M cA llis te r, 1 972, p . 1 4) u sin g ro uti n e “ b ehav io r s h ap in g d ev ic es” (p .

15). T he c o m mitte e's e xp la nati o n w as th at th is p ro gra m “ d egenera te d … in to a biz a rre , a b usiv e, a nd i n effe cti v e s y ste m o f p unis h m ent” ( p . 1 7). I n th e A chie v em ent Div is io n, th ese p ro ced ure s w ere s y ste m ati c ally a p plie d , c o nd oned b y s u p erv is o rs and p ro fe ssio nal s ta ff, a nd re co rd ed in d aily liv in g u nit lo gs. T he p ro ced ure s n o t only w ere u se d o penly b ut a ls o w ere , a t le ast in iti a lly , w ell re se arc hed . A to ken pro gra m , fo r exam ple , had b een m odele d afte r o ne fir s t d ev elo ped in P ars o ns, Kansa s, b y D r. J a m es le nt, a w ell- re sp ecte d e xp ert in b ehav io ra l tr e atm ent. O ne key in gre d ie nt w as le ft o ut o f th is a nd o th er a sp ects o f th e A chie v em ent D iv is io n:

monito rin g o f i n d iv id ual r e sid ent b ehav io r. R ath er, th e e m phasis was o n g uid elin es fo r tr e atm ent th at gav e th e o th erw is e p oorly tr a in ed em plo yees a gre at d eal o f la ti tu d e in th eir re acti o ns. T he th re e g uid elin es w ere a s fo llo w s: (1 ) e m phasiz e “natu ra l c o nse q uences o f b ehav io r” ; (2 ) d ev is e y o ur o w n im med ia te re sp onse to pro ble m b ehav io rs th at m ig ht c ro p u p w here n o o th er i n str u cti o ns a p ply ; a nd ( 3 ) d o no t th re ate n— if yo u v erb aliz e a co nse q uence to a re sid ent, “fo llo w th ro ugh o n ev ery c o nti n gency.” The i n v esti g ati n g c o m mitte e w as a d am ant i n i ts o bse rv ati o n th at n o ne o f th e c ru el and a b usiv e p ro ced ure s e m plo yed i n th e A chie v em ent D iv is io n h ad a ny b asis i n th e behav io r m odific ati o n lite ra tu re o r “ any o th er m odern th era p euti c o r e d ucati o nal meth o dolo gy.” T hey w ent o n to s u ggest th at b ecause th e c o tta ge w here th e a b use s to ok p la ce w as to ta lly i s o la te d f r o m o uts id e m onito rin g i t w as e nti r e ly p ossib le f o r “w ell m eanin g but poorly tr a in ed pers o nnel” to tr y so m e m ild fo rm of th ese pro ced ure s and th en gra d ually esc ala te to th e biz a rre ap plic ati o ns th at w ere ulti m ate ly a chie v ed . E ach in sta nce w as, a s n o te d p re v io usly , in a d aily lo g b ook, and , giv en no co rre cti v e acti o n or re sp onse , a co tta ge pare nt w ould natu ra lly assu m e ta cit a p pro val a nd th en p erh ap s e m plo y a “ slig htl y m ore e xtr e m e fo rm ” o f 25 th e p ro ced ure . “ In th is w ay, q uite e xtr e m e p ro ced ure s e v olv ed in g ra d ual ste p s fr o m s p onta neo us i n iti a ti o n o f l e ss e xtr e m e p ro ced ure s b y th e c o tta ge s ta ff, u nti l … a p atte rn h ad b ee n e sta b lis h ed o f d ealin g w ith r e curre nt p ro ble m s b y e sc ala ti n g th e in te nsity o f w hate v er p ro ced ure s h ap pened to b e in u se fo r a p arti c ula r re sid ent” (p p. 1 7–18). T his n atu ra l te nd ency to w ard “ b ehav io r d rift” o n th e p art o f th e s ta ff i s certa in ly n o t u nco m mon in re sid enti a l tr e atm ent fa ciliti e s. In th e c ase o f S unla nd Mia m i, it w as fa cilita te d by a nearly to ta l la ck of m onito rin g by up per-le v el managem ent. T he w ritte n p olic ie s at S unla nd M ia m i cle arly p ro hib ite d ab usiv e pra cti c es, b ut th ere w as n o e v id ence th at th ese w ere “ fo rc efu lly c o m munic ate d ” to em plo yees, a nd r e call th at th e f a cility s u ffe re d f r o m c hro nic tu rn o ver o f s ta ff s o th at ongo in g s ta ff tr a in in g w as s u p erfic ia l a t b est.

Ano th er c o ncern o f th e in v esti g ati n g c o m mitte e h ad to d o w ith th e tr a in in g a nd cre d enti a ls o f D r. E . A s it tu rn s o ut, h e h ad re centl y g ra d uate d w ith h is d octo ra l degre e fr o m th e U niv ers ity o f F lo rid a a nd th en h ad c o m ple te d s o m e p ostd octo ra l work a t J o hns H opkin s U niv ers ity . H e c la im ed to h av e w ork ed w ith s o m e o f th e big gest n am es in th e fie ld . H ow ev er, w hen th e c o m mitte e c o nta cte d th em , th ese em in ent re se arc hers “ v aguely re m em bere d a b ra sh y o ung m an w ho v is ite d th eir la b ora to rie s on se v era l occasio ns,” but no ne w ould cla im him as his stu d ent (M cA llis te r, 1 972, p . 1 9). I t m ust b e r e m em bere d th at D r. E . w as tr a in ed i n th e l a te 1960s w hen th e f ie ld w as i n i ts i n fa ncy, a nd i t a p peare d th at th e s k y w as th e l im it a s fa r a s b ehav io r m odific ati o n w as c o ncern ed . T he Jo urn al o f A pplie d B eh avio r Analy sis , th e p ro fe ssio nal jo urn al o f b ehav io r a naly sis , h ad fir s t b een p ub lis h ed only in 1 968, so th ere w as v ery littl e re se arc h o n th e ap plic ati o n o f b ehav io r prin cip le s and th ere w as no co de of eth ic s fo r behav io ra l re se arc hers or pra cti ti o ners .

REC O M MEN DAT IO NS O F T H E B LU E R IB BO N C O M MIT TEE The in v esti g ati n g c o m mitte e to ok o n its e lf th e a d diti o nal re sp onsib ility o f m akin g re co m mend ati o ns to h o pefu lly p re v ent a ny fu tu re s y ste m ati c a b use s in th e n am e o f behav io r m odific ati o n in th e s ta te o f F lo rid a. T hese in clu d ed s tr o ng s u p port fo r a sta te w id e a d vocacy p ro gra m in w hic h s ta ff m em bers w ould b e a llo w ed to m ake unanno unced v is its to re sid enti a l in sti tu ti o ns a nd to c o lle ct in fo rm ati o n fr o m k ey pers o nnel a s w ell a s re sid ents , p are nts , s ta ff, a nd c o ncern ed c iti z e ns. In a d diti o n, th e c o m mitte e r e co m mend ed p ro fe ssio nal p eer r e v ie w o f a ll b ehav io r p ro gra m s to ensu re th at tr e atm ent w as d eriv ed f r o m th e l ite ra tu re a nd th at n o p ro ced ure s w ould be u se d th at w ere c o nsid ere d “ exp erim enta l.” E xp erim enta l p ro gra m s w ould c o m e und er sta nd ard re v ie w fo r hum an exp erim enta ti o n in th e H RS D iv is io n of Reta rd ati o n. O th er re co m mend ati o ns o f th e c o m mitte e in clu d ed th e fo llo w in g: (1 ) th e p ro hib iti o n o f certa in b iz a rre exam ple s o f p unis h m ent; and (2 ) ab and onin g se clu sio n in fa v or o f “ p ositi v e a nd a p pro pria te ‘ ti m e o ut’ te chniq ues” ( M cA llis te r, 26 1972, p . 3 1).

FO LLO W -U P Charle s C ox in stitu te d r e fo rm s in clu din g s e ttin g u p both s ta te w id e a n d lo cal p eer r e v ie w c o m mitte es f o r beh av io r m odif ic atio n p ro gra m min g in f a cilitie s th ro ugh out F lo rid a.

In m ost c ase s, a r e p ort s u ch a s th at p ro duced b y th e B lu e R ib bon C om mitte e w ould sim ply fin d its w ay to th e s h elv es o f s ta te b ure aucra ts a nd la nguis h w ith n o la sti n g effe ct. S uch w as n o t th e c ase in F lo rid a. T he F lo rid a A sso cia ti o n fo r R eta rd ed Child re n ( n o w th e A sso cia ti o n fo r R eta rd ed C iti z e ns o f F lo rid a) to ok u p th e c ause of h um ane tr e atm ent a nd u lti m ate ly e nd ors e d th e n o ti o n o f s u p porti n g d ata -b ase d , behav io ra l tr e atm ent, u sin g s tr ic t g uid elin es, u nd er c lo se s u p erv is io n b y p ro perly tr a in ed p ro fe ssio nals . T he D iv is io n o f R eta rd ati o n, u nd er th e g uid ance o f C harle s Cox, in sti tu te d re fo rm s in clu d in g s e tti n g u p b oth s ta te w id e a nd lo cal p eer re v ie w co m mitte es f o r b ehav io r m odific ati o n p ro gra m min g i n f a ciliti e s th ro ugho ut F lo rid a.

The S ta te w id e P eer R ev ie w C om mitte e fo r B ehav io r M odific ati o n (P R C) th en esta b lis h ed a s e t o f g uid elin es fo r th e u se o f b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s, w hic h w ere su b se q uentl y ad opte d by th e N ati o nal A sso cia ti o n fo r R eta rd ed C iti z e ns (M R Rese arc h, 1976) and by th e Flo rid a D iv is io n of R eta rd ati o n as H ealth and Rehab ilita ti v e S erv ic es M anual (H RSM ) 1 60–4 (M ay et al., 1 976). T he sta te - fu nd ed P R C p ro ceed ed to m ake v is its to in sti tu ti o ns a ro und th e s ta te o ver th e n ext se v era l years ed ucati n g sta ff mem bers ab out th e guid elin es and makin g re co m mend ati o ns fo r m ore eth ic al tr e atm ent. By 1980, th e PR C re ached a co nse nsu s th at it w as ti m e to enco ura ge all th e in sti tu ti o ns, gro up ho m es, and sm alle r r e sid enti a l fa ciliti e s to b egin n etw ork in g w ith o ne a no th er a nd to b egin to brin g so m e se nse o f p ro fe ssio nalis m to b ehav io r a naly sis in F lo rid a. T he “ F ir s t Flo rid a W ork S essio n o n B ehav io r A naly sis i n R eta rd ati o n” w as h eld i n S ep te m ber 1980 a nd d re w n early 3 00 a d m in is tr a to rs , tr e atm ent s p ecia lis ts , b ehav io r a naly sts , and d ir e ct care sta ff to th e 2 -d ay co nfe re nce held in O rla nd o. A t th is his to ric co nfe re nce, a m eeti n g w as h eld to o rg aniz e a n o ffic ia l s ta te a sso cia ti o n. T he fir s t annual c o nfe re nce o f th e F lo rid a A sso cia ti o n fo r B ehav io r A naly sis (F A BA ) w as held in 1 981, a gain in O rla nd o. N one o th er th an B . F . S kin ner w as th e k eyno te sp eaker. T he fo rm ati o n o f F A BA m ark ed a tu rn in g p oin t in b ehav io r a naly sis , n o t only in F lo rid a b ut a ls o in th e r e st o f th e c o untr y . It w as n o w p ossib le to s e t h ig h exp ecta ti o ns fo r b ehav io ra l tr e atm ent b ecause le ad ers in th e fie ld w ere ro uti n ely bein g bro ught to sta te co nfe re nce to pre se nt th eir la te st ap plie d behav io ra l re se arc h, a nd p ra cti ti o ners h ad a n o pportu nity to se e fir s th and w hat o th ers w ere 27 doin g in o th er p arts o f th e c o untr y to s o lv e s o m e o f th e m ost in tr a cta b le b ehav io r pro ble m s o f th e d ay. A dm in is tr a to rs fr o m s ta te g o vern m ent a nd p riv ate fa ciliti e s were a b le to s e e th at b ehav io r a naly sis w as n o t ju st s o m e lo cal p heno m eno n b ut ra th er w as a n a p pro ach to tr e atm ent th at w as l e giti m ate , e ffe cti v e, a nd h um ane. T he PR C, in c o nju ncti o n w ith F A BA , b egan th e p ro cess o f c erti fy in g b ehav io r a naly sts via a te sti n g p ro gra m s p onso re d b y th e D iv is io n o f R eta rd ati o n. In 1 988, F A BA mem bers h ip a d opte d th e F A BA C ode o f E th ic s, th e f ir s t s ta te a sso cia ti o n to d o s o .

TH E S U N LA ND M IA M I L EG ACY The p ain a n d s u ffe rin g o f th e in div id uals w ith dev elo pm en ta l d is a b ilitie s in volv ed in th e a b use s am plif ie d th e n eed to th in k c le arly a b out th e e th ic s o f tr e atm en t.

In re tr o sp ect, th e ho rrific ab use s at S unla nd M ia m i in th e early 1970s w ere pro bab ly n ecessa ry fo r h alf- b aked , u nre gula te d b ehav io r m odific ati o n to e v olv e in to p ro fe ssio nal, re sp ecte d , b ehav io r a naly sis . W ith o ut th e a b use s, th ere w ould hav e b een no B lu e R ib bon C om mitte e fo rm ed to th in k se rio usly ab out ho w to pro te ct d ev elo pm enta lly d is a b le d in d iv id uals fr o m sy ste m ati c a b use o f b ehav io ra l pro ced ure s. T he h ead lin es r e su lte d in th e in te nse s c ru ti n y o f a tr e atm ent m ode th at was i n i ts i n fa ncy a nd th at n eed ed g uid elin es a nd o vers ig ht. T he p ain a nd s u ffe rin g of th e i n d iv id uals w ith d ev elo pm enta l d is a b iliti e s i n v olv ed i n th e a b use s a m plifie d th e n eed to th in k c le arly a b out th e e th ic s o f tr e atm ent. A lth o ugh i t w ould h av e b een easie r to p ro hib it b ehav io r m odific ati o n a lto geth er, th e B lu e R ib bon C om mitte e was c o nv in ced b y i ts tw o b ehav io ra l a d vocate s, D rs . M ay a nd R is le y, th at a b ette r alte rn ati v e w as to esta b lis h str ic t guid elin es fo r tr e atm ent and to se t up an in fr a str u ctu re fo r o vers ig ht in v olv in g c o m munity c iti z e ns w ho w ould b rin g th eir valu es, co m mon se nse , and go od ju d gm ent to ev alu ate behav io ra l tr e atm ent str a te gie s o n a n o ngo in g b asis . T he n o ti o n o f o vers ig ht b y b oth h um an rig hts a nd peer re v ie w c o m mitte es g av e te eth to th e p ub lic a p pra is a l o f b ehav io r a naly sis .

These a cti o ns, p lu s th e d ev elo pm ent o f a s ta te -e nd ors e d m echanis m o f c erti fic ati o n, th e e v olu ti o n o f a str o ng sta te p ro fe ssio nal o rg aniz a ti o n, a nd its p ro m oti o n o f a Code o f E th ic s fo r B ehav io r A naly sts , p ut in p la ce a ll th e n ecessa ry e le m ents o f co ntr o l a nd m anagem ent to p re v ent f u tu re a b use s. A nd e th ic s, a fte r a ll, i s c o ncern ed prim arily w ith th e e d ic t to “ d o n o h arm .” In th e F lo rid a c ase , w e s a w h o w g re at harm co uld be done by w ell- m eanin g peo ple and th at w hen ap pro pria te , co m pre hensiv e s tr a te gie s w ere a d opte d , a b use w as p re v ente d . A lth o ugh e th ic s is usu ally s e en a s a n in d iv id ual p ro fe ssio nal e ngagin g in r e sp onsib le b ehav io r o f h is or her o w n v oliti o n, th e F lo rid a case su ggests th at re sp onsib le co nd uct can b e 28 enco ura ged b y o th er m eans a s w ell. It is c erta in ly p ain fu l a nd e m barra ssin g fo r a pro fe ssio n to u nd erg o s u ch p ub lic s c ru ti n y a nd s c o rn , b ut it w as c le arly w arra nte d in th is c ase . In d eed , it is h ard to im agin e s u ch p ow erfu l p ro ced ure s a s b ehav io ra l tr e atm ents b ein g u se d c o nsis te ntl y a cro ss th e b oard in th e a b se nce o f s u ch o bvio us fo rm s o f o vers ig ht a nd c o ntr o l.

It is a ls o c le ar th at, e v en g iv en th ese m echanis m s, th e b ehav io r a naly st fa ces num ero us q uesti o ns e v ery d ay a b out th e a p pro pria te ness o f tr e atm ent d ecis io ns.

What i s f a ir ? W hat i s r ig ht? A m I qualifie d to a d m in is te r th is tr e atm ent? C an I d o n o harm ? A m I ta kin g e no ugh d ata ? A m I i n te rp re ti n g i t c o rre ctl y ? W ould m y c lie nt b e bette r o ff w ith n o tr e atm ent? It is th e p urp ose o f th is v olu m e to tr y to e lu cid ate th e curre nt B ehav io r A naly st C erti fic ati o n B oard ( B A CB) G uid elin es fo r R esp onsib le Cond uct to a ssis t th e b ehav io r a naly st i n m akin g r ig ht c ho ic es o n a d aily b asis .

29 30 B2 Core E th ic al P rin cip le s ehav io r a naly sts a re p art o f a c ultu re o f c arin g i n d iv id uals w ho s e ek to i m pro ve th e liv es o f o th ers . T hey c arry w ith th em a s e t o f c o re e th ic al v alu es th at a re deriv ed fr o m th o usa nd s o f years o f co m passio nate p ra cti c es d ati n g b ack to th e Gre eks. ( E th ic s c o m es f r o m th e G re ek w ord eth os, m eanin g m ora l c hara cte r.) A s a fie ld , e th ic s c an b e d iv id ed i n to th re e d iv is io ns: n o rm ati v e e th ic s, m eta -e th ic s, a nd pra cti c al e th ic s. A lth o ugh it is th e p urp ose o f th is v olu m e to fo cus o n p ra cti c al eth ic s in b ehav io r a naly sis , w e fir s t n eed to d is c uss s o m e b asic m ora l p rin cip le s th at u nd erlie o ur c ultu re a t la rg e. T hese c o re e th ic al p rin cip le s g uid e o ur e v ery d ay liv es a nd p la y a sig nific ant ro le in b asic d ecis io n m akin g in th e p ra cti c e o f o ur pro fe ssio n.

In 1 998 i n th eir b ook Eth ic s i n P sy ch olo gy , K oocher a nd K eith -S pie gel o utl in ed nin e e th ic al p rin cip le s f o r p sy cho lo gis ts . T hese p rin cip le s c an b e a p plie d to e th ic s in m any a re as, in clu d in g p sy cho lo gy, th e te achin g o f c hild re n, a nd th e tr a in in g o f anim als . K oocher a nd K eith -S pie gel's n in e c o re e th ic al p rin cip le s a re s o b asic , y et ofte n g o u nsta te d , th at w e lis te d th em , fo llo w in g, w ith e xp la nati o ns o f h o w th ey re la te to b ehav io r a naly sis .

DO N O H A RM The e xp re ssio n “ F ir s t, d o n o h arm ” is u su ally a ttr ib ute d to H ip pocra te s, a G re ek physic ia n i n th e f o urth c entu ry B .C . C om monly w ritte n a s “ D o n o h arm ,” th e p hra se is ty p ic ally re fe rre d to as ap pearin g in th e H ip pocra ti c O ath th at is ta ken by physic ia ns. H ow ev er, th ere i s s o m e d eb ate o n th is i s su e ( E lio t, 1 910). H ip pocra te s did s a y, “ A s to d is e ase s, m ake a h ab it o f tw o th in gs— to h elp , o r a t le ast to d o n o harm .” T he H ip pocra ti c O ath s ta te s, “ I w ill fo llo w th at s y ste m o f r e gim en w hic h, acco rd in g to m y a b ility a nd j u d gm ent, I c o nsid er f o r th e b enefit o f m y p ati e nts , a nd ab sta in f r o m w hate v er i s d ele te rio us a nd m is c hie v ous.” Alth o ugh n o b ehav io r a naly st w ould k no w in gly d o h arm , it c an c o m e in s u b tl e fo rm s th at need to b e atte nd ed to care fu lly . O ne o bvio us exam ple is th at o f a behav io r a naly st w ho i s p ra cti c in g o uts id e h is o r h er a re a o f e xp erti s e .

A beh avio r analy st w ho has been tr a in ed to w ork w ith ad ole sc en ts accep ts th e c a se o f a p re sc h ool c h ild w ho is h avin g s e vere ta ntr u m s a t sc h ool. H is in itia l im pre ssio n is th at th e c h ild is “ nonco m plia nt,” a nd 31 he pre p are s a beh avio r pro gra m base d on extin ctio n of ta ntr u m beh avio rs p lu s a D RO f o r c o m plia nce.

Ano th er f o rm o f “ harm ” m ig ht c o m e i n a m ore s u b tl e c ase o f th e b ehav io r a naly st who does no t dev elo p a re sp onsib le data co lle cti o n sy ste m and m is se s th e sig nific ance o f a b ehav io r.

A B oard C ertifie d B eh avio r A naly st (B C BA) co nsu ltin g w ith a g ro up hom e r e ceiv es a r e fe rra l f o r a y o ung d evelo pm en ta lly d is a ble d m an w ho is d esc rib ed a s e n gagin g i n “ se lfs tim ula to ry b eh avio r.” H e a sk s t h e s ta ff to beg in data co lle ctio n, whic h in vo lv es co untin g th e num ber of in cid en ts p er d ay. T w o w eeks l a te r h e r e vie w s t h e b ase lin e d ata a nd t e lls sta ff m em bers th at th ey d o n ot h ave a sig nific a nt p ro ble m a nd n ot to worry b eca use t h e b eh avio r i s o ccu rrin g o nly t w o t o t h re e tim es p er d ay.

On h is n ext v is it, th e B C BA in quir e s a bout th e c lie n t o nly to d is c o ver th at h e w as ta ken to th e e m erg en cy ro om w ith la cera tio ns to h is s c a lp re q uir in g s ix s titc h es. A re vie w o f th e c a se d ete rm in ed th at th e B C BA fa ile d t o i n quir e a bout t h e s e verity o f t h e b eh avio rs a nd f a ile d t o a sk t h e nursin g s ta ff t o p erfo rm s k in r a tin gs.

Behav io r a naly sts o fte n w ork w ith s ta ff m em bers w ho a re n o t a t a ll w ell v ers e d in h um an b ehav io r a nd w ho w ill n o t n ecessa rily th in k to o ffe r a ll th e in fo rm ati o n necessa ry to o pera te e th ic ally .

Herm an w as re fe rre d fo r h is co m bativ e b eh avio r w hen b ein g g uid ed to w ard th e sh ow er ea ch m orn in g in a re sid en tia l fa cility fo r th e develo pm en ta lly dis a ble d . H e w as re lu cta nt to ta ke a sh ow er and sh ow ed h is d is p le a su re b y p ush in g a nd s h ovin g th e s ta ff a nd tr y in g to esc a pe. T his re su lte d in a t le a st tw o sta ff in ju rie s, o ne in th e sh ow er its e lf th at le ft th e tr a in in g in str u cto r unable to w ork fo r 2 w eeks.

Cle a rly , t h is w as a c a se o f a ggre ssiv e b eh avio r t h at n eed ed t r e a tm en t. I n lig ht o f t h e d anger i n vo lv ed , t h e s ta ff s tr o ngly r e co m men ded r e str a in t a s an im med ia te c o nse q uen ce fo r H erm an's re fu sa l to c o opera te w ith h is morn in g b ath in g ro utin e. T his p ro gra m w as n ea rly im ple m en te d w hen th e b eh avio r a naly st in quir e d a bout h ow lo ng th is p ro ble m h ad b een goin g on. The answ er tu rn ed th e tr e a tm en t in a to ta lly diffe re n t dir e ctio n. I t t u rn ed o ut t h at H erm an h ad p re vio usly b een a llo w ed t o t a ke his b ath a t n ig ht a nd w as a ssis te d b y a n a id e w ho h elp ed h im b y fillin g up t h e t u b, g ettin g j u st t h e r ig ht t e m pera tu re f o r t h e w ate r, p ro vid in g h is fa vo rite t o w el, a nd i n g en era l r e cre a tin g t h e c o nditio ns h is m oth er u se d at h om e. W hen t h is s ta ff m em ber q uit t h e f a cility , i t w as d ete rm in ed t h at 32 Herm an sh ould ta ke a sh ow er in th e m orn in g, w hic h , a s w e c a m e to understa nd, he dete ste d . Alth ough it w as possib le th at a beh avio r pro gra m c o uld h ave b een w ritte n to e sse n tia lly fo rc e H erm an to ta ke a morn in g sh ow er, it w as d ete rm in ed th at th is w ould c a use m ore h arm th an g ood. T he e th ic a l s o lu tio n fo r th is c a se w as to tr a in a noth er s ta ff mem ber t o r e in sta te H erm an's e ven in g b ath .

RESPEC TIN G A UTO NO M Y To re sp ect o ne's auto no m y m eans to p ro m ote his o r her in d ep end ence o r se lf- su ffic ie ncy. C le arly , th e b asic p ro ced ure s o f b ehav io r a naly sis a re d esig ned to d o ju st th is : pro m pti n g, sh ap in g, chain in g, fa d in g and th e use of co nd iti o ned re in fo rc ers , to ken eco no m ie s, and pro sth eti c env ir o nm ents are all desig ned to change behav io r in su ch a w ay th at th e pers o n can deliv er his or her ow n re in fo rc ers r a th er th an d ep end o n a m ed ia to r. C la sh es c an o ccur, o f c o urs e , w hen i t is dete rm in ed th at so m eo ne actu ally pre fe rs to keep ano th er und er his or her co ntr o l. T his c an p ro duce v ery d iffic ult s itu ati o ns fo r th e b ehav io r a naly st w ho is ofte n h ir e d b y th at p ers o n.

Molly w as a c u te , d im ple -c h eeked 4 -y ea r-o ld w ith la nguage d ela y. S he was re ceiv in g o ne-o n-o ne th era py e a ch d ay fr o m a c ertifie d a ssis ta nt beh avio r a naly st. T he th era pis t w as m akin g p ro gre ss in te a ch in g M olly basic so unds fo r co m mon obje cts . T he m oth er, w ho w as cle a rly not happy w ith th e tr e a tm en t, c o nfr o nte d h er. I t s e em s th at M olly n ow k n ew th e n am es fo r m ilk , c o okie , sn ack, d ra w , p la y w ith b lo cks, a nd a fe w oth er w ord s and w as beg in nin g to gen era liz e th ese re q uests to th e moth er. T he m oth er's p ositio n w as th at M olly w ould g et sn acks o nly when s h e w ante d h er to h ave th em . B y le a rn in g to r e q uest th ese ite m s, th e m oth er w as a fr a id th at M olly w ould b eco m e p ush y a nd d em andin g.

“The n ext th in g y o u k n ow sh e w ill th in k th at sh e c a n ju st g et in th e fr id ge a nd g et h er o w n d rin ks,” s a id M olly 's m oth er.

Auto no m y can als o brin g ris k s th at canno t alw ays be fo re se en. A behav io r analy st w ho a d vocate s fo r a p ers o n to a cq uir e a sk ill th at w ill p ro vid e g re ate r in d ep end ence h as to r e co gniz e th at th is m ay p ut th e p ers o n i n h arm 's w ay.

Marie w as a g eria tr ic p atie n t in a n ursin g h om e. S he s p en t m ost o f h er day in b ed re fu sin g to p artic ip ate in m ost a ctiv itie s. T he g oal o f th e fa cility w as to en co ura ge patie n ts to am bula te in dep en den tly w hen possib le a nd t o a tte n d t h e w id e v a rie ty o f s o cia l a nd c u ltu ra l e ven ts t h at were offe re d . The beh avio r analy st re vie w ed M arie 's ca se and 33 dete rm in ed th at sh e w as ca pable o f w alk in g w ith a ssis ta nce b ut g ot more r e in fo rc em en t f r o m r e fu sin g. A fte r d ete rm in in g M arie 's r e in fo rc ers, th e b eh avio r a naly st a rra nged t o m ake t h em c o ntin gen t o n f ir st w alk in g with assis ta nce and th en , afte r appro va l of th e physic a l th era pis t, walk in g o n h er o w n. T he c a se w as c o nsid ere d a s u ccess u ntil M arie f e ll and bro ke a hip . M arie 's fa m ily co nsid ere d th e beh avio r analy st re sp onsib le fo r th is a ccid en t. O ne fa m ily m em ber s a id , “ W hy d id n't y o u ju st le a ve w ell e n ough a lo ne? S he p re fe rre d to s ta y in b ed , b ut y o u h ad to m ed dle i n h er a ffa ir s.” Behav io r analy sts o fte n w ork in ed ucati o nal o r b usin ess se tti n gs w here th ey co nsu lt i n th e a re as o f c la ssro om m anagem ent o r p erfo rm ance m anagem ent. I n th ese se tti n gs, th e n o ti o n o f a uto no m y c an a ls o p ro duce s o m e e th ic al i s su es. F or e xam ple , te achers a re f r e q uentl y r e in fo rc ed b y th e s tu d ents w ho s ta y i n th eir s e ats a nd f o llo w in str u cti o ns; b usin ess m anagers a nd su p erv is o rs m ay d esir e th at th eir e m plo yees sim ply “ fo llo w d ir e cti o ns” a nd d o w hat th ey a re to ld .

Rory s u perv is e d 1 5 e m plo yees in a s m all m ach in e s h op th at fa bric a te d sp ecia liz e d e xh aust sy ste m s fo r ra cin g c a rs. H is e m plo yees w ere w ell paid and cre a tiv e in co m in g up w ith so lu tio ns fo r th e in cre a sin gly co m ple x d em ands o f th eir e lite c u sto m ers. A fte r a tte n din g a c o nfe re n ce on p erfo rm ance m anagem en t, R ory c o nta cte d o ne o f th e s p ea kers a nd ask ed fo r h elp . W hat h e w ante d w as fo r h is e m plo yees to fo llo w th e manual t h at h e h ad w ritte n a f e w y ea rs e a rlie r. “ These y o ung g uys t h in k th ey k n ow it a ll. T hey a re c o m in g u p w ith c o m ple te ly n ew d esig ns a nd te llin g o ur c u sto m ers t h at m y m eth ods a re o utd ate d .” BEN EFIT IN G O TH ER S It a lm ost g o es w ith o ut s a yin g th at th e p rim ary r o le o f b ehav io r a naly sts i s to b enefit oth ers in w hate v er s e tti n g o r s itu ati o n th ey may w ork . T his p rin cip le c an o fte n p ut th e b ehav io r a naly st a t o dds w ith o th er p ro fe ssio nals a nd r e q uir e s fr e q uent c hecks on “ w ho i s th e c lie nt? ” i n a ny g iv en s itu ati o n.

Ta m ara w as re fe rre d to th e b eh avio r a naly st b y h er te a ch er. T a m ara 's pro ble m w as th at sh e c a use d fr e q uen t d is tu rb ances in th e c la ssro om .

Her te a ch er, M s. H arris , p ro vid ed a d ata s h eet s h ow in g d ate , tim e, a nd ty p e o f d is tu rb ance g oin g b ack 2 w eeks. M s. H arris re q ueste d h elp in se ttin g u p a tim eo ut b ooth fo r T a m ara . A lth ough M s. H arris w as th e perso n re q uestin g h elp , th e b eh avio r a naly st q uic kly d ete rm in ed th at Ta m ara w as h er clie n t, a nd sh e d ecid ed to ta ke h er o w n d ata . T his 34 re q uir e d s e vera l v is its t o t h e s c h ool, w hic h w as q uite a d is ta nce f r o m t h e re st o f th e b eh avio r a naly st's c a se s. T a m ara b en efite d fr o m th is e xtr a effo rt o n t h e p art o f t h e b eh avio r a naly st b eca use i t w as d is c o vere d t h at her cla ssro om d is tu rb ances w ere d ue to a h ea rin g p ro ble m a nd n ot “w illfu ln ess,” a s a lle g ed b y t h e t e a ch er.

BEIN G J U ST This p rin cip le is v ery b asic a nd is d ir e ctl y d eriv ed fr o m th e “ G old en R ule ” o r th e Eth ic o f R ecip ro city (O nta rio C onsu lta nts o n R elig io us T ole ra nce, 2 004). B ein g ju st m eans th at y o u s h o uld tr e at o th ers a s y o u w ould lik e to b e tr e ate d . T his h as sp ecia l m eanin g i n b ehav io r a naly sis b ecause th ere i s s o m e p ote nti a l f o r th e u se o f unco m fo rta b le s ti m uli o r s tr e ssfu l c o nti n gencie s in tr e atm ent. A fu rth er re fin em ent of th e e th ic m ig ht a sk , “ H ow w ould I lik e m y m oth er o r m y c hild to b e tr e ate d in sim ila r c ir c um sta nces? ” Q uesti o ns o f j u st tr e atm ent a ris e o fte n i n b ehav io r a naly sis because th ere i s o fte n s o l ittl e k no w n a b out th e o rig in s o f a p arti c ula r b ehav io r, a nd fu ncti o nal r e la ti o nsh ip s o fte n a ssu m ed a re y et to b e d ete rm in ed .

A s e n io r b eh avio r a naly st w as a sk ed to c o nsu lt o n th e c a se o f a c lie n t who w as e n gagin g in p ersis te n t s e lf- in ju rio us b eh avio r— arm a nd fa ce sc ra tc h in g. Ig norin g h ad b een tr ie d w ith out e ffe ct, a nd a fa ir ly d en se DRO w ith blo ckin g w as not pro vin g effe ctiv e eith er. The beh avio r analy st w as puzzle d but ask ed him se lf, “H ow w ould I lik e to be tr e a te d ?” a nd r e a liz e d t h at h e h ad b een t r e a te d f o r j u st s u ch a b eh avio r about 2 y ea rs p rio r. H e h ad b een d ia gnose d w ith a c a se o f h iv es (h is sc ra tc h in g lo oked a lo t lik e se lf- in ju rio us beh avio r [S IB ]) and fe lt fo rtu nate to re ceiv e m ed ic a tio n r a th er th an a D RO p lu s b lo ckin g. T he beh avio r a naly sts ’ a tte n tio n th en tu rn ed to m ed ic a l d ia gnosis o f th e clie n t's S IB .

BEIN G T R UTH FU L Well- re sp ecte d p ro fe ssio nals a tta in th eir re p uta ti o n b ase d o n th e tr u st p la ced in th em b y o th ers . T ho se w ho a re lo yal, tr u stw orth y, a nd h o nest a re so ught o ut a s dep end ab le a nd re lia b le s o urc es o f w is e c o unse l a nd e ffe cti v e, e th ic al tr e atm ent.

Bein g tr u th fu l a nd h o nest w ith c lie nts , c o lle agues, a nd a d m in is tr a to rs p ro vid es th e basis f o r l o ng-te rm r e la ti o nsh ip s th at m ake f o r a s u ccessfu l c are er.

Dr. B ., a n e xp erie n ced b eh avio r a naly st, w as c o nsu ltin g a t a r e sid en tia l fa cility fo r c lie n ts w ith b eh avio r p ro ble m s th at w ere s e vere e n ough to pre ven t t h em f r o m l iv in g a t h om e o r i n t h e c o m munity . O ne d ay, a s s o on 35 as D r. B . a rriv ed a t th e fa cility , th e a dm in is tr a to r a ppro ach ed h im a nd beg an co ngra tu la tin g him on su ccessfu lly tr e a tin g one of th e m ost in tr a nsie n t ca se s in th e fa cility . A fte r d is c u ssio ns w ith th e b eh avio r sp ecia lis t a nd B oard C ertifie d a ssis ta nt B eh avio r A naly st (B C aB A), D r.

B. m et w ith th e a dm in is tr a to r to e xp la in th at n o c re d it w as d ue. I n fa ct, base lin e w as s till u nder w ay, a nd th e tr e a tm en t p la n h ad n ot y et b een execu te d .

ACCO RD IN G D IG NIT Y Many o f th e c lie nts w e s e rv e a re n o t a b le to e ffe cti v ely r e p re se nt th em se lv es. T hey may b e n o nv erb al o r s im ply u nab le to g et s o m eo ne to l is te n to th em . I f th eir w is h es are u nkno w n a nd th ey a re unab le to m ake c ho ic es, th ey m ay b eco m e d ep re sse d a nd pre se nt behav io r pro ble m s th at co m e to th e atte nti o n of a behav io r analy st.

Alth o ugh it is no t a “b ehav io ra l” te rm , lo w se lf- e ste em se em s to cap tu re th e esse nce o f a p ers o n w ho h as n o t b een a ffo rd ed d ig nity . A s b ehav io r a naly sts , o ur jo b is to m ake su re th at ev ery clie nt is tr e ate d w ith dig nity and re sp ect.

Behav io ra lly th is m eans th at w e w ould w ork w ith c lie nts o n a cq uis iti o n s k ills to make s u re th at th ey a re a b le to v oic e o r s ig nal th eir n eed s to th o se a ro und th em . A go od behav io r analy st w ould als o push fo r all sta ff to und erg o th e tr a in in g necessa ry to le arn to co m munic ate w ith th e clie nts w ho are no nv erb al. T hese pers o ns s h o uld b e g iv en c ho ic es th ro ugho ut th e d ay a nd a llo w ed to e xerc is e th eir pre fe re nces fo r fo od, c lo th in g, ro om mate , a cti v iti e s, a nd liv in g c o nd iti o ns. O th er more s u b tl e w ays o f a cco rd in g d ig nity in v olv e th e la nguage w e u se to ta lk to o r ab out c lie nts . If y o u w ant to k no w h o w B erth a fe els a b out h er tr e atm ent p la n, y o u co uld a sk th e s ta ff o r fa m ily , o r y o u c o uld a sk B erth a h ers e lf. C lie nts s h o uld b e ad dre sse d b y n am e i n a f r ie nd ly f a sh io n u sin g e ye c o nta ct a nd a p le asa nt s m ile — th e kin d o f tr e atm ent y o u e xp ect w hen y o u a re r e ceiv in g s e rv ic es f r o m s o m eo ne i n y o ur busin ess c o m munity .

Thom as w as a n onverb al, d evelo pm en ta lly d is a ble d y o ung m an w ho w as re fe rre d fo r h is a ggre ssiv e a nd s o m etim es s e lf- in ju rio us b eh avio r. T he in cid en ts se em ed to o ccu r in th e a fte rn oon w hen h e re tu rn ed to h is gro up hom e fr o m his sh elte re d w ork se ttin g. It ofte n to ok tw o sta ff mem bers to d ra g h im fr o m h is b ed ro om to th e liv in g ro om w here th ere were g ro up a ctiv itie s. B efo re b ein g t a ken t o t h e l iv in g r o om , h e h ad t o b e dre sse d b eca use h e w as f r e q uen tly f o und s ittin g i n h is u nderw ea r o n t h e flo or ro ckin g and lis te n in g to m usic on his hea dse t. Afte r so m e co nsid era ble i n vestig atio n a nd d is c u ssio n w ith s ta ff, f a m ily , n urse s, a nd so cia l w ork ers, th e beh avio r analy st pre va ile d in his positio n th at Thom as s h ould b e g iv en h is c h oic e o f a ctiv itie s i n t h e a fte rn oon. H e w as 36 to b e o ffe re d t h e o ptio n o f j o in in g t h e g ro up e a ch d ay, b ut i f h e c h ose t o sta y i n h is r o om a nd l is te n t o m usic h is c h oic e w as r e sp ecte d . G iv en t h is re so lu tio n th ere w as n o n eed to d evelo p a b eh avio r tr e a tm en t p ro gra m beca use t h e a ggre ssiv e a nd s e lf- in ju rio us b eh avio r c ea se d t o e xis t.

TR EAT IN G O TH ER S W IT H C A RIN G A ND C O M PA SSIO N Many o f th e p re v io us e th ic al p rin cip le s re la te to th is e th ic al p rin cip le . If, a s a behav io r a naly st, y o u re sp ect th e a uto no m y o f c lie nts , w ork to b enefit th em , a nd dev is e p ro gra m s th at a cco rd th em d ig nity , y o u w ill a uto m ati c ally b e tr e ati n g c lie nts with c are a nd c o m passio n. T his v alu e a ls o s u ggests n o t o nly th at c lie nts b e g iv en cho ic es b ut a ls o th at in te rp ers o nal r e la ti o nsh ip s s h o uld d em onstr a te s y m path y a nd co ncern .

Terre n ce h ate d g ettin g u p in th e m orn in g to g o to w ork . H e w ould fig ht with s ta ff m em bers, t h ro w s h oes a t t h em , a nd p ull t h e b ed c o vers u p o ver his h ea d. O ne s ta ff m em ber w ho r e p orte d n o s u ch r e a ctio n w hen s h e w as on d uty d esc rib ed h er m eth od o f g ettin g T erre n ce u p. “ B asic a lly I t r y t o tr e a t h im lik e m y d ad w ho liv es w ith u s. H e's o n m ed ic a tio n ju st lik e Terre n ce, a nd I k n ow t h at i t m akes h im g ro ggy i n t h e m orn in g. S o, I h ave to s h ow s o m e p atie n ce w ith T erre n ce. W hat I d o is I g o in h is r o om a nd sa y in m y s w eete st v o ic e, ‘T erre n ce, h oney, it's a lm ost tim e to g et u p,’ and I o pen th e c u rta in s a bout h alfw ay a nd th en le a ve h is r o om . T hen I co m e b ack a bout 1 5 m in ute s la te r a nd o pen th e c u rta in s th e r e st o f th e way a nd g o t o T erre n ce a nd g en tly r u b h is a rm a nd s a y, ‘ H ow y o u d oin ’, Terre n ce? It's alm ost tim e to get up. W e'v e got so m e fr e sh co ffe e bre w in g, a nd I 'v e s e t o ut y o ur fa vo rite w ork c lo th es. I 'l l b e b ack to g et yo u i n a f e w m in ute s.’ T hen a bout 1 5 m in ute s a fte r t h at I c o m e b ack, a nd if h e's n ot u p I tu rn o n h is c lo ck r a dio a nd s a y, ‘T erre n ce, s w eeth ea rt, it's tim e to g et u p n ow . L et m e h elp y o u g et d re sse d .’ I k n ow th is ta kes extr a e ffo rt. B ut th is is th e w ay I w ould lik e to b e tr e a te d , a nd it's th e way I tr e a t m y d ad s o I d on't m in d. A nd it w ork s. B y th e tim e I tu rn o n th e r a dio h e's s w in gin g o ut o f b ed a nd h as th at little h alf- g rin o n h is fa ce t h at s a ys, ‘ T hank y o u f o r b ein g s o u ndersta ndin g.’ ” PU RSU IT O F E X CELLEN CE Behav io r a naly sis i s a r a p id ly g ro w in g f ie ld . B ehav io r a naly sts n eed to s ta y c urre nt with new dev elo pm ents as w ell as co nsta ntl y up date d ru le s and re gula ti o ns.

Excelle nce in th is p ro fe ssio n m eans b ein g a w are o f th e la te st r e se arc h in th e fie ld and i n y o ur s p ecia lty a nd i n co rp ora ti n g th e m ost u p -to -d ate m eth o ds a nd p ro ced ure s 37 in y o ur p ra cti c e o f b ehav io r a naly sis . I t i s a g iv en th at y o u w ill s u b sc rib e to th e k ey jo urn als i n th e f ie ld a nd a tte nd y o ur s ta te a sso cia ti o n m eeti n g a s w ell a s th e a nnual meeti n g o f th e A sso cia ti o n fo r B ehav io r A naly sis . T o s ta y a t th e to p o f y o ur g am e, yo u m ay als o w ant to w atc h fo r sp ecia lty w ork sh o ps o ffe re d in yo ur are a o r co nsid er ta kin g gra d uate se m in ars o ffe re d at a nearb y univ ers ity . T he B ehav io r Analy sis C erti fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) re q uir e s B CBA s to acq uir e co nti n uin g ed ucati o n each year. C onti n uin g ed ucati o n ho urs re q uir e d by th e B A CB are a min im um , a nd th e b ehav io r a naly st w ho w ants to m ain ta in e xcelle nce w ill s e t a sid e 2 to 4 h o urs e ach w eek to r e ad th e l a te st j o urn als a nd n ew est r e fe re nce w ork s.

Nora re ceiv ed h er m aste r's d eg re e in p sy ch olo gy w ith a sp ecia lty in applie d b eh avio r a naly sis i n t h e m id -1 990s. S in ce t h en s h e h as g one t o a fe w c o nfe re n ces b ut d oes n ot fin d th em e xcitin g e n ough to m ain ta in h er in te re st. S he w as e m barra sse d re cen tly a t a lo ca l p eer re vie w m eetin g when a n ew ly m in te d P hD b eg an q uestio nin g h er p ro pose d tr e a tm en t pla ns. She had not been aw are of new sta ndard s fo r fu nctio nal asse ssm en t a nd w as s u rp ris e d t o f in d t h at s h e w as s o o ut o f t o uch .

ACCEPT IN G R ESPO NSIB IL IT Y Behav io r a naly sts h av e a n a w eso m e re sp onsib ility in a naly zin g th e b ehav io r o f a clie nt a nd th en m akin g r e co m mend ati o ns to i m ple m ent a p ro gra m to c hange a ta rg et behav io r. In p urs u in g e xcelle nce, y o u w ill w ant to m ake s u re th at e v ery th in g y o u hav e d one in m akin g y o ur d ia gno sis is o f th e h ig hest s ta nd ard . B y pre se nti n g y o ur co nclu sio ns to c o lle agues a nd o th er p ro fe ssio nals , y o u a re r e sp onsib le fo r m akin g su re th at th e p ro pose d tr e atm ent is p ro per, ju sti fie d , a nd w orth y o f c o nsid era ti o n.

And , w hen y o ur tr e atm ents fa il, y o u m ust ta ke r e sp onsib ility , a ccep ti n g b la m e a nd makin g co rre cti o ns to sa ti s fy th e co nsu m er and o th er re la te d p arti e s. B ehav io r analy sts w ho a re b ette r a t m akin g e xcuse s th an a naly zin g b ehav io r d o th e p ro fe ssio n no f a v or. T ho se w ho d o n o t ta ke th e ti m e to r e se arc h th e p ro ble m th ey a re w ork in g on a nd a rriv e a t h asty c o nclu sio ns w ill f in d th em se lv es c o nsta ntl y i n th e l in e o f f ir e .

Cla ra h ad b een o n h er jo b fo r o nly 3 m onth s w hen s h e fo und h erse lf a t th e c en te r o f a s e rio us d is c u ssio n a t a n I n div id ual E duca tio n P la n ( I E P) meetin g a t o ne o f th e s c h ools w here s h e w ork ed . S he d evelo ped a to ken eco nom y fo r o ne o f th e te a ch ers to u se w ith a stu den t. T he p ro gra m in vo lv ed th e te a ch er g iv in g th e stu den t p oin ts fo r q uie tly d oin g h er work . U nfo rtu nate ly , C la ra fa ile d to ta ke in to acco unt th e is su e of quality w hen w ritin g u p th e c h ild 's p ro gra m , a nd n ow th e te a ch er w as very ir rita te d a t C la ra , c la im in g th at “ sh e h as c re a te d a m onste r w ho ca re s n oth in g f o r t h e w ork a nd j u st s c rib ble s a w ay o n h er p apers s o t h at 38 sh e c a n g et h er s tu pid p oin ts .” R ath er t h an p oin t o ut t h e r a th er o bvio us fa ct t h at t h e t e a ch er c o uld h ave e a sily m ade t h e d ecis io n t o r e w ard o nly quality w ork , C la ra a ccep te d re sp onsib ility , a polo giz e d to th e te a ch er, and r e w ro te t h e p ro gra m .

Behav io r analy sts do no t begin th eir eth ic al tr a in in g in gra d uate sc ho ol. A pers o n's eth ic al tr a in in g begin s lo ng befo re th e co lle ge years . D ev elo pm enta l psy cho lo gis ts w ould a rg ue th at o ne's e th ic al sta nd ard s a re fa ir ly w ell se t b y th e ti m e a c hild v entu re s in to ju nio r h ig h s c ho ol. P ers o nal e th ic al s itu ati o ns c o nfr o nt peo ple ev ery day, and th ere is pro bab ly a te nd ency to genera liz e fr o m th ese ev ery d ay o ccurre nces to p ro fe ssio nal life . P ers o ns w ho ad vance th eir p ers o nal in te re sts ab ove oth ers , av oid co nflic t, and do no t ta ke re sp onsib ility fo r th eir acti o ns are unlik ely to im med ia te ly ta ke acco unt of eth ic al sta nd ard s in th eir pro fe ssio n. It is fo r th ese re aso ns th at a C ode o f R esp onsib le C ond uct h as b een dev elo ped fo r b ehav io r a naly sts . It is o ur h o pe th at b y r e v ie w in g th ese p rin cip le s and e xam in in g th e c o de c are fu lly , b ehav io r a naly sts w ill c o m e to s e e th e v alu e in ad opti n g a se t of re sp onsib le behav io rs th at w ill ad vance th e pro fe ssio n and pro vid e r e sp ect to th is i m porta nt n ew f ie ld o f p sy cho lo gy.

39 40 I3 What M ak es B eh avio r A naly sis U niq ue?

n m any r e sp ects , th e p ra cti c e o f b ehav io r a naly sis i s u niq ue c o m pare d w ith th o se of th e o th er h elp in g p ro fe ssio ns. A lth o ugh o th er fie ld s m ay re p re se nt th at th ey base th eir tr e atm ent m eth o ds on sc ie nce, behav io r analy sis is th e only hum an se rv ic es a p pro ach to a ctu ally ta ke th e n ext s te p a nd r e q uir e th at th e tr e atm ent i ts e lf use th ese m eth o ds. T his i s p ossib le b ecause th e m eth o dolo gy i s f o und ed o n s in gle - su b je ct d esig n re se arc h, w here in d iv id uals s e rv e a s th eir o w n c o ntr o l (B aile y & Burc h, 2 002). In re se arc h s tu d ie s, th is m eans th at b ase lin e d ata a re c o lle cte d fo r each p arti c ip ant a nd th at in te rv enti o ns a re a p plie d a nd e v alu ate d fo r e ach p ers o n.

This s tr a te gy is m ain ta in ed in th e th era p y th at is d eriv ed fr o m th e s c ie nce; th at is , each c lie nt is e v alu ate d in d iv id ually , c usto m -ta ilo re d m easu re m ent is d esig ned fo r each pers o n base d on th e re fe rre d behav io r, and onlin e ev alu ati o n of th e in te rv enti o n is m ad e co nti n uo usly unti l th e case is te rm in ate d . To co m plic ate matte rs , th e fie ld o f b ehav io r a naly sis e nco m passe s a v ery w id e ra nge o f c lie nts (s o m e call th em co nsu m ers ) th at hav e to be se rv ed ra ngin g fr o m very lo w - fu ncti o nin g, multi p ly physic ally hand ic ap ped , dev elo pm enta lly dis a b le d in d iv id uals to hig h-fu ncti o nin g child re n w ith auti s m and ad ults , to co rp ora te su p erv is o rs , m anagers , a nd c hie f e xecuti v e o ffic ers . T here a re p erh ap s a d oze n sp ecia liz e d j o urn als th at p ub lis h r e se arc h i n th e v ario us a re as o f b ehav io r a naly sis .

Eth ic al b ehav io r a naly sts h av e to k eep u p w ith th e la te st d ev elo pm ents in th eir sp ecia lty to m eet th e e xp ecta ti o n o f “ excelle nce” e m bodie d i n th e B ehav io r A naly st Certi fic ati o n B oard ( B A CB) G uid elin es.

In a d diti o n to th e m eth o dolo gy r e q uir e m ent, th ere is a fu rth er c o m mitm ent to th e sc ie nce in th at th ere m ust b e a sc ie nti fic b asis fo r th e tr e atm ent its e lf. B ehav io r analy sts r e q uir e o f th em se lv es a nd th eir p ro fe ssio n th at p ra cti ti o ners k eep u p w ith th e re se arc h lite ra tu re and ap ply pro ced ure s th at only hav e fir s t been pro ven effe cti v e in th e la b ora to ry or oth er co ntr o lle d se tti n gs. Furth erm ore , all modific ati o ns in tr e atm ent m ust be base d on th e onlin e data co lle cte d as th e tr e atm ent p ro gre sse s. A lth o ugh “ ev id ence-b ase d tr e atm ent” h as r e centl y b eco m e a catc h phra se in psy cho lo gy and m ed ic in e, it has been sta nd ard pro ced ure in behav io r analy sis fo r o ver 4 0 years . T o b e in clu d ed in th e lib ra ry o f p ossib le pro ced ure s, a stu d y m ust m eet rig o ro us peer-re v ie w sta nd ard s of excelle nce.

Perh ap s th e m ost rig o ro us s ta nd ard is th at a c le ar d em onstr a ti o n o f e xp erim enta l co ntr o l m ust be sh o w n; sim ple co rre la ti o ns need no t ap ply . B ehav io r analy st 41 pra cti ti o ners r e ly o n th is s o lid f o und ati o n f o r th eir tr e atm ent i d eas a nd n eed a g o od deal o f c o nfid ence th at a g iv en p ro ced ure w ill, i n f a ct, p ro duce a s p ecific o utc o m e.

Som e co nsid era b le d egre e o f ju d gm ent is re q uir e d , ho w ev er, in ad ap ti n g each pro ced ure to e ach c lie nt. A r e v ie w o f th e lite ra tu re m ay n o t r e v eal a n in te rv enti o n with e xactl y th e p opula ti o n o r c lie nt c hara cte ris ti c s th at a re b ein g tr e ate d a t th e ti m e, o r a tr e atm ent m ay se em ap pro pria te b ut so m e fe atu re s m ay need to b e changed , s u ch a s th e ty p e o f r e in fo rc er o r s c hed ule o f r e in fo rc em ent.

Alth ough “ e v id en ce-b ase d tr e atm en t” h as r e cen tly beco m e a c atc h p hra se in p sy ch olo gy a n d m ed ic in e, it has b een s ta n dard p ro ced ure in b eh av io r a n aly sis f o r over 4 0 y ears .

Ano th er a sp ect o f tr e atm ent th at m akes b ehav io r a naly sis u niq ue i s th at, to a g re at exte nt, tr e atm ents are carrie d o ut b y o th ers , o fte n p ara p ro fe ssio nals , und er th e su p erv is io n o f a certi fie d p ro fe ssio nal. F or exam ple , B oard C erti fie d B ehav io r Analy sts (B CBA s) m ay be w ork in g w ith care giv ers , pare nts , or te achers , fo r exam ple , in th e tr e atm ent o f a c hild b ehav io r p ro ble m . T he B CBA is re sp onsib le fo r dete rm in in g th e se rio usn ess of th e behav io r, esta b lis h in g base lin e data co lle cti o n, d oin g th e necessa ry b ackgro und w ork , and carry in g o ut a fu ncti o nal asse ssm ent. O nce th e B CBA h as d ete rm in ed w hat th e c o ntr o llin g v aria b le s a re , a tr e atm ent p la n i s d esig ned , a p pro ved , a nd p ut i n p la ce. T his l a tte r s te p m ay i n v olv e th e b ehav io r a naly st d em onstr a ti n g to th e r e st o f th e “ te am ” h o w a p ro ced ure s h o uld be c arrie d o ut a nd th en c are fu lly tr a in in g th em to d o s o r e lia b ly a nd w ith p re cis io n.

The b ehav io r a naly st is b ound b y th e e th ic s c o de to u se th is a p pro ach; to d o le ss th an th o ro ugh tr a in in g o r to a llo w u nq ualifie d p ers o ns to u se th e p ro ced ure s w ould esse nti a lly b e u neth ic al.

Tra d iti o nally th e c lin ic al p sy cho lo gis t c arrie s o ut th era p y i n a c lin ic s e tti n g, o ne on o ne w ith p ati e nts w ho s e lf- s e le ct fo r tr e atm ent. W hen th e s e ssio n is o ver, th e “p ati e nt” le av es th e c lin ic u nd er h is o r h er o w n s te am a nd d riv es h o m e o r g o es to work . W ith th e v ast m ajo rity o f b ehav io r a naly sis tr e atm ent, th e w ork i s d one i n th e se tti n g w here th e b ehav io r p ro ble m a ctu ally o ccurs . O ur c lie nts a re lik ely to h av e been re fe rre d b y so m eo ne els e fo r tr e atm ent, and o fte n th e b ehav io r is se v ere eno ugh th at th e p ers o n m ust b e und er so m e so rt o f su p erv is io n, p ossib ly in a re sid enti a l s e tti n g. T his c o m bin ati o n o f w ork in g i n r e al- w orld s e tti n gs, w ith s e v ere behav io r pro ble m s, certa in ly m akes behav io r analy sis uniq ue and pre se nts a sp ecia l s e t o f e th ic al p ro ble m s.

42 This c o m bin atio n o f w ork in g in r e al- w orld s e ttin gs, with s e v ere b eh av io r p ro ble m s, c erta in ly m ak es beh av io r a n aly sis u niq ue a n d p re se n ts a s p ecia l s e t o f eth ic al p ro ble m s.

Fir s t, b ecause th e p ers o n b ein g tr e ate d w as lik ely r e fe rre d b y s o m eo ne e ls e , w e need to b e e sp ecia lly c are fu l to re sp ect th e rig hts o f th e c lie nt. W e n eed to m ake su re th at th e r e fe rrin g p ers o n, o fte n r e fe rre d to a s “ th e th ir d p arty ,” h as n o t m ad e th e re fe rra l fo r tr e atm ent b ase d o n m ere c o nv enie nce. It c o uld h ap pen, fo r e xam ple , in a re sid enti a l se tti n g, th at sta ff m em bers m ig ht re fe r a clie nt fo r tr e atm ent of sc re am in g o r ru nnin g a w ay. T he b ehav io r a naly st m ust b e c are fu l to re sp ect th e rig hts o f th e c lie nt w ho w as re fe rre d b ecause th at in d iv id ual m ay b e y ellin g a nd sc re am in g o r tr y in g to le av e th e s e tti n g b ecause h e o r s h e is b ein g m is tr e ate d in so m e w ay. T o e sta b lis h a p ro gra m to sim ply su p pre ss th e sc re am in g o r sto p th e ru nnin g w ould b e u neth ic al.

Seco nd , w ork in g i n f u ll v ie w o f o th er p ro fe ssio nals , s ta ff, a nd a d m in is tr a to rs c an pre se nt a d diti o nal e th ic al d ile m mas. S pecia l c are m ust b e ta ken n o t to s ti g m ati z e th e c lie nt w ith o btr u siv e o bse rv ati o n s y ste m s o r m eth o ds o f d ata c o lle cti o n, y et th e data need to b e re lia b le and v alid . W alk in g th is fin e lin e p re se nts th e eth ic al behav io r a naly st w ith c halle nges e v ery w ork in g d ay.

Fin ally , th e b ehav io r a naly st i s o fte n f o und w ork in g w ith v uln era b le p opula ti o ns who a re u nab le to p ro te ct th em se lv es fr o m h arm . In c o ntr a st to th e c lin ic al p ati e nt who d riv es h o m e a fte r a 1 -h o ur ta lk -th era p y s e ssio n, o ur c lie nts o fte n c anno t s p eak or a m bula te . T he e th ic al b ehav io r a naly st m ust d o e v ery th in g p ossib le to m ake s u re th at th e c lie nt's r ig hts a re n o t v io la te d in th e p ro cess o f r e ceiv in g tr e atm ent. A 2 5- year-o ld p ers o n w ho is d ev elo pm enta lly d is a b le d , n o nv erb al, a nd n o nam bula to ry who e ngages in s e lf- in ju rio us b ehav io r ( S IB ) s ti ll h as a r ig ht to p riv acy, a r ig ht to be tr e ate d w ith d ig nity a nd r e sp ect, a nd a r ig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent, fo r e xam ple .

The in d iv id ual c anno t s im ply b e r e str a in ed , is o la te d , o r o verm ed ic ate d to s to p th e behav io r. A naly zin g th e b ehav io r w hile tr y in g to p ro te ct th e c lie nt's r ig hts is a ta ll ord er b ut is re q uir e d b y o ur c o de o f e th ic s. A lth o ugh in th is e xam ple th e re fe rra l in v olv ed o nly a r e q uest th at a b ehav io r b e r e d uced ( S IB ), th e b ehav io r a naly st h as an a d diti o nal r e q uir e m ent to d ete rm in e h o w g re ate r i n d ep end ence m ig ht b e g iv en to th e c lie nt to p ossib ly p re v ent fu tu re o ccurre nces o f th e c halle ngin g b ehav io r. T he afo re m enti o ned d ev elo pm enta lly d is a b le d a d ult m ay h av e b een s c re am in g b ecause he w as in p ain o r b ecause h e w as tr y in g to s ig nal th at h e w as th ir s ty o r n eed ed atte nti o n. The eth ic al behav io r analy st is re q uir e d to carry out a fu ncti o nal asse ssm ent to dete rm in e su ch possib le cause s and to dev elo p ap pro pria te 43 in te rv enti o ns, su ch a s te achin g a le ss d angero us m eth o d o f sig nalin g sta ff o f h is need s. C le arly , a n in te rv enti o n o f th is n atu re is m ore e th ic ally a p pro pria te th an th e use o f a p unis h er, s u ch a s ti m e-o ut, to r e d uce th e r e fe rre d b ehav io r o f s c re am in g.

Beh av io r a n aly sts a re o fte n c alle d in to w ork o n c ase s where th e b eh av io r is n ot o nly q uite s e v ere b ut a ls o am azin gly c o m ple x in n atu re .

Behav io r a naly sts a re o fte n c alle d i n to w ork o n c ase s w here th e b ehav io r i s n o t only q uite s e v ere b ut a ls o a m azin gly c o m ple x i n n atu re . A s d ete rm in is ts , w e a ssu m e th at th e b ehav io r w e s e e h as a c ausa l b asis , a nd w e b elie v e th at d oin g a f u ncti o nal analy sis w ill h elp y ie ld in fo rm ati o n th at w ill p ro duce v alid , e th ic al tr e atm ents .

How ev er, arriv in g at th e p oin t o f tr e atm ent in v olv es m yria d v aria b le s th at are diffic ult to a ccess. T he S IB a llu d ed to e arlie r m ay h av e h ad its c ause in so m e med ic al c o nd iti o n th at o ccurre d y ears e arlie r ( e .g ., th e c lie nt h ad a c hro nic s o re th at went u ntr e ate d ), b ut th e v aria b le s th at m ain ta in th e b ehav io r m ig ht b e c o m ple te ly diffe re nt ( e .g ., s ta ff a tte nti o n). O th er c o m ple xiti e s m ig ht in clu d e th e o ccurre nce o f co nd iti o ned r e in fo rc ers o r c o m ple x s c hed ule s o f in te rm itte nt r e in fo rc em ent, w hic h are opera ti n g to m ain ta in th e behav io r, esta b lis h in g opera ti o ns th at pro vid e moti v ati o n fr o m ti m e to ti m e, o r d is c rim in ati v e s ti m uli a nd s e tti n g e v ents , w hic h als o s e t th e o ccasio n fo r th e b ehav io r. T he e th ic al b ehav io r a naly st m ust e xam in e all th ese possib iliti e s and dete rm in e w hic h are m ost sa lie nt in arriv in g at a tr e atm ent a p pro ach.

One h allm ark o f b ehav io r a naly sis fr o m its e arlie st d ays re m ain s th e ro le o f co nse q uences in m odify in g b ehav io r. In th e b egin nin g, a lth o ugh m ost o th er h elp in g pro fe ssio ns re lie d o n c o unse lin g o r “ ta lk th era p y” to c hange a tti tu d es o r fe elin gs, “b ehav io r modific ati o n” put an em phasis on co nse q uences, ofte n av ers iv e co nse q uences. A nd , co m bin ed w ith a la ck of cle ar eth ic al or pro fe ssio nal guid elin es, s o m e tr a gic r e su lts ta rn is h ed th e f ie ld a nd g av e u s a r e p uta ti o n th at w as diffic ult to s h ake. M any o f th e a d vances in e th ic al c o ntr o ls fo r b ehav io r a naly sis cam e o ut o f th is e ra .

The r e sp onsib ility f o r e th ic al c o nduct g o es to th e beh av io r a n aly st, w ho m ust u phold th e h ig h est sta n dard s to a v oid h arm in g c lie n ts o r ta rn is h in g th e re p uta tio n o f th e e m plo yer.

Avers iv e co nse q uences w ould curre ntl y be co nsid ere d “m ore re str ic ti v e” 44 pro ced ure s a nd w ould b e re co m mend ed o nly a fte r re in fo rc em ent p ro ced ure s h ad been tr ie d , a nd if a v ers iv e p ro ced ure s w ere to b e u se d th e c lie nt o r h is o r h er su rro gate w ould hav e to giv e ap pro val. It is fu rth er re co m mend ed th at, if any punis h m ent p ro ced ure s a re u se d , re in fo rc em ent fo r a lte rn ati v e b ehav io rs is a ls o in clu d ed in th e p ro gra m . C le arly , e th ic al b ehav io r a naly sts h av e th eir w ork c ut o ut fo r th em o n th e u se o f c o nse q uences. S ta yin g o n th e s id e o f p ositi v e r e in fo rc em ent must b e b ala nced w ith th e c lie nt's r ig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent.

One fin al w ay th at behav io r analy sis is uniq ue in v olv es th e w ay behav io r analy sts a re e m plo yed . C urre ntl y w e a re lik ely to b e w ork in g fo r e ith er a sta te agency o r a p riv ate c o nsu lti n g f ir m : th e e m plo yer i s a th ir d p arty . W hen th e s e rv ic e is p aid d ir e ctl y b y th e p ati e nt, p re su m ab ly th ere is su ffic ie nt co unte rc o ntr o l to pre v ent a b use s, to e nsu re th at th e s e rv ic e m eets th e n eed s o f th e c o nsu m er, a nd to pre v ent th e s o rt o f h arm th at w as s e en in th e S unla nd M ia m i c ase . A gencie s n o t only m ust b e d ilig ent in h ir in g q ualifie d b ehav io r a naly sts b ut a ls o m ust a ssu m e re sp onsib ility fo r th eir a cti o ns o n a d ay-to -d ay b asis . W heth er sta te o r p riv ate , so m e e nti ty o r o rg aniz a ti o n h as to k eep ta b s o n th eir p ro fe ssio nals ’ p erfo rm ance, to assu m e a m onito rin g f u ncti o n, a nd to e xert s o m e f o rm o f q uality a ssu ra nce. T his c an be a ta ll o rd er w hen w e l iv e i n a c ultu re w here r o le m odels , f r o m c o lle ge c o aches to A meric an p re sid ents , a re r e gula rly a ccuse d o f u neth ic al c o nd uct. I n p ra cti c e, th is means th at th e e m plo yer m ust be fu lly a w are o f th e G uid elin es fo r R esp onsib le Cond uct. T he em plo yer m ust b e p re p are d to keep ta b s o n th e acti v iti e s o f th e behav io r a naly sts w ho a re w ork in g i n th e f ie ld u nd er v ery l ittl e , i f a ny, s u p erv is io n.

Here a gain , th e r e sp onsib ility f o r e th ic al c o nd uct g o es to th e b ehav io r a naly st, w ho must up ho ld th e hig hest sta nd ard s to av oid harm in g clie nts or ta rn is h in g th e re p uta ti o n o f th e e m plo yer. N ot o fte n m enti o ned is th e p ro ble m o f th e e m plo yer, who m ay p ush th e b ehav io r a naly st to e ngage in u nse em ly o r p ossib ly u neth ic al behav io r. In th is in sta nce, th e b ehav io r a naly st's p le d ge to s u p port th e G uid elin es must s u p ers e d e th e d esir e o f th e e m plo yer to c ut c o rn ers o r i n cre ase p ro fits . M yria d co m ple xiti e s th at a re e nco unte re d w hen th e b ehav io r a naly st w ork s f o r a th ir d p arty pre se nts p erh ap s th e m ost d iffic ult c halle nges o f a ll, b ecause to d eny a n e m plo yer's re q uest m ay re su lt in te rm in ati o n. T his is c le arly a h ig h p ric e to p ay fo r e th ic al co nd uct.

The b ehav io r a naly st h as th e p ote nti a l to d o g re at g o od f o r c lie nts a nd s o cie ty b y analy zin g c o m ple x p ro ble m ati c b ehav io rs , fin d in g h um ane a nd e ffe cti v e s o lu ti o ns, im ple m enti n g p ro gra m s th at w ork , a nd e nsu rin g th e le ast r e str ic ti v e, m ost e ffe cti v e ev id ence-b ase d tr e atm ents p ossib le g iv en lim ite d re so urc es. It is th e g o al o f th e BA CB G uid elin es to ensu re th at th is outc o m e is co nsis te ntl y achie v ed w hile pro te cti n g c lie nts ’ r ig hts a t a ll ti m es.

45 46 L4 Most F re q uen t E th ic al P ro ble m s ife i s h ecti c f o r g ra d uate s tu d ents w ho a re f in is h in g u p th e l a st o f th eir c o urs e s, ta kin g te sts fo r th eir cla sse s, and pre p arin g fo r th e Behav io r A naly sis Certi fic ati o n Board (B A CB) co m pre hensiv e exam . Lookin g fo rw ard to co m mencem ent a nd th e n ext p hase o f th eir p ro fe ssio nal liv es, m any h av e q uesti o ns ab out w hat th ey a re l ik ely to e nco unte r i n th eir f ir s t j o bs. E ager a nd r e ad y to ta ke o n new c halle nges, th ey o fte n a sk , “ W hat's i t l ik e o ut th ere ?” There d o n o t a p pear to h av e b een a ny o ffic ia l, s y ste m ati c s u rv eys o f b ehav io ra l pra cti ti o ners to d ete rm in e th e m ost fr e q uentl y o ccurrin g e th ic al p ro ble m s, b ut a s a re su lt o f c o nd ucti n g e th ic s w ork sh o ps w e h av e s o m e id ea o f th e e th ic al c o ncern s fa cin g p ra cti ti o ners . A fte r c o nd ucti n g w ork sh o ps f r o m N ew Y ork to C alifo rn ia o ver a 5 -y ear p erio d, w e a sk ed p arti c ip ants to d esc rib e e th ic al p ro ble m s f o r w hic h th ey need ed h elp re so lv in g in th eir se tti n g. P arti c ip ants w ro te th eir sc enario s fo r u s befo re th e w ork sh o ps b egan a nd th ey h ad r e ceiv ed e th ic s tr a in in g. W e g ath ere d 5 00 sc enario s a nd s o rte d th em a cco rd in g to th e ite m o f th e B A CB G uid elin es to w hic h th ey b est r e la te d . W hile th is w as n o t a s c ie nti fic s tu d y, i t p ro vid ed a q uic k s n ap sh o t of th e i s su es a nd c o ncern s f a ced b y p ra cti ti o ners a cro ss th e c o untr y . W e b elie v e th e sc enario s c o lle cte d o ver 5 y ears i n m ulti p le s ta te s s h o w th e m ost s ig nific ant e th ic al co ncern s a nd p ro ble m s th at w e f a ce a s a p ro fe ssio n.

RIG HT T O E FFEC TIV E T R EAT M EN T ( 2 .1 0B ) By a w id e m arg in , th e m ost f r e q uentl y s u b m itte d c o ncern w as w ith o ur c lie nts ’ r ig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent. T he rig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent c an b e c o m pro m is e d in a num ber o f w ays, w hic h p arti c ip ants w ro te a b out i n s o m e d eta il.

Fundin g Pra cti ti o ners e xp re sse d c o nsid era b le c o ncern o ver th e la ck o f fu nd in g to p ro vid e effe cti v e tr e atm ent. T hey c o m pla in ed th at a d m in is tr a to rs d id n o t w ant to p ay fo r Asso cia ti o n o f B ehav io r A naly sis (A BA ) tr e atm ent e v en th o ugh th e m oney w as av aila b le , a nd th ey f e lt h elp le ss to d o a nyth in g a b out th is . I n m any c ase s th ey w ere aw are th at th e fu nd in g w as sim ply no t av aila b le in th eir dis tr ic t so th at th e ad m in is tr a to r had littl e cho ic e. Fin ally , as m any pro fe ssio nals w ork in g w ith child re n o n th e a uti s m s p ectr u m a re f u lly a w are , m ost i n su ra nce c o m panie s a re n o t re im burs in g fo r A BA s e rv ic es. In a ll th ese c ase s, th e r ig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent is 47 ho llo w w hen f u nd s a re n o t a v aila b le .

Data T a kin g a nd D ata F akin g We r e ly o n d ata c o lle cti o n to d ete rm in e i f o ur m eth o ds a re w ork in g, a nd i t b eco m es a s tu m blin g b lo ck i f a p are nt o r te acher r e fu se s. “ I j u st d on't h av e ti m e f o r th at” i s a fa m ilia r re fr a in . P ra cti ti o ners a ls o ru n in to o th er p ro fe ssio nals w ho s a y th ey “ d o no t b elie v e th at d ata a re th e a nsw er” a nd p re fe r to u se th eir o w n ju d gm ents a b out tr e atm ent outc o m es. If th ese no nb ehav io ra l pro fe ssio nals are in le ad ers h ip positi o ns, th ey o fte n g et th eir w ay. A n um ber o f p arti c ip ants m enti o ned th e p ro ble m of s o m eo ne in th e s e tti n g fa kin g th e d ata th at w ere th en p re se nte d to th e g ro up a s valid .

Alte rn ativ e N onevid en ce-B ase d T re a tm en ts A re P re fe rre d “C ho ic e” i s a n i m porta nt f a cto r i n tr e atm ent, a nd m any p are nts d o n o t f e el th at th ey are c o m fo rta b le p utti n g a ll th eir e ggs in o ne A BA b ask et. T here is ju st s o m eth in g ab out s p ecia l d ie ts , h uggin g, or se nso ry sti m ula ti o n th at a p peals to th em , a nd n o am ount o f r a ti o nal c o nv ers a ti o n s e em s to m ake a d iffe re nce. O ur p ra cti ti o ners fin d th is fr u str a ti n g, p arti c ula rly w hen alte rn ati v e tr e atm ents ta ke a lo t o f ti m e and pre v ent th e e ffe cti v e i m ple m enta ti o n o f b ehav io ra l s e rv ic es.

Com petin g L in es o f A uth ority In so m e se tti n gs, th e B CBA is o pera ti n g a s a m em ber o f a tr e atm ent te am b ut a psy chia tr is t is esse nti a lly in charg e. O ur parti c ip ants in fo rm us th at th is can co m ple te ly u nd erm in e th e “ rig ht to tr e atm ent” s in ce th e a uth o rity 's p ositi o n is th at he i s i n c harg e o f tr e atm ent a nd th e tr e atm ent w ill b e m ed ic ati o n.

RESPO NSIB IL IT Y T O R EC O M MEN D S C IE N TIF IC A LLY SU PPO RT ED A ND M OST E FFEC TIV E T R EAT M EN TS ( 2 .1 0A ) The s e co nd m ost fr e q uentl y c ite d a re a o f e th ic al c o ncern re la te s to th e b ehav io r analy st's re sp onsib ility to re co m mend sc ie nti fic ally su p porte d tr e atm ents . A s th e num ber o f c hild re n r e ceiv in g s e rv ic es fo r a uti s m h as c o nti n ued to e xp and , s o h av e th e n um ber a nd ty p es o f a lte rn ati v e tr e atm ents .

Choic e So w hy d o p are nts a nd p ro fe ssio nals b uy in to u nv alid ate d a p pro aches? “ C ho ic e” ap pears to b e o ne re aso n. P are nts w ant to fe el th at th ey a re d oin g th e b est th ey possib ly c an f o r th eir c hild re n, a nd th ey f in d i t h ard to b elie v e th at th ere i s o nly o ne valid ap pro ach. Str o ng re co m mend ati o ns th at th ey co m mit to one th era p euti c ap pro ach s e em s w ro ng to th em , e sp ecia lly if th ey a re h earin g fr o m a no th er p are nt th at chir o pra cti c ad ju stm ents or m egav ita m in s w ork ed fo r her child . T his is 48 co m pound ed b y p ro no uncem ents fr o m c ele b riti e s s u ch a s th e h ig h-p ro file fo rm er Pla yb oy P la ym ate w ho s u ccessfu lly tr a nsfo rm ed h ers e lf i n to a g am e s h o w h o st a nd th en “ p se ud o s c ie nti s t” w ho s a ys, “ T ry Every th in g.” o ne p arti c ip ant e xp re sse d th e atti tu d e th is w ay: “ If y o u tr y e v ery th in g, s o m eth in g is b ound to w ork . S up porti n g multi p le ap pro aches se em s lik e th e b est b et fo r a d esp era te p are nt w ith littl e backgro und in sc ie nce. T hat p are nt w ants h o pe.” S om e p are nts , o ur p arti c ip ants re p orte d , lik e v arie ty a nd w ant to u se m ulti p le a p pro aches b ecause th ey g et b ore d .

Oth ers s e em to th in k tr e atm ent a p pro aches a re l ik e m ovie o r r e sta ura nt r e v ie w s— it doesn 't h urt to tr y a n ew m ovie o r r e sta ura nt, s o w hy n o t tr y e v ery n ew th in g th at co m es a lo ng i n th e th era p y w orld ?

Com petin g P ro fe ssio ns a nd T heir T heo rie s On a c lo ud y a fte rn o on to w ard th e e nd o f a 6 -h o ur w ork sh o p in th e so uth east, a clin ic al p sy cho lo gis t w ho w as a ls o a B CBA d esc rib ed h er a ggra v ati o n in d ealin g with th era p is ts fr o m o th er re la te d a re as. A s s h e e xp la in ed , “ T he b ackgro und fo r so m e fie ld s of stu d y may be orie nte d to w ard certa in tr e atm ents , su ch as occup ati o nal th era p is ts re co m mend in g se nso ry in te gra ti o n o r a p hysic al th era p is t re q uesti n g tr a m polin e ti m e a s p art o f th e tr e atm ent. S om e o f th ese th era p is ts h av e str o ng o pin io ns a b out h o w e xerc is e is im porta nt a nd ju m pin g o n a tr a m polin e c an build b ala nce a nd m usc le s. T hey h av e n o d ata to s h o w th is w ill r e d uce m ala d ap ti v e behav io rs , b ut th ey a d vocate s e nso ry i n te gra ti o n a s th e p rim ary th era p y.” BEH AV IO R A NALY ST S A SSESSM EN TS A RE S U FFIC IE N T TO P R O VID E A PPR O PR IA T E S U BSTA NTIA T IO N FO R T H EIR F IN DIN GS ( 3 .0 A ) The n eed fo r p ro per u se o f a sse ssm ents w as th e th ir d m ost fr e q uentl y id enti fie d Guid elin e i te m m enti o ned i n o ur i n fo rm al s u rv ey. B ehav io r a naly sts m ake d ecis io ns base d o n d ata , n o t o pin io n, o r s e co nd hand a necd ote s. B A CBs a nd B oard C erti fie d Asso cia ti o n B ehav io r A naly sts (B CaB A s) w ere g iv en str o ng fe ed back b y o th er parti c ip ants in th e w ork sh o p d is c ussio ns fo r in d ic ati n g in ro le p la ys a nd w ritte n sc enario s th at th ey h ad n o t d one s u ffic ie nt a sse ssm ents b efo re m ovin g a head w ith a tr e atm ent. W e a re l e d to belie v e f r o m th is i n p ut th at i t i s n o t u nco m mon f o r b ehav io r analy sts to sta rt an in te rv enti o n w ith o ut co nd ucti n g any asse ssm ent w hats o ev er.

Ano th er co m pla in t was ab out behav io r analy sts who dev elo ped th eir re co m mend ati o ns w ith o ut ev er obse rv in g th e clie nt. O ne sc enario desc rib ed a behav io r analy st in th e sc ho ol sy ste m w ho ro uti n ely re fe rre d child re n to o th er sp ecia l c la ssro om s to r e lie v e th e te acher o f p ro ble m c hild re n.

DUA L R ELAT IO NSH IP S A ND C O NFLIC TS OF I N TER EST ( 1 .0 6A ,B ) 49 Dual re la ti o nsh ip s (in w hic h a th era p is t in te ra cts w ith a clie n t in any cap acity beyo nd th e ro le a s a th era p is t) w ere th e fo urth m ost fr e q uent a re a o f c o ncern fo r behav io r analy sis pra cti ti o ners w ho atte nd ed our eth ic s w ork sh o ps. B ehav io r analy sts re co unte d sto ry afte r sto ry of bein g dra w n in to dual re la ti o nsh ip s by in no cent offe rs of gifts , drin ks, or sn acks. M ost denie d th at it im pair e d th eir obje cti v ity ; h o w ev er, d urin g d is c ussio ns it w as c le ar th ey fe lt a quid p ro q uo h ad been e sta b lis h ed a fte r a w hile w here th ey fe lt th ey “ need ed to c ut th e fa m ily s o m e sla ck” o n b illin g o r c o m ply w ith th eir r e q uests r e gard in g th e c o nti n ued r e q uir e m ent fo r s e rv ic es.

Most b ehav io r a naly sts u nd ers ta nd th at a ccep ti n g la rg e, e xp ensiv e g ifts o r tr ip s would b e a p ro ble m . W here th e c o nfu sio n c o m es in is d ecid in g w here to d ra w th e lin e. “ I k no w I c an't a ccep t a $ 200 b ottl e o f w in e, b ut a $ 10 g ift a nd c ard is o kay, rig ht? ” o r, “ O f c o urs e I w ould n't g o to E uro pe w ith th e c lie nt's f a m ily , b ut g o in g to her b ir th d ay p arty i s n 't a p ro ble m , i s i t? ” FU N CTIO NAL A SSESSM EN T ( 3 .0 2) “T he b ehav io r a naly st c o nd ucts a fu ncti o nal a sse ssm ent to p ro vid e th e n ecessa ry data to dev elo p an effe cti v e behav io r pla n.” O f th e to p fiv e co ncern s fo r pra cti ti o ners w ho a tte nd ed o ur w ork sh o ps, e th ic al p ro ble m s r e la te d to th e n eed f o r co nd ucti n g f u ncti o nal a sse ssm ents ( to d ete rm in e th e c o ntr o llin g v aria b le s r e la te d to a b ehav io r pro ble m ) w ere cite d as th e fifth m ost fr e q uent are a re la te d to th e Guid elin es. M any o f th e c o m ments sp oke o f a la ck o f re so urc es to d o a p ro per exp erim enta l fu ncti o nal a sse ssm ent, a nd p arti c ip ants in d ic ate d in d is c ussio ns th at th ey f e lt o th er f o rm s o f a sse ssm ent w ere n o t a d eq uate . S om e s a id th ey j u st s k ip ped doin g f u ncti o nal a sse ssm ents i n f a v or o f u sin g th eir p ro fe ssio nal j u d gm ent, w here as oth ers s a id th ey f e lt c o m fo rta b le u sin g d esc rip ti v e a sse ssm ents .

Afte r th e to p fiv e e th ic al c o ncern s, th e c o nsu lta nts in o ur w ork sh o ps e xp re sse d fiv e a d diti o nal c o ncern s th at r o und ed o ut th e to p 1 0:

Least r e str ic ti v e p ro ced ure s ( 4 .1 0) Resp onsib le f o r a p pra is a l o f a lte rn ati v e tr e atm ents ( 2 .1 0c) Resp onsib ility to a ll p arti e s a ffe cte d b y b ehav io ra l s e rv ic es ( p rim arily f a m ilie s) (2 .0 3) Rein fo rc em ent/ p unis h m ent ( re in fo rc em ent w hen p ossib le ) ( 4 .0 5) Env ir o nm enta l c o nd iti o ns th at h am per i m ple m enta ti o n ( 4 .0 3) As th e le v el o f p ro fe ssio nalis m g ro w s in b ehav io r a naly sis , p ra cti ti o ners a re beco m in g m ore k no w le d geab le a b out th e G uid elin es f o r R esp onsib le C ond uct, a nd th ey are ab le to cite th e re le v ant are as of th e G uid elin es re la te d to eth ic al 50 pro ble m s. O nce an eth ic al is su e is id enti fie d , th e next ste p is kno w in g ho w to hand le th e s itu ati o n.

Chap te r 1 7 , “ D eliv erin g th e E th ic s M essa ge E ffe cti v ely ,” w ill sh o w y o u h o w to r e sp ond to th e m ost c o m mon e th ic al i s su es.

51 52 A5 Every d ay E th ic al C halle n ges f o r A vera g e Citiz en s a n d B eh avio r A naly sts s th ey tr a v el d ow n th e b um py, p oth o le -rid dle d ro ad to ad ulth o od, child re n ab so rb th e ru le s of th eir co m muniti e s, re lig io ns, and cultu re s. O ver a su rp ris in gly s h o rt ti m e, p are nts , r e la ti v es, te achers , a nd th e o ccasio nal S co utm aste r pav e th e w ay fo r fu tu re e th ic al c o nd uct. T hese u nsu sp ecti n g a d ults m ay n o t r e aliz e th at ev ery day th ey are pla yin g a key ro le in sta ti n g ru le s and deliv erin g th e co nse q uences th at w ill d ete rm in e f u tu re a d ult b ehav io r.

When s tu den ts d ecid e to e n te r a g ra d uate p ro gra m in beh av io r a n aly sis , th ey a re e n te rin g a w orld w here su dden ly th e r u le s a re d if fe re n t.

In a ny e v ent, f r o m th e ti m e p eo ple a re y o ung c hild re n w e c an s a fe ly s a y th at th ere is n o c o nsis te nt s e t o f r u le s o f e th ic al c o nd uct f o r a ll c iti z e ns. I f a j u nio r h ig h s c ho ol stu d ent cheats o n a te st and d o es no t get caught, he m ay co m e to b elie v e th at cheati n g is o kay re gard le ss o f w hat h is p are nt o r re lig io us le ad er s a ys. A p atte rn can d ev elo p w here “ d on't g et c aught” b eco m es th e r u le r a th er th an “ d on't c heat.” A child w ho ro uti n ely fa ils to d o her afte r-s c ho ol cho re s, m akes excuse s, and is fo rg iv en m ay g ro w u p to b e a n a d ult w ho l e arn s to m ake u p e la b ora te s to rie s a b out why s h e w as l a te to w ork o r w hy h er q uarte rly r e p ort w as s lo ppy a nd n o t tu rn ed i n on d ead lin e. O ver ti m e, th e c um ula ti v e r e su lt o f th ese c hild ho od-th ro ugh-a d ulth o od exp erie nces pro duces in d iv id uals w ith lo ose ly fo rm ed ru le s, re fe rre d to as perso nal e th ic s . C heati n g o n o ne's sp ouse , ly in g a b out w hy y o u c an't v is it y o ur eld erly pare nts , and ille gally usin g so m eo ne els e 's In te rn et co nnecti o n are all exam ple s re la te d to pers o nal eth ic s. Pers o nal eth ic s can be co ntr a ste d w ith pro fe ssio nal e th ic s.

W hen s tu d ents d ecid e to e nte r a g ra d uate p ro gra m in b ehav io r analy sis , th ey a re e nte rin g a w orld w here su d denly th e ru le s a re d iffe re nt— and exp lic it. T o u nd ers ta nd th e p ossib le c o nflic ts th at b ud din g p ro fe ssio nal b ehav io r analy sts f a ce, c o nsid er th e f o llo w in g c o m paris o ns.

FA V O RS Frie nd s o fte n a sk e ach o th er f o r f a v ors . A f a v or m ig ht r a nge f r o m s h arin g a D VD o r 53 watc hin g a f r ie nd 's h o use w hile s h e i s o n v acati o n to b orro w in g a l a w n m ow er. T he lo nger th e f r ie nd sh ip , th e m ore i n ti m ate o r c o m ple x th e f a v ors c an b eco m e. “ C ould yo u te ll m e th e n am e o f a g o od c o unse lo r? M y h usb and a nd I a re h av in g so m e pers o nal p ro ble m s,” o r, “ If m y w ife a sk s, c o uld y o u te ll h er I w ent b ow lin g w ith yo u a nd th e g uys o n T hurs d ay n ig ht? ” If a c iti z e n w ho is a ccusto m ed to a sk in g fo r and re tu rn in g fa v ors th en begin s re ceiv in g in -h o m e se rv ic es fr o m a behav io r analy st th re e ti m es a w eek, it w ould n o t b e u nexp ecte d to a ls o a sk th e b ehav io r analy st fo r fa v ors . “ C ould y o u ru n th e th era p y s e ssio n fo r J im my in th e c ar to day while w e d riv e? I h av e to ta ke m y o ld er s o n to s o ccer p ra cti c e.” T his r e q uest m ig ht so und o dd, b ut th is a ctu ally h ap pened to o ne o f th e fir s t a uth o r's m aste r's d egre e stu d ents . F allin g b ack o n h er o w n h is to ry o f p ers o nal e th ic s— peo ple d o f a v ors f o r each o th er— th e s tu d ent a gre ed . S oon i t b ecam e a n e v ery d ay r o uti n e. O f c o urs e , th e la nguage tr a in in g was to ta lly in effe cti v e in th e dis tr a cti n g backse at mic ro env ir o nm ent o f a m in iv an w eav in g th ro ugh 5 o 'c lo ck tr a ffic .

GO SSIP If y o u p ause b rie fly a t th e c hecko ut c o unte r o f a ny g ro cery sto re , y o u w ill fin d yo urs e lf c o m in g in c o nta ct w ith g o ssip — and n o t ju st a ny g o ssip , b ut ju ic y g o ssip , co m ple te with in -d ep th , fu ll- c o lo r, Pho to sh o p-e nhanced pic tu re s. Betw een magazin es a t th e c hecko ut c o unte r a nd r e ality te le v is io n s h o w s, n o t o nly is g o ssip one o f th e r e co gniz e d c o in s o f th e p opula r c ultu ra l a nd c o m merc ia l r e alm , b ut it is als o a ccep te d b y a v era ge c iti z e ns a s n o rm al in o ur s o cie ty . T he g enera l th in kin g se em s to b e th at g o ssip i s f u n a nd e nte rta in in g, s o w hat i s th e h arm ? T his a tti tu d e i s so p erv asiv e th at a p ers o n r e fu sin g to p arti c ip ate m ay b e s e en a s p eculia r.

The g en era l th in kin g s e em s to b e th at g o ssip is f u n an d e n te rta in in g, s o w hat is th e h arm ?

In th e pro fe ssio nal se tti n g, behav io r analy sts enco unte r daily te m pta ti o ns.

Consu lta nts fr e q uentl y re p ort th at p are nts w ill ask ab out so m eo ne els e 's child .

“H ow is M aggie d oin g? I heard sh e w as hav in g so m e p ro ble m s,” a p are nt o f ano th er c hild w ill a sk , w ith o ut r e aliz in g th at w e c anno t ta lk a b out c lie nts o r th eir fa m ilie s o r re v eal c o nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n. T o th e p ers o n w ho w ants to in q uir e ab out a c lie nt, th e re q uest se em s h arm le ss. R ath er th an c o nsid er th e in fo rm ati o n “co nfid enti a l,” th e p ers o n w anti n g to g et th e s c o op o n s o m eo ne e ls e 's c hild v ie w s th e q uesti o n a s ju st a p art o f th e d aily h arv esti n g o f b ite -s iz e d n uggets o f ta sty in fo rm ati o n. T alk in g a b out o th er p eo ple l ik e th is i s g o ssip .

“W HIT E L IE S” 54 In a n a tte m pt to a v oid c o nflic t o r c ensu re , i t h as b eco m e c o m mon i n o ur c ultu re f o r peo ple to c o ver u p th eir m oti v es, m is ta kes, o r oth er p ers o nal sh o rtc o m in gs w ith “w hite lie s.” R ath er th an te ll a fr ie nd sh e d oesn 't w ant to jo in her fo r co ffe e because s h e i s g o ssip y, th e s e nsiti v e p ers o n w ho d oesn 't l ik e c o nflic t w ill o ffe r u p , “I'v e g o t to g o s h o ppin g fo r m y n ie ce's b ir th d ay p arty ; I'm s o rry .” A nd , o f c o urs e , sh e w ill g et c aught. “ O h, th at s o und s l ik e f u n; c an I j o in y o u?” N ow th e l ittl e -w hite - ly in g c ulp rit w ill h av e to m ake a d diti o nal, p erh ap s e v en m ore d ra m ati c , e xcuse s.

“W ell, a ctu ally , I h av e a lo t o f b oxes in m y c ar, sin ce I h av e to d ro p o ff S am 's bro chure s a t E asy M ail b efo re I g o sh o ppin g.” “ O h, I c an h elp y o u w ith th at,” re p lie s th e d oesn 't - ta ke-a -h in t f r ie nd , “ W e c an ta ke m y n ew S U V; i t h as l o ts o f r o om fo r b oxes, a nd I c an h elp y o u u nlo ad th em .” O ne th eo ry s a ys th at, b ecause p eo ple s o co m monly u se e v asiv e ta cti c s ra th er th an te llin g th e tr u th , th ey a re s u sp ic io us o f oth er p eo ple 's e xp la nati o ns. A t th e o th er e xtr e m e, th ere a re a ls o p le nty o f p eo ple who c an't re ad y o ur s u b tl e s ig nals a nd w ill tr y to h elp y o u o verc o m e e v ery ly in g excuse y o u c an o ffe r.

APPR EC IA T IO N Exch an gin g g if ts c re ate s a d ual- ro le r e la tio nsh ip ; th e clie n t a n d th e b eh av io r a n aly st n ow b eco m e f rie n ds, an d th e B C BA is e x p ecte d to r e tu rn th e f a v or a t th e rig h t tim e.

Alth o ugh th ere m ig ht b e s o m e v aria ti o n fr o m o ne p art o f th e c o untr y to th e o th er, it ap pears th at th ere is a univ ers a l te nd ency fo r co nsu m ers , esp ecia lly in -h o m e clie nts , to g iv e g ifts to th eir fa v orite lo veab le , fr ie nd ly , p olite , k in d , a nd g entl e behav io r a naly st. A fte r a ll, c o nsid erin g th e b ehav io r a naly st is th e life -s a v er w ho has tr a nsfo rm ed th e c hild a nd g iv en th e p are nts h o pe, it s e em s o nly r e aso nab le to giv e th is v alu ed p ers o n s o m e ta ngib le fo rm o f a p pre cia ti o n. T his m ig ht r a nge fr o m ho m em ad e co okie s to le fto ver sp aghetti (“ It's m y se cre t fa m ily re cip e.” ) o r an in v ita ti o n to g o w ith th e f a m ily to th e b each f o r a w eekend ( “ It w ill b e f u n; y o u c an pla y w ith D am on a nd s e e what h e is lik e w hen h e s its a nd p la ys in th e s a nd .” ). In th e civ ilia n w orld , p eo ple giv e gifts re gula rly in clu d in g cash fo r th e d oorm an, hair d re sse r, a nd n ew sp ap er d eliv ery p ers o n a t C hris tm as o r a b ottl e o f w in e fo r a fr ie nd w ho i s h av in g a n o pen h o use . W ily c lie nts h av e b een k no w n to d o th eir o w n re se arc h to f in d o ut w hen th eir B CBA 's b ir th d ay i s a nd s u rp ris e th e c o nsu lta nt w ith a g ift th at is su re to p le ase . T eam lo go b all c ap s, sp orts ti c kets , b ooks, D VD s, exp ensiv e w in e, b ab y g ifts , n ew C D s, a nd lo ad ed g ift c ard s a re a ll r e p orte d g ifts giv en to b ehav io r analy sts w ho hav e atte nd ed o ur w ork sh o ps. E xchangin g gifts cre ate s a d ual- ro le re la ti o nsh ip ; th e c lie nt a nd th e b ehav io r a naly st n o w b eco m e 55 fr ie nd s, a nd th e B CBA i s e xp ecte d to r e tu rn th e f a v or a t th e r ig ht ti m e.

ADVIC E Citi z e ns a sk fo r a nd g iv e a d vic e to o ne a no th er fr e ely . T hey w ill re co m mend a movie , re sta ura nt, b ab ysitte r, and m ayb e ev en a d octo r w ith o ut b lin kin g. T heir ad vic e is o fte n b ase d o n p ers o na l e xp erie nce, u nsp ecifie d b ia se s, a nd u nd is c lo se d re la ti o nsh ip s. “ T here is a n ew c arp et s to re o ut o n B ro ad w ay W est; I g o t a re ally go od d eal th ere .” F ull d is c lo su re m ig ht r e v eal th at th e b ro th er-in -la w o f th e p ers o n who m ad e th e re co m mend ati o n o w ns th e s to re . J u st a s th ey w ill a sk a fr ie nd o r neig hb or to r e co m mend a s c ho ol o r a r e alto r, m any p eo ple w ill a sk th eir b ehav io r analy st w hat he th in ks is th e b est w ay to hand le a sm art- a le ck te en o r a la zy husb and .

Prio r to th eir p ro fe ssio nal tr a in in g, b ehav io r a naly sts w ere o nce c iti z e ns w ho pro bab ly fr e ely ask ed fo r and gav e ad vic e on a varie ty of to pic s fr o m w hat psy cho lo gy c o urs e to ta ke o r w here to a p ply fo r g ra d uate s c ho ol. H ow ev er, o nce one b eco m es a B oard C erti fie d B ehav io r A naly st, th e ru le s c hange c o nsid era b ly .

As a p ro fe ssio nal, w ith a w ho le h o st o f p ro fe ssio nal e th ic s to s o ak u p , th e B CBA must b e c are fu l a b out h o w a nd w hat is sa id to o th ers w hen it c o m es to g iv in g ad vic e.

A te acher has go tte n to kno w th e b ehav io r analy st w ho v is its her cla ssro om tw ic e a w eek to c heck o n J a nie 's p ro gre ss. In th e m id dle o f a c o nv ers a ti o n a b out Ja nie 's d ata , th e te acher s a ys, “ W hat d o y o u th in k I s h o uld d o w ith N unzio ? Y ou'v e se en h im a ct o ut. I th in k h e's g o t so m e k in d o f b ehav io r d is o rd er. W hat d o y o u th in k?” H av in g o ne's b ehav io r g uid ed b y a p ro fe ssio nal c o de o f e th ic s is a w ho le new e xp erie nce f o r m any b ehav io r a naly sts . W hile th ere m ay b e a te nd ency to g iv e a q uic k a nd c le v er re to rt o r to to ss o ff o ne-lin ers , th e c o rre ct re sp onse is , “ I'm so rry ; I c an't c o m ment. H e's n o t m y c lie nt, a nd i t w ould n o t b e a p pro pria te ” ( B A CB Guid elin es f o r R esp onsib le C ond uct, 1 .0 5 a ).

RESPO NSIB IL IT Y Passin g th e buck w hen so m eth in g go es w ro ng, sta gin g co ver-u p s to av oid em barra ssm ent, a nd c o ncealin g e v id ence o f in co m pete nce h av e b eco m e n ati o nal pasti m es a m ong o ur p oliti c al le ad ers , m ovie sta rs , a nd sp orts p ers o naliti e s. T he av era ge p ers o n g ets d ese nsiti z e d , a nd u neth ic al b ehav io r se ep s in to th e g enera l popula ti o n to th e p oin t th at a d m itti n g e rro r a nd c o nfe ssin g h av e b eco m e a lo st a rt.

The p are nts w ho d o n o t ta ke r e sp onsib ility f o r th eir c hild 's s c ho ol v and alis m o fte n deny th eir fa ilu re to s u p erv is e e ffe cti v ely . S om e p are nts g o s o fa r a s to p ro vid e a n alib i o r e xcuse fo r th e c hild 's b ehav io r ( “ H e c o uld n't h elp it. H e h as b een s o s ic k, and h is f a th er h ad a d rin kin g p ro ble m .” ). S uch a cti o ns te ach c hild re n a n i n te re sti n g 56 se t o f r u le s: i f n egati v e c o nse q uences a re p re v ente d , b oth p arti e s a re r e in fo rc ed f o r ta cti c s to a v oid r e sp onsib ility . B ehav io r a naly sts m ust b e a w are o f th e p ossib ility th at th ere a re in d eed c lie nts w ho h av e h is to rie s lik e th is a nd ta ke th e n ecessa ry ste p s to ensu re th at agre em ents w ith pare nts are fo llo w ed th ro ugh. This is esp ecia lly th e c ase w ith p are nt- a d m in is te re d c o nse q uences i n th e h o m e ( e .g ., G ood Behav io r P la ns) w here th e c hild i s e arn in g p oin ts o r p riv ile ges f o r r e in fo rc ers .

SU M MARY When i t c o m es to e th ic s, b ehav io r a naly sts h av e to m ake th e d iffic ult b ut i m porta nt tr a nsiti o n fr o m “civ ilia n” to pro fe ssio nal.

If sta nd ard s fr o m one's pre b ehav io r analy sis l ife a re a t c ro ss-p urp ose s w ith w hat i s e xp ecte d o f a B CBA , th ey m ust b e ab and oned a nd re p la ced w ith o ur fie ld 's ra th er s tr ic t G uid elin es fo r R esp onsib le Cond uct and eth ic al behav io rs . F urth erm ore , on a daily basis , th e B CBA and BCaB A w ill m ake c o nta ct w ith c lie nts , p ara p ro fe ssio nals , a nd o th er p ro fe ssio nals who w ill e ngage i n “ uneth ic al” b ehav io rs , p ossib ly te m pti n g th em o r e v en m ockin g th em f o r th eir s tr a ig ht- la ced a p pro ach.

The pote nti a l co nflic t of a his to ry of pers o nal eth ic s vers u s new ly le arn ed pro fe ssio nal eth ic s and our G uid elin es fo r R esp onsib le C ond uct is a w orth y challe nge fo r o ur fie ld and o ne th at is w orth engagin g in fo r th e b enefits and in te grity th at i t w ill b rin g to o ur p ro fe ssio n.

57 58 ISectio n Tw o Unders ta n din g an d F ollo w in g t h e Beh av io r A naly st Certif ic a tio n B oard Guid elin es f o r Resp onsib le C ondu ct n S ecti o n I I, Chap te rs 6 th ro ugh 1 5 a d dre ss e ach o f th e 1 0 s e cti o ns o f th e B A CB Guid elin es. In th ese c hap te rs , th e a ctu al te xt o f th e G uid elin es is ita lic iz e d . O ur exp la nato ry c o m ments “ in p la in E nglis h ” fo llo w in p la in te xt. W e d ev elo ped th e case s, a nd th ey a re n o t a p art o f th e B A CB G uid elin es.

59 60 A6 Resp onsib le C onduct o f a B eh avio r Analy st ( G uid elin e 1 ) Base d o n le arn in g th eo ry , it w as b elie v ed th at th ese tr e atm en ts m ig h t w ork to r e lie v e s u ffe rin g o r dra m atic ally im pro ve th e q uality o f lif e .

s a p ro fe ssio n, b ehav io r a naly sis h as e v olv ed in a u niq ue w ay c o m pare d w ith th e o th er “ help in g p ro fe ssio ns.” W e h av e a r e la ti v ely s h o rt h is to ry , g o in g b ack only to th e m id -1 960s, a nd o ur r o ots a re f ir m ly p la nte d i n th e e xp erim enta l a naly sis of b ehav io r. T he o rig in al b ehav io r a naly sts w ere o fte n e xp erim enta l p sy cho lo gis ts who re co gniz e d ho w th eir anim al la b p ro ced ure s co uld b e ap plie d to help th e hum an c o nd iti o n. T he o rig in al a p plic ati o ns w ith h um ans ( A yllo n & M ic hael, 1 959; Wolf, R is le y, & M ees, 1964) w ere alm ost dir e ct re p lic ati o ns of exp erim enta l (a nim al la b ) p ro ced ure s. T hese p ro ced ure s w ere u se d w ith p opula ti o ns th at w ere ab and oned b y th e o th er s e rv ic e p ro fe ssio nals a t th e ti m e. T his w as a ls o a ti m e in whic h questi o ns ab out th e eth ic s of tr e atm ent w ere no t ra is e d . W ell- tr a in ed , re sp onsib le , e xp erim enta l p sy cho lo gis ts u se d th eir o w n c o nsc ie nce, c o m mon s e nse , and r e sp ect f o r h um an v alu es to c re ate n ew tr e atm ents . B ase d o n l e arn in g th eo ry , i t was b elie v ed th at th ese tr e atm ents m ig ht w ork to r e lie v e su ffe rin g o r d ra m ati c ally im pro ve th e q uality o f l ife f o r i n sti tu ti o naliz e d i n d iv id uals w ho w ere n o t r e ceiv in g any o th er fo rm s o f e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent. T here w ere n o “ guid elin es fo r r e sp onsib le co nd uct,” a nd th ere w as n o o vers ig ht o f th ese P hD r e se arc hers tu rn ed l e ad in g-e d ge th era p is ts . T heir w ork w as d one i n th e p ub lic e ye w ith f u ll k no w le d ge o f p are nts o r guard ia ns, a nd a re v ie w o f th e w ork to day w ould fin d littl e to fa ult in te rm s o f eth ic al c o nd uct. It w as o nly m uch la te r th at s o m e p oorly p re p are d a nd in se nsiti v e behav io r a naly sts w ould r u n in to e th ic al p ro ble m s c re ati n g th e s c and als d esc rib ed in Chap te r 1 .

Pro fe ssio nals w ho w an t to c all th em se lv es b eh av io r an aly sts m ust c o nduct th em se lv es in a w ay th at re fle cts p ositiv ely o n th e f ie ld .

61 Today, as a fie ld , w e hav e very hig h exp ecta ti o ns fo r pra cti c in g behav io r analy sts , a nd G uid elin e 1 .0 a d dre sse s th is c o ncern f o r o vera ll r e sp onsib le c o nd uct.

This guid elin e exp re sse s th e v alu e sy ste m o f o ur fie ld , w hic h sta te s th at th o se pro fe ssio nals w ho w ant to call th em se lv es behav io r analy sts m ust co nd uct th em se lv es in a w ay th at re fle cts p ositi v ely o n th e fie ld — very p ositi v ely , in fa ct.

Guid elin e 1 .0 1 e m phasiz e s o ur r o ots i n th e s c ie nce o f b ehav io r ( S kin ner, 1 953) a nd re m in d s b ehav io r a naly sts th at th e d ecis io ns th ey m ake f r o m d ay to d ay m ust b e ti e d to th is s c ie nce. T his is a ctu ally a v ery ta ll o rd er g iv en th e th o usa nd s o f a p plie d behav io ra l s tu d ie s th at h av e b een c o nd ucte d in th e la st 4 0 y ears . C urre ntl y , n early tw o d oze n jo urn als w orld w id e p ub lis h b ehav io ra l re se arc h (A PA , 2 001), so th e eth ic al b ehav io r analy st has an o blig ati o n to keep in to uch w ith q uite a b it o f “sc ie nti fic k no w le d ge.” A no th er e xp ecta ti o n is th at th e b ehav io r a naly st re m ain s “p ro fic ie nt i n p ro fe ssio nal p ra cti c e.” T his i s a no th er d em and in g s ta nd ard g iv en th e co nsta ntl y im pro vin g m eth o dolo gy o f o ur r e la ti v ely y o ung fie ld . In th e e arly y ears of b ehav io r a naly sis , th ere w as a n e m phasis o n th e u se o f a v ers iv e p ro ced ure s to change b ehav io r, w hic h u nfo rtu nate ly s e t th e s ta ge f o r c o nsid era b le b ackla sh o n th e part o f a d vocate a nd c o nsu m er gro up s. A n “ anti a v ers iv es” m ovem ent b egan a nd sti ll e xis ts th at h as p ortr a yed o ur fie ld a s p ro ne to th e u se o f p unis h m ent a lth o ugh we h av e lo ng s in ce p asse d in to a no th er le v el o f p ro fe ssio nalis m . A s h ap pens in many f ie ld s, s o m e p ra cti ti o ners s e em to b eco m e f r o ze n i n ti m e w ith r e gard to th eir sk ills . I t i s p ossib le e v en n o w to r u n i n to s o m eo ne w ho g o t a P hD i n 1 975 w ho h as no t re m ain ed c urre nt w ith th e tr e nd s in th e fie ld . T his g uid elin e w as m eant a s a wake-u p call to su ch in d iv id uals fo r th em to get back in to uch w ith curre nt sta nd ard s b efo re th ey h urt i n no cent p eo ple a nd d am age th e r e p uta ti o ns o f l e giti m ate , up -to -d ate b ehav io r a naly sts .

Our g o al a s a p ro fe ssio n is to g ra d ually e m erg e o nto th e s c en e w ith a te rrif ic r e p uta tio n f o r tr u th , h onesty , an d r e lia b ility .

It d oes n o t s e em to o m uch to a sk o f p ro fe ssio nals th at th ey re co gniz e th e le gal co de o f th eir c o m munity a nd m ain ta in h ig h m ora l p rin cip le s. T o d o o th erw is e is to put a s ta in o n th e g o od r e p uta ti o n o f o th ers . E ven a lth o ugh n o t p ra cti c in g b ehav io r analy sis , th e c o m munity w ill id enti fy y o u a s a m em ber o f th at g ro up if s o m eth in g go es a m is s. N one o f u s w ants to se e a h ead lin e lik e, “ B ehav io r a naly st c aught dealin g d ru gs a t lo cal h ig h s c ho ol,” b ut th at is e xactl y h o w a h ead lin e w ould r e ad .

As a new p ro fe ssio n w ith a co m ple x tw o-p art nam e, w e are no t o n th e ra d ar sc re ens o f m ost A meric ans. O ur g o al a s a p ro fe ssio n is to g ra d ually e m erg e o nto th e s c ene w ith a te rrific re p uta ti o n fo r tr u th , h o nesty , a nd re lia b ility . W hat w e d o 62 no t w ant is to e nd u p o n th e “ T en L east R esp ecte d P ro fe ssio ns” lis t a lo ng w ith jo urn alis ts a nd g o vern m ent e m plo yees (B BC R ad io , 1 999). S o o ur a d m oniti o n to th o se o f y o u e nte rin g b ehav io r a naly sis i s to m onito r y o ur b ehav io r, m ake s u re th at in y o ur d ealin gs w ith y o ur c lie nts a nd th e p ub lic y o ur c o nd uct is a b ove re p ro ach and w ell w ith in th e la w , a nd b e r e co gniz e d b y th o se a ro und y o u a s a n e xem pla ry citi z e n.

When b ehav io r a naly sts a re o pera ti n g p ro fe ssio nally , o th ers a re o bse rv in g a nd makin g ju d gm ents a b out th eir c o nd uct. A re th ey fo rth rig ht a nd h o nest o r s o m ew hat dev io us a nd d ecep ti v e? D o th ey ta lk d ow n to th eir p ro fe ssio nal c o lle agues o r tr e at th em w ith r e sp ect? D o th ey d em ean th e w ork o f o th ers o r a tte m pt to c o lla b ora te a nd ed ucate ? If w e a re to a d vance o ur fie ld , w e m ust, a s a n ew p ro fe ssio n, g ain th e re sp ect o f a ll th o se w e w ork w ith b y o ur “ re sp onsib le c o nd uct” e v ery d ay, a nd many a sp ects o f th is b ehav io r a re d is c usse d in G uid elin e 1 .0 5. W e d is c o ura ge a ll behav io r a naly sts fr o m b eco m in g “ sh ad e tr e e m echanic s” ( G uid elin e 1 .0 5a) a nd to tr a nsla te th eir s u ggeste d tr e atm ent p la n in to p la in E nglis h fo r c lie nts , c o nsu m ers , and o th er p ro fe ssio nals (1 .0 5b), sa v in g th e ja rg o n fo r b ehav io ra l co lle agues at co nfe re nces.

If w e a re to a d van ce o ur f ie ld , w e m ust, a s a n ew pro fe ssio n, g ain th e r e sp ect o f a ll th ose w e w ork w ith by o ur r e sp onsib le c o nduct.

A m ajo r p ers o nal c o m mitm ent th at w e a sk o f b ehav io r a naly sts is to s h ed a nd ulti m ate ly re je ct any b ia se s th ey m ay hav e gro w n up w ith in th eir fa m ilie s o r co m muniti e s a nd le arn to d eal w ith p eo ple o f d iffe re nt g end ers , r a ce, e th nic ity , o r nati o nal orig in in a to ta lly accep ti n g and no nd is c rim in ati n g manner. It is unaccep ta b le th at b ehav io r a naly sts w ould tr e at a p ers o n o f a d iffe re nt ra ce o r so cio eco no m ic s ta tu s a ny d iffe re nt fr o m s o m eo ne o f th eir o w n r a ce o r s ta tu s. T his may b e q uite a s tr e tc h f o r s o m e n ew co m ers to o ur f ie ld , a nd i t c o uld p re se nt m ajo r challe nges, d ep end in g o n y o ur c o m mitm ent to a no th er v alu e sy ste m (s tr e ngth o f yo ur co nd iti o nin g his to ry ). If yo u are a gra d uate stu d ent and se e any p ro ble m s re la te d to y o ur v alu es, n o w i s th e ti m e to r e fle ct o n y o ur s itu ati o n a nd a p pro ach o ne of y o ur p ro fe sso rs fo r a fr a nk ta lk a b out th is is su e a nd th e im plic ati o ns fo r y o ur fu tu re s u ccess i n th e f ie ld .

If y o u a re a g ra d uate s tu den t a n d s e e a n y p ro ble m s re la te d to y o ur v alu es, n ow is th e tim e to r e fle ct o n yo ur s itu atio n a n d a p pro ach o ne o f y o ur p ro fe sso rs 63 fo r a f ra n k ta lk a b out th is is su e a n d th e im plic atio ns fo r y o ur f u tu re s u ccess in th e f ie ld .

Sexual h ara ssm ent is a b lig ht o n o ur c ultu re th at w ill n o t g o a w ay. O ver 1 3,0 00 charg es a re file d e ach y ear, 8 5% o f w hic h a re m ad e b y w om en, a nd w ith fin es re achin g $ 50 m illio n e ach y ear to r e so lv e th e c o nflic ts ( U .S . E EO C, 2 004). S exual hara ssm ent i s a f o rm o f s e x d is c rim in ati o n th at v io la te s T itl e V II o f th e C iv il R ig hts Act o f 1 964. O ne w ould th in k th at m ost p ro fe ssio nals w ould b e a w are o f th is .

How ev er, e v en a tto rn eys h av e e ngaged i n th is d esp ic ab le f o rm o f a b use , a s n o te d i n th e c ase o f A nita H ill i n h er te sti m ony a gain st C la re nce T ho m as ( H ill, 1 998). T his fo rm o f c o nd uct i n clu d es u nw elc o m e a d vances, r e q uests f o r s e xual f a v ors , a nd a ny fo rm o f b ehav io r th at i s s u ffic ie ntl y s e v ere a nd p erv asiv e a nd p ro duces a n a b usiv e work in g e nv ir o nm ent ( B in d er, 1 992).

If y o u in a n y w ay f e el th at y o u m ig h t n ot b e f u lf illin g yo ur o blig atio ns to y o ur c lie n ts , it is tim e to h av e a heart- to -h eart ta lk w ith a tr u ste d c o lle ag u e.

Even b ehav io r a naly sts m ay d ev elo p p ro ble m s in th eir p ers o nal liv es. C hro nic illn ess, a m essy d iv orc e, o r a lc o ho l a d dic ti o n c an b rin g m ost a nyo ne d ow n, a nd , a s in th e c ase o f a ny p ro fe ssio nal, y o ur o blig ati o n i s to m ake s u re th at p ers o nal i s su es do n o t i n te rfe re w ith y o ur a b ility to d eliv er q uality s e rv ic es ( G uid elin e 1 .0 5f) . T his is p ro bab ly b est h and le d v ia th e “ tr u ste d c o lle ague” m odel d esc rib ed in Chap te r 1 in w hic h y o u d ev elo p a re la ti o nsh ip w ith a p ers o n o n w ho m y o u c an re ly to b e str a ig ht a nd h o nest w ith y o u o n a r a nge o f m atte rs th at a ffe ct y o ur p ro fe ssio nal l ife .

If y o u in a ny w ay fe el th at y o u m ig ht n o t b e fu lfillin g y o ur o blig ati o ns to y o ur clie nts o r in y o ur w ork p la ce, it is ti m e to h av e a h eart- to -h eart ta lk w ith a tr u ste d co lle ague to d ete rm in e h is o r h er p erc ep ti o ns a nd to h elp y o u s o rt o ut yo ur o pti o ns.

Som e o f th o se w ill p ro bab ly i n v olv e ta kin g a l e av e o f a b se nce f o r a p erio d o f ti m e while y o u g et y o ur life b ack in o rd er. D urin g th is ti m e, y o u n eed to m ake s u re th at yo u h av e m ad e a rra ngem ents w ith o th er b ehav io r a naly sts to c o ver y o ur c lie nts a nd sit f o r y o u o n c o m mitte es.

A b eh av io r a n aly st w ho f re ely g iv es a d vic e to a re la tiv e r u ns th e r is k o f a lie n atin g th at p ers o n if th e pro gra m g o es b ad .

Effe cti v e b ehav io r a naly sts w ear m any h ats i n th eir c o m munity , a nd i t i s e asy f o r 64 th em to e nco unte r s itu ati o ns w here s o m e c o nflic t o f in te re st m ig ht a ris e ( G uid elin e 1.0 6). S uch c o nflic ts c o m e a b out b ecause b usy, e ffe cti v e b ehav io r a naly sts w ho hav e a f u ll c lie nt c ase lo ad m ig ht a ls o h av e o th er r e sp onsib iliti e s s u ch a s s e rv in g o n th e peer re v ie w co m mitte e, bein g an ele cte d re p re se nta ti v e of th eir sta te asso cia ti o n, and possib ly hav in g so m e re sp onsib ility w ith th eir lo cal P are nt– Teacher o rg aniz a ti o n. M ore p ers o nal c o nflic ts o f i n te re st c an a ris e w hen a n eig hb or ask s fo r h elp w ith a c hild b ehav io r p ro ble m o r a v is iti n g re la ti v e c le arly n eed s help r e so lv in g a p ers o nal i s su e. A b ehav io r a naly st w ho i s a g o vern m ent e m plo yee, ele cte d to a positi o n w ith a sta te org aniz a ti o n, m ay fin d th at th e positi o n th e org aniz a ti o n ta kes o n an is su e is at o dds w ith his o r her em plo yer. B ehav io r analy sts w ho f r e ely g iv e a d vic e to a r e la ti v e r u n th e r is k o f a lie nati n g th at p ers o n i f th e p ro gra m g o es b ad o r th eir a d vic e i s c o ntr a ry to w hat th e s c ho ol p sy cho lo gis t o r co unse lo r r e co m mend ed . T he b est s o lu ti o n is to a v oid s u ch s itu ati o ns o n th e fr o nt end , b ut th e G uid elin es re q uir e th e b ehav io r a naly st to re so lv e th em b efo re a ny harm i s d one ( G uid elin e 1 .0 6c).

Partie s o n b oth s id es n eed to b e a w are o f th e p ote n tia l fo r e x p lo ita tio n w hen o ne p ers o n is in c o ntr o l, e v en if th e p ers o n is a b eh av io r a n aly st.

As o ur p ro fe ssio n h as g ro w n o ver th e p ast 4 0 y ears , b ehav io r a naly sts h av e in cre asin gly been re sp ecte d fo r th eir sk ills and hav e m oved in to positi o ns of auth o rity w here th ey w ie ld s o m e c o nsid era b le p ow er a nd i n flu ence. W here as i n th e begin nin g th ey s e rv ed o nly a s th era p is ts o r u nit d ir e cto rs , m any b ehav io r a naly sts are no w chair s o f p sy cho lo gy d ep artm ents , su p erin te nd ents o f la rg e re sid enti a l fa ciliti e s, o r o w ners o f m ajo r c o nsu lti n g fir m s. In su ch p ositi o ns, e v en th e m ost eth ic ally s e nsiti v e b ehav io r a naly sts m ay fin d th at th ey c an c all th e s h o ts w ith o ut anyo ne e ls e 's a p pro val. T he P hD p re sid ent o f a c o nsu lti n g f ir m c an d ir e ct h is o r h er maste r's -le v el c o nsu lta nts to a d vocate a c erta in p ro ced ure , to p ro m ote o verb illin g, or to e nco ura ge s n o opin g o n th e c o m peti ti o n w hile o n th e j o b. W e w ould h o pe th at th e e th ic al m aste r's -le v el c o nsu lta nt w ould r e sis t s u ch p re ssu re , b ut th e d iffe re nti a l in p ow er a llo w s s u p erv is e es to b e e xp lo ite d i f c are i s n o t ta ken. S up erv is o rs c o uld extr a ct fa v ors fr o m stu d ents in exchange fo r a go od gra d e in pra cti c um , and , th eo re ti c ally , b ehav io ra l fa culty c o uld d o th e s a m e. O r, a s h as o ccasio nally b een re p orte d , s tu d ents m ay o ffe r fa v ors fo r a g o od g ra d e. T hus, p arti e s o n b oth s id es need to b e e q ually a w are o f th e p ote nti a l fo r e xp lo ita ti o n w hen o ne p ers o n is in co ntr o l, e v en i f th e p ers o n i s a b ehav io r a naly st.

RESPO NSIB LE C O NDUCT O F A B EH AV IO R ANALY ST ( 1 .0 ) 65 The b ehav io r a naly st m ain ta in s th e h ig h s ta nd ard s o f p ro fe ssio nal b ehav io r o f th e p ro fe ssio nal o rg aniz a ti o n.

Pro fe ssio nal b ehav io r here is d is ti n guis h ed fr o m p riv ate o r ev ery d ay b ehav io r.

This m eans th at w hen y o u a re a t w ork o r s e rv in g o n a c o m mitte e w here y o u a re re p re se nti n g yo ur pro fe ssio n or org aniz a ti o n yo u m ust up ho ld th e sta nd ard s exp ecte d b y th e p ro fe ssio n. T hese are und ers to od to in clu d e ho nesty , in te grity , re lia b ility , c o nfid enti a lity , a nd tr u stw orth in ess.

CA SE 1 .0 : P O LIT IC S A S U SU AL Ja ne P., a B oard C ertif ie d assis ta nt B eh avio r A naly st (B C aB A) w ho se rv es on a sta te asso cia tio n nom in atin g c o m mitte e, v ery m uch w ants h er c o lle a gue D r. E la in e J . to b e e le cte d . J a ne b eg in s b y ta lk in g to th e B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly sts (B C BAs) s h e k now s a nd te lls th em th at D r. J . is a bso lu te ly th e best p erso n f o r th e j o b. J a ne r e a liz e s s h e w ill g ain in flu en ce o n th e B oard if h er f r ie n d D r. J . is e le cte d .

Why a re th ere e th ic a l p ro ble m s a sso cia te d w ith J a ne's p olitic a l s tr a te g y?

RELIA NCE O N S C IE N TIF IC K NO W LED GE ( 1 .0 1) Behav io r a naly sts r e ly o n s c ie nti fic ally a nd p ro fe ssio nally d eriv ed k no w le d ge when m akin g s c ie nti fic o r p ro fe ssio nal ju d gm ents in h um an s e rv ic e p ro vis io n, or w hen e ngagin g i n s c ho la rly o r p ro fe ssio nal e nd eav ors .

One o f th e c hara cte ris ti c s o f b ehav io r a naly sis th at m akes it u niq ue is th e r e lia nce on s c ie nti fic e v id ence a s a b asis fo r o ur p ra cti c e. A s a g enera l r u le , w e e xp ect to base o ur m eth o ds o f a sse ssm ent o n s y ste m ati c o bse rv ati o n o f b ehav io r a nd o ne o f se v era l m eth o ds of fu ncti o nal asse ssm ent. A lth o ugh w e m ig ht se ek in p ut fr o m fa m ily o r c are giv ers d urin g a n in ta ke p ro cess, th e b ehav io r a naly st d ep end s o n obje cti v e data th at are su ffic ie nt to allo w so m e co nclu sio n. T his sa m e data co lle cti o n sy ste m is u se d a lo ng w ith tr e atm ent d ata to d ete rm in e if a c hange in behav io r h as o ccurre d . W hen p re se nti n g f in d in gs a t a c o nfe re nce o r f o r p ub lic ati o n, it is e sse nti a l th at y o u m ain ta in th e h ig hest s ta nd ard s o f in te grity fo r d esc rip ti o n o f yo ur m eth o d a nd r e su lts th at y o u o bta in ed .

CO M PET EN CE ( 1 .0 2) (a ) B ehav io r analy sts pro vid e se rv ic es, te ach, and co nd uct re se arc h only with in th e b ound arie s o f th eir c o m pete nce, b ase d o n th eir ed ucati o n, tr a in in g, su p erv is e d e xp erie nce, o r a p pro pria te p ro fe ssio nal e xp erie nce.

Bound arie s o f c o m pete nce in b ehav io r a naly sis a re s o m eti m es d iffic ult to d is c ern .

How ev er, y o u a re o blig ate d to p ra cti c e o nly in th o se a re as w here y o u h av e h ad fo rm al tr a in in g.

CA SE 1 .0 2A : C H IL D P SY CH OLO GY 66 Dr. S andra F ., a p ro fe sso r a t a s m all M id w este rn c o lle g e, is a sk ed to te a ch a c o urse in c h ild p sy ch olo gy.

Dr. F . is a D octo ra l- le vel B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st ( B C BA-D ) w ith a P hD f ro m a m ajo r u niv ersity , and a lth ough s h e d id h er d is se rta tio n o n c h ild re n w ith p hobia s s h e h as n ever ta ken a g ra duate c o urse o r se m in ar s p ecif ic a lly o n th is to pic .

How s h ould D r. F . h andle th is r e q uest?

(b ) B ehav io r analy sts p ro vid e se rv ic es, te ach, o r co nd uct re se arc h in new are as o r in v olv in g new te chniq ues o nly afte r fir s t und erta kin g ap pro pria te stu d y, tr a in in g, su p erv is io n, and /o r co nsu lta ti o n fr o m pers o ns w ho are co m pete nt i n th o se a re as o r te chniq ues.

When y o u fe el it is n ecessa ry to p ra cti c e o uts id e th e a re as in w hic h y o u w ere tr a in ed , y o u a re r e q uir e d to s e ek f u rth er tr a in in g i n th e n ew a re a.

PR O FESSIO NAL D EV ELO PM EN T ( 1 .0 3) Behav io r analy sts w ho engage in asse ssm ent, th era p y, te achin g, re se arc h, org aniz a ti o nal co nsu lti n g, or oth er pro fe ssio nal acti v iti e s main ta in a re aso nab le le v el of aw are ness of curre nt sc ie nti fic and pro fe ssio nal in fo rm ati o n i n th eir f ie ld s o f a cti v ity , a nd u nd erta ke o ngo in g e ffo rts to m ain ta in co m pete nce i n th e s k ills th ey u se .

As a b ehav io r a naly st, y o u a re r e q uir e d to s ta y c urre nt i n y o ur s p ecia lty a re a. T his means y o u s h o uld s u b sc rib e to a nd r e ad th e r e le v ant jo urn als in y o ur s p ecia lty a nd atte nd co nfe re nces and w ork sh o ps th at are sp ecific to yo ur are a of pra cti c e, re se arc h, o r th era p y.

CA SE 1 .0 3: O LD S C H OOL I S N OT C O OL To ny H ., a B C BA ch air o f a lo ca l b eh avio ra l re vie w co m mitte e, h as n otic ed th at in th e la st se vera l meetin gs o ne o f th e p re se n te rs is v ery m uch b eh in d o n c u rre n t b eh avio ra l tr e a tm en t. T he p re se n te r, a ls o a BC BA, h as m any y ea rs e xp erie n ce a nd is w ell th ought o f in th e c o m munity . O th er c o m mitte e m em bers have b eg un to m ake o cca sio nal e m barra ssin g c o m men ts a bout th is p erso n b eh in d h is b ack a t th e e n d o f th e m eetin gs.

What a re so m e su ggestio ns fo r h ow To ny c o uld h andle th is situ atio n in a p ro fe ssio nal a nd ta ctf u l manner?

IN TEG RIT Y ( 1 .0 4) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts a re tr u th fu l a nd h o nest. B ehav io r a naly sts f o llo w th ro ugh on oblig ati o ns and pro fe ssio nal co m mitm ents w ith hig h quality w ork and re fr a in f r o m m akin g p ro fe ssio nal c o m mitm ents th at th ey c anno t k eep .

It s e em s s o s im ple : ju st b e h o nest w ith y o ur c lie nts , a nd te ll th e tr u th . If y o u a re overlo ad ed a nd c anno t g et to th eir h o m e b efo re th e e nd o f th e d ay, s a y s o . If y o u th in k th at it is g o in g to re q uir e s e v era l w eeks o f v erb al b ehav io r th era p y b efo re 67 littl e H olly b egin s s p eakin g in th re e-w ord p hra se s, le t th e p are nts k no w . A nd s e t a pers o nal s ta nd ard f o r y o urs e lf to c arry o ut e v ery p ro m is e th at y o u m ake.

(b ) T he b ehav io r a naly st's b ehav io r c o nfo rm s to th e le gal a nd m ora l c o des o f th e so cia l and p ro fe ssio nal co m munity o f w hic h th e b ehav io r analy st is a mem ber.

You a re r e q uir e d to b e a w are o f le gal is su es p erta in in g to th e d eliv ery o f s e rv ic es in y o ur sta te , a nd y o u n eed to b e c o gniz a nt o f m ora l and so cia l v alu es in y o ur co m munity . A lth o ugh b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s h av e b een sh o w n to w ork in a v ast arra y o f c ir c um sta nces a nd s e tti n gs, it is o nly b ecause th e b ehav io r a naly st g ain ed th e c o nfid ence o f k ey m em bers o f th e c o m munity a nd w ork ed w ith in th e in fo rm al so cia l c o des o f c o nd uct th at w ere p re sc rib ed b y th e p ro fe ssio nal c o m munity .

CA SE 1 .0 4: T H E M IS SIN G L IN K Dr. J . r e cen tly w as r e cru ite d to te a ch a t a m ajo r u niv ersity w here h e w as e xp ecte d to s e t u p a la bora to ry to stu dy se lf -in ju rio us b eh avio r (S IB ). H is p re vio us re se a rc h em phasiz e d th e effe ctiv en ess o f certa in aversiv e stim uli th at, w hen m ade c o ntin gen t o n e a rly re sp onse s in th e S IB c h ain , g re a tly re d uced th e pro bability o f th e f in al m em bers o f th e c h ain b ein g e m itte d . T he w ork h ad b een p ublis h ed in p re stig io us jo urn als . D r. J . w as s h ock ed w hen o ne o f th e B C aB As h e h ir e d to w ork in th e la b s a id th at th is r e se a rc h was p ro hib ite d b y a s ta te la w th at h ad b een p asse d a bout 1 0 y ea rs e a rlie r.

What c o rre ctiv e s te p s d oes D r. J . N eed to ta ke n ow ?

(c ) T he a cti v ity o f a b ehav io r a naly st fa lls u nd er th ese G uid elin es o nly if th e acti v ity is p art o f h is o r h er w ork -re la te d fu ncti o ns o r th e a cti v ity is b ehav io r analy ti c i n n atu re .

These G uid elin es c o ver y o ur a cti v iti e s w hen y o u a re a t w ork a nd w hen y o u a re engaged i n o th er a cti v iti e s th at i n v olv e b asic p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r.

(d ) If b ehav io r a naly sts ’ e th ic al re sp onsib iliti e s c o nflic t w ith la w , b ehav io r analy sts m ake k no w n th eir c o m mitm ent to th ese G uid elin es a nd ta ke s te p s to re so lv e th e c o nflic t i n a r e sp onsib le m anner i n a cco rd ance w ith l a w .

If y o u f in d y o urs e lf i n a s itu ati o n w here i t a p pears th ere i s a c o nflic t b etw een th ese Guid elin es and so m e sta te sta tu te , yo u w ill need to re so lv e th e is su e w ith o ut bre akin g th e l a w . T he m ost c o m mon e xam ple o f a l a w th at e th ic al b ehav io r a naly sts may fe el th e n eed to q uesti o n w ould b e a s ta te la w p erta in in g to c o nfid enti a lity . In so m e c ase s, th e b ehav io r a naly st m ay fe el c o nflic te d if th e c lie nt's s a fe ty is a t r is k and s o m eo ne n eed s to b e to ld .

PR O FESSIO NAL A ND S C IE N TIF IC R ELAT IO NSH IP S ( 1 .0 5) (a ) B ehav io r analy sts pro vid e behav io ra l dia gno sti c , th era p euti c , te achin g, re se arc h, s u p erv is o ry , c o nsu lta ti v e, o r o th er b ehav io r a naly ti c s e rv ic es o nly i n 68 th e c o nte xt o f a d efin ed , r e m unera te d p ro fe ssio nal o r s c ie nti fic r e la ti o nsh ip o r ro le .

You s h o uld n o t “ v olu nte er” to tr e at s o m eo ne w ith o ut s o m e a uth o rity to d o s o . I f y o u do p ro b ono w ork fo r a fa m ily o r a n a gency, y o ur r o le a nd r e sp onsib ility m ust b e cle arly s p ecifie d . T hey m ust b e in fo rm ed o f y o ur c re d enti a ls a nd c o m pete nce. It is re co m mend ed th at y o u h av e s o m eth in g i n w riti n g to d ocum ent th is r e la ti o nsh ip .

(b ) W hen behav io r analy sts pro vid e asse ssm ent, ev alu ati o n, tr e atm ent, co unse lin g, su p erv is io n, te achin g, co nsu lta ti o n, re se arc h, o r o th er b ehav io r analy ti c se rv ic es to an in d iv id ual, a gro up , or an org aniz a ti o n, th ey use la nguage th at is fu lly u nd ers ta nd ab le to th e re cip ie nt o f th o se s e rv ic es. T hey pro vid e a p pro pria te in fo rm ati o n p rio r to s e rv ic e d eliv ery a b out th e n atu re o f su ch s e rv ic es a nd a p pro pria te i n fo rm ati o n l a te r a b out r e su lts a nd c o nclu sio ns.

When y o u a re w ork in g w ith la yp eo ple , s p eak E nglis h , a nd b e d ilig ent in m akin g su re th ey u nd ers ta nd w hat y o u a re d oin g b oth p rio r to i n te rv enti o n a nd i n f o llo w -u p .

CA SE 1 .0 5: N OT I M PR ESSE D Matth ew T . w as a B C aB A w ho h ad j u st r e cen tly g ra duate d f ro m c o lle g e a nd w as ta kin g h is f ir st j o b a s a beh avio r a naly st. H e w ante d to im pre ss h is c lie n ts w ith h is n ew fo und k now le d ge, s o h e s p rin kle d te rm s lik e ta ct, m and, a uto clitic , a nd c o ntr o l pro ced ure s lib era lly in h is m eetin gs w ith p are n ts . H is s u perv is o r re ceiv ed c o m pla in ts fro m th e p are n ts s a yin g, “ W e h ave n o id ea w hat h e is ta lk in g a bout, b ut it s o unds sc a ry to u s.” What s h ould th e s u perv is o r d o a bout th is B C aB A a nd h is te ch nic a l w ay o f ta lk in g a bout th in gs?

(c ) W here d iffe re nces o f a ge, g e nd er, r a ce, e th nic ity , n ati o nal o rig in , r e lig io n, se xual o rie nta ti o n, d is a b ility , la nguage, o r s o cio eco no m ic s ta tu s s ig nific antl y affe ct b ehav io r analy sts ’ w ork co ncern in g p arti c ula r in d iv id uals o r gro up s, behav io r a naly sts o bta in th e tr a in in g, e xp erie nce, c o nsu lta ti o n, o r s u p erv is io n necessa ry to e nsu re th e c o m pete nce o f th eir s e rv ic es, o r th ey m ake a p pro pria te re fe rra ls .

If yo u are w ork in g w ith in d iv id uals diffe re nt fr o m th o se to w ho m yo u are accusto m ed , yo u sh o uld se ek guid ance fr o m ano th er p ro fe ssio nal. A lte rn ati v ely , yo u m ay c o nsid er r e fe rrin g th e c lie nts to a no th er b ehav io r a naly st.

(d ) In th eir w ork -re la te d acti v iti e s, behav io r analy sts do no t engage in dis c rim in ati o n again st in d iv id uals or gro up s base d on age, gend er, ra ce, eth nic ity , nati o nal orig in , re lig io n, se xual orie nta ti o n, dis a b ility , so cio eco no m ic s ta tu s, o r a ny b asis p ro sc rib ed b y l a w .

It is u neth ic al to d is c rim in ate a gain st o th ers in y o ur w ork -re la te d a cti v iti e s fo r a ny re aso n. Y ou m ay no t tr e at peo ple unfa ir ly or pro vid e le ss or unsa ti s fa cto ry 69 tr e atm ent j u st b ecause th ey a re d iffe re nt f r o m y o u.

CA SE 1 .0 5D : R ELIG IO US D IL EM MA Ahm ed h ad a lw ays b een f a sc in ate d b y p sy ch olo gy a nd to ok a s p ecia l u nderg ra duate tr a ck th at p re p are d him to sit fo r th e a ssis ta nts te st o ffe re d b y th e B AC B. H e e a rn ed g ood g ra des a nd e xcelle d a t d oin g desc rip tiv e f u nctio nal a sse ssm en ts in h is p ra ctic u m . W hen h e g ot h is f ir st j o b, h e d is c o vere d th at one o f his s tu den t c lie n ts in a n e le m en ta ry s c h ool w as a S unni M uslim . A hm ed m en tio ned th is to h is p are n ts , w ho were ir a te a nd in sis te d th at h e r e fu se to a sso cia te in a ny w ay w ith th is s tu den t o f a r iv a l r e lig io us s e ct.

Ahm ed is in a v ery s e n sitiv e s itu atio n. H ow s h ould h e h andle th is ?

(e ) B ehav io r a naly sts d o n o t k no w in gly e ngage i n b ehav io r th at i s h ara ssin g o r dem eanin g to p ers o ns w ith w ho m th ey in te ra ct in th eir w ork b ase d o n fa cto rs su ch a s th o se p ers o ns’ a ge, g end er, ra ce, e th nic ity , n ati o nal o rig in , re lig io n, se xual o rie nta ti o n, d is a b ility , l a nguage, o r s o cio eco no m ic , s ta tu s i n a cco rd ance with l a w .

As a b ehav io r a naly st, y o u s h o uld b e s e nsiti v e to th e r e acti o n o th ers h av e to y o ur behav io r. It is in ap pro pria te to m ake s e xual a d vances to o th ers (“ flir ti n g”) o r to te ase o r m ake d em eanin g c o m ments a b out th eir s iz e , w eig ht, s e xual o rie nta ti o n, a ge, or a ny o th er n o ti c eab le f e atu re .

(f) B ehav io r a naly sts r e co gniz e th at th eir p ers o nal p ro ble m s a nd c o nflic ts m ay in te rfe re w ith th eir effe cti v eness. B ehav io r analy sts re fr a in fr o m p ro vid in g se rv ic es w hen th eir pers o nal cir c um sta nces m ay co m pro m is e deliv erin g se rv ic es to th e b est o f th eir a b iliti e s.

As a b ehav io r a naly st, y o u h av e a n o blig ati o n to m onito r y o ur o w n b ehav io r a nd re co gniz e w hen s tr e ss, c hanges in life s itu ati o n ( e .g ., d eath in th e fa m ily , d iv orc e), or so m e c o nflic t n egati v ely a ffe ct y o ur p ro fe ssio nal p erfo rm ance. In su ch c ase s, yo u w ill n eed to m ake a rra ngem ents fo r a no th er b ehav io r a naly st to se rv e y o ur clie nts u nti l y o u r e co ver.

CA SE 1 .0 5F : L EFT A 4 0-s o m eth in g-y ea r-o ld B C BA, S te lla V ., c a m e h om e a fte r a lo ng d ay o f a naly zin g b eh avio r to d is c o ver th at h er h usb and h ad le ft h er. H is n ote s a id h e w as u nhappy w ith n ever s e ein g h is w if e , th at s h e h ad ch anged s in ce th eir m arria ge 1 0 y ea rs ea rlie r, a nd th at h e w as g oin g o n a “ vo ya ge o f s e lf -e xp lo ra tio n.” Alth ough s h e d en ie d to e very o ne th at it b oth ere d h er, S te lla 's w ork b eca m e e rra tic a nd a ppea re d to b e unusu ally p ric k ly a bout fe ed back o n h er fu nctio nal a sse ssm en ts . S he w alk ed o ut in th e m id dle o f o ne pare n t m eetin g s a yin g, “ I ju st c a n't ta ke th is a nym ore .” S te lla 's c o lle a gues w ere w orrie d a bout h er, a nd th ey w ere v ery c o ncern ed a bout h er r e cen t p erfo rm ance.

Should th e b eh avio ra l c o lle a gues g et in vo lv ed in S te lla 's p erso nal b usin ess?

DUA L R ELAT IO NSH IP S A ND C O NFLIC TS OF I N TER EST ( 1 .0 6) 70 (a ) In m any c o m muniti e s a nd s itu ati o ns, it m ay n o t b e fe asib le o r re aso nab le fo r b ehav io r a naly sts to a v oid s o cia l o r o th er n o n p ro fe ssio nal c o nta cts w ith pers o ns su ch as clie nts , stu d ents , su p erv is e es, or re se arc h parti c ip ants .

Behav io r a naly sts m ust a lw ays b e s e nsiti v e to th e p ote nti a l h arm fu l e ffe cts o f oth er c o nta cts o n th eir w ork a nd o n th o se p ers o ns w ith w ho m th ey d eal.

You sh o uld str iv e to av oid so cia l co nta cts w ith yo ur clie nts because it m ig ht in te rfe re w ith y o ur o bje cti v ity a s a b ehav io r a naly st o r p ossib ly h arm o r e xp lo it th em . W ith s u p erv is e es, s tu d ents , o r r e se arc h p arti c ip ants , it is a ls o a g o od id ea to av oid any m ore th an casu al co nta ct as th is m ig ht be co nstr u ed as sh o w in g fa v oriti s m in th e c ase o f s tu d ents o r s u p erv is e es o r b ia s th eir p arti c ip ati o n in th e case o f r e se arc h p arti c ip ants .

CA SE 1 .0 6: A S M ALL-T O W N B CBA A B C BA w ho liv es in a s m all to w n w as a sk ed b y h er s is te r to d evelo p a n A sso cia tio n o f B eh avio r A naly sis (A BA) p ro gra m fo r h er s o n. T here a re n o o th er b eh avio r a naly sts a va ila ble , a nd th e B C BA h as is su es with th e s is te r th at w ould b e c o m plic a te d b y h er ta kin g th e c a se .

What is th e B C BA's m ost a ppro pria te c o urse o f a ctio n?

(b ) A b ehav io r a naly st re fr a in s fr o m e nte rin g in to o r p ro m is in g a p ers o nal, sc ie nti fic , p ro fe ssio nal, f in ancia l, o r o th er r e la ti o nsh ip w ith a ny s u ch p ers o n i f it a p pears lik ely th at s u ch a r e la ti o nsh ip r e aso nab ly m ig ht im pair th e b ehav io r analy st's o bje cti v ity o r o th erw is e in te rfe re w ith th e b ehav io r a naly st's a b ility to e ffe cti v ely p erfo rm h is o r h er f u ncti o ns a s a b ehav io r a naly st, o r m ig ht h arm or e xp lo it th e o th er p arty .

It is best to av oid dual re la ti o nsh ip s w ith oth ers (e .g ., stu d ent and busin ess asso cia te ) i f i t a p pears th at th is w ill n egati v ely a ffe ct y o ur a b ility to b e e ffe cti v e a s a b ehav io r a naly st o r m ig ht i n s o m e w ay h arm th e o th er p ers o n.

(c ) If a b ehav io r a naly st fin d s th at, d ue to u nfo re se en fa cto rs , a p ote nti a lly harm fu l m ulti p le re la ti o nsh ip has aris e n (i.e ., o ne in w hic h th e re aso nab le possib ility o f c o nflic t o f in te re st o r u nd ue in flu ence is p re se nt) , th e b ehav io r analy st atte m pts to re so lv e it w ith d ue re gard fo r th e b est in te re sts o f th e affe cte d p ers o n a nd m axim al c o m plia nce w ith th ese G uid elin es.

If y o u fin d th at y o u h av e b eco m e in v olv ed in a h arm fu l d ual re la ti o nsh ip w ith a clie nt o r o th er p ro fe ssio nal, y o u a re re q uir e d to re so lv e th e s itu ati o n in th e b est in te re sts o f th e p ers o n a nd w ith d ue r e gard f o r th ese G uid elin es.

EX PLO IT A T IV E R ELAT IO NSH IP S ( 1 .0 7) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts d o n o t e xp lo it p ers o ns o ver w ho m th ey h av e s u p erv is o ry , ev alu ati v e, or oth er auth o rity su ch as stu d ents , su p erv is e es, em plo yees, 71 re se arc h p arti c ip ants , a nd c lie nts .

Behav io r a naly sts d o n o t u se o r ta ke a d vanta ge o f a nyo ne r e gard le ss o f w heth er th e behav io r a naly sts s u p erv is e th em o r h av e s o m e s o rt o f a uth o rity o ver th em .

(b ) B ehav io r analy sts do no t engage in se xual re la ti o nsh ip s w ith clie nts , stu d ents , or su p erv is e es in tr a in in g over w ho m th e behav io r analy st has ev alu ati v e or dir e ct auth o rity , because su ch re la ti o nsh ip s easily im pair ju d gm ent o r b eco m e e xp lo ita ti v e.

Do no t beco m e in v olv ed in se xual re la ti o nsh ip s w ith clie nts , stu d ents , or su p erv is e es b ecause s u ch r e la ti o nsh ip s c an i m pair y o ur j u d gm ent. A ls o , y o u m ay b e exp lo ite d o r f in d th at y o u a re ta ken a d vanta ge o f b y th e o th er p arty .

CA SE 1 .0 7B : S IN GLES M IN GLIN G Bill w as a 3 0-y ea r-o ld , s in gle B C BA w ho w ork ed w ith c lie n ts a nd c o nducte d re se a rc h in a la rg e s ta te in stitu tio n. H e h ad a g ood w ork in g re la tio nsh ip w ith th e lo ca l u niv ersity 's p sy ch olo gy a nd sp ecia l ed uca tio n p ro gra m s. O ne s e m este r, B ill fo und h im se lf a ttr a cte d to K ris ti, o ne o f th e c o lle g e s tu den ts h e was s u perv is in g. T he a ttr a ctio n s e em ed m utu al b eca use K ris ti m ade it a p oin t to le t B ill k now th at s h e w as sin gle a nd a va ila ble f o r d atin g.

Beca use th e fe elin gs s e em ed to b e m utu al a nd th ey w ere b oth a dults , w as th ere a ny p ro ble m w ith B ill ask in g K ris ti f o r a d ate ?

(c ) B ehav io r a naly sts a re c auti o ned a gain st b arte rin g w ith c lie nts b ecause i t i s ofte n (1 ) clin ic ally co ntr a in d ic ate d , and (2 ) pro ne to fo rm ati o n of an exp lo ita ti v e r e la ti o nsh ip .

Barte rin g is th e e xchange o f g o ods o r se rv ic es in lie u o f p aym ent. It is str o ngly dis c o ura ged b ecause it c an e asily g o a w ry w hen o ne p arty fe els th at h e o r s h e h as no t r e ceiv ed a n e q ual r e tu rn a cco rd in g to th e a gre em ent.

CA SE 1 .0 7C : “ W IL L W ORK F O R F O OD” Ju lie S . w as a B C BA w ho p ro vid ed b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es to f a m ilie s a nd th eir c h ild re n . J u lie w as w ork in g in th e h om e w ith tw o o f th e c h ild re n o f R osita a nd M anny G . R osita a nd M anny were th e o w ners o f a very p opula r M exic a n re sta ura nt. O n o ne v is it, R osita su ggeste d to J u lie th at in ste a d o f p ayin g fo r beh avio ra l s e rv ic es w ith a c h eck , s h e a nd M anny w ould lik e to tr a de o ut f o od a t th eir r e sta ura nt.

Ju lie w as a f a n o f R osita 's g uaca m ole c h eese c ris p s, b lu e c o rn ta m ale s, a nd e sp ecia lly th e m arg arita s.

As lo ng a s s h e k ep t a c lo se w atc h o n h er b illa ble h ours v ersu s r e sta ura nt ta b, w ould th is m utu ally a gre ed on s y ste m b e w ith in th e G uid elin es?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 1 .0 : P O LIT IC S A S U SU A L Ja ne is in vio la tio n of 1.0 of th e G uid elin es; sh e is not m ain ta in in g hig h 72 sta ndard s f o r p ro fe ssio nal b eh avio r. S he i s t r y in g t o i n flu en ce h er f r ie n ds t o v o te fo r s o m eo ne fo r h er o w n g ain . S he h as a h id den a gen da, a nd s h e is n ot b ein g honest. A s a b oard m em ber, sh e is a ls o v io la tin g h er ro le a s a p erso n w ho is su ppose d t o b e o bje ctiv e a nd i m partia l. S he s h ould n ot b e t r y in g t o i n flu en ce t h e way t h at o th er B C BAs v o te i f s h e i s o n t h e b oard .

CA SE 1 .0 2A : C HIL D P SY CHO LO GY The p ro fe sso r m eets w ith th e c h air o f th e d ep artm en t to e xp la in th at s h e w ould be r e lu cta nt to te a ch th e c o urse b eca use s h e h as n ot h ad fo rm al tr a in in g in th is are a a nd t h at t h e B AC B c o de r e q uir e s t h at b eh avio r a naly sts o pera te w ith in t h eir “boundarie s of co m pete n ce.” The pro fe sso r su ggests th e co urse be ca lle d Beh avio r A naly sis a nd T hera py W ith C hild re n . T his s u ggestio n w as a ppro ved b y th e d ep artm en t c h air.

CA SE 1 .0 3: O LD S C HO OL I S N O T C O OL To ny a sk s th e B C BA to sta y a fte r o ne o f th e m eetin gs a nd b eg in s a lo w key co nversa tio n a bout a s p ea ker h e h ea rd a t a r e cen t c o nfe re n ce th at h e a tte n ded , lo okin g f o r s o m e s ig n o f r e co gnitio n o r i n te re st. W hen t h is w as n ot f o rth co m in g, he b eca m e a li ttle b old er, a sk in g th at th e B C BA co nsid er lo okin g in to so m e re cen t a rtic le s o n b eh avio ra l t r e a tm en t t h at s e em ed q uite r e le va nt. A gain , s e ein g no s ig n o f in te re st, T o ny s a id , “ I'm c o ncern ed a bout y o ur c lie n ts . I'm n ot s u re th ey a re g ettin g t h e b est t r e a tm en t a va ila ble .” To ny H . i s p ro fe ssio nal a nd t a ctfu l as h e p oin ts o ut t h e 1 .0 2 s ta ndard i n t h e B AC B G uid elin es.

CA SE 1 .0 4: T H E M IS SIN G L IN K In s o m e s ta te s, th e “ use o f n oxio us a nd p ain fu l s tim uli” is n ot a llo w ed in th e tr e a tm en t o f d evelo pm en ta lly d is a ble d i n div id uals o r o th ers w ho r e ceiv e s e rv ic es fr o m s ta te a gen cie s. D r. J . w as r e q uir e d t o c h ange t h e f o cu s o f h is t r e a tm en t t o a diffe re n t ty p e of questio n re g ard in g th e use of nonco ntin gen t re in fo rc em en t (N CR), a t o pic i n w hic h h e a ls o h ad a s tr o ng i n te re st.

CA SE 1 .0 5: N O T I M PR ESSED The su perv is o r m et w ith th e B C aB A a nd re m in ded h im a bout tr a nsla tin g h is te ch nic a l t e rm in olo gy i n to c lo se ly e q uiv a le n t E nglis h w ord s. H e g ave t h e B C aB A a lis t o f c o m mon te rm s th at c o uld b e in te rc h anged w ith b eh avio ra l te rm in olo gy and u rg ed h im to p ra ctic e u sin g th em . A fte r th e n ext m eetin g, th e su perv is o r ch ecked w ith t h e f a m ily t o s e e i f t h ey f e lt a ny m ore c o m fo rta ble w ith t h e B C aB A.

CA SE 1 .0 5D : R ELIG IO US D IL EM MA 73 Refu sin g to pro vid e tr e a tm en t of a perso n base d on re lig io n, eth nic ity , or natio nal o rig in is c o nsid ere d a fo rm o f d is c rim in atio n, is n ot c o ndoned b y th e BAC B G uid elin es, a nd is ille g al a s w ell. T his m ea ns A hm ed c a nnot d is c rim in ate again st th e c h ild a nd r e fu se tr e a tm en t ju st to s a tis fy h is p are n ts . I f h e c a nnot b e to ta lly u nbia se d , h e m ust m ake a r e fe rra l to a noth er B C BA (1 .0 5c a nd 1 .0 5f) . I n additio n, A hm ed n eed s t o r e th in k h is c o m mitm en t t o h is c h ose n f ie ld .

CA SE 1 .0 5F : L EFT Alth ough sp ecific a lly tr a in ed a s b eh avio ra l o bse rv ers, b eh avio r a naly sts m ay still n ot b e a ble to p ut th eir o w n b eh avio r in p ersp ectiv e a nd s e e h ow it a ffe cts oth ers. S om eo ne clo se to S te lla n eed s to ta ke h er a sid e a nd o ffe r h er so m e assis ta nce. I d ea lly , th is w ould b e a c o lle a gue b ut m ig ht a ls o b e h er s u perv is o r.

The m ain p oin t o f t h is e th ic a l p ro ble m i s t h at y o u h ave a n o blig atio n t o t a lk t o a co lle a gue w hose p erfo rm ance is n ot u p to s ta ndard . I n th is c a se , th e s u perv is o r mig ht su ggest a le a ve o f a bse n ce fo r S te lla to g iv e h er a c h ance to fo cu s o n gettin g h er l ife u nder c o ntr o l.

CA SE 1 .0 6A : S M ALL-T O W N B C BA The B C BA d ecid es n ot to ta ke th e c a se a nd c o nta cts h er sta te a sso cia tio n to lo ca te s o m eo ne w ho w ould b e w illin g to w ork w ith h er s is te r. S he a ls o c o nta cts th e lo ca l s c h ool s y ste m to d ete rm in e if th ere a re s e rv ic es a va ila ble th ere . I f th is is , fo r e xa m ple , a v ery r u ra l a re a w here th ere is a bso lu te ly n o o ne e ls e w ho c a n pro vid e b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es, it m ay b e n ecessa ry fo r a n on-B C BA to w ork w ith th e ch ild . The BC BA m ay wis h to beg in tr a in in g oth er pro fe ssio nals on beh avio ra l s k ills ( e .g ., a t a le n te d t e a ch er), a nd i t m ig ht b e p ossib le t h at s o m eo ne els e c o uld w ork w ith t h e f a m ily .

CA SE 1 .0 7B : S IN GLES M IN GLIN G Beh avio r a naly sts d o n ot e n gage i n s e xu al r e la tio nsh ip s w ith c lie n ts , s tu den ts , o r su perv is e es; su ch a re la tio nsh ip c o uld im pair th eir ju dgm en t a nd c o nstitu te a fo rm o f e xp lo ita tio n a s w ell. D atin g i s a ls o i n t h is c a te g ory. I f B ill b elie ves K ris ti is th e w om an o f h is d re a m s, h e s h ould w ait u ntil h er in te rn sh ip is o ver to h ave nonpro fe ssio nal c o nta ct w ith h er. D ep en din g o n t h e n atu re o f t h e i n te ra ctio ns, i t mig ht b e a ppro pria te t o f in d s o m eo ne e ls e t o s u perv is e K ris ti.

CA SE 1 .0 7C : “ W IL L W ORK F O R F O OD” The G uid elin es c a utio n b eh avio r a naly sts a gain st b arte rin g b eca use it is o fte n clin ic a lly co ntr a in dic a te d and ca n re su lt in th e fo rm in g of exp lo ita tiv e re la tio nsh ip s. T he p ote n tia l fo r a p erc eiv ed im bala nce o r u nfa ir n ess b y e ith er party is a ls o g re a t. I f R osita a nd M anny fe el th at th e th era py is n ot g oin g w ell 74 and th at pro gre ss is slo w w ith th eir ch ild re n , th ey m ay pro vid e le ss ste lla r se rv ic e to J u lie in th eir re sta ura nt. J u lie , o n th e o th er h and, m ay fe el th at th e extr a h ours s h e p uts in s h ould b e w orth a n e xtr a m arg arita n ow a nd th en . T he possib ilitie s a re e n dle ss f o r s q uabblin g, a nd s u ch a n a rra ngem en t h as l ittle t o d o with J u lie p ro vid in g q uality b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es t o h er c lie n t.

75 76 I7 The B eh avio r A naly st's R esp onsib ility to C lie n ts ( G uid elin e 2 ) n th e e arly d ays, w hen o ur f ie ld c o nsis te d o f e xp erim enta l p sy cho lo gis ts a p ply in g th e p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r to “ su b je cts ” th ey e nco unte re d in th e r e sid enti a l u nits of in sti tu ti o ns, th ere w as n o q uesti o n a b out w here th e re sp onsib ility la y; it w as cle arly w ith th e em plo yer. T hese p io neer b ehav io r analy sts m ost o fte n had no tr a in in g i n c lin ic al p sy cho lo gy. T hey b elie v ed th at b ehav io r c o uld b e c hanged u sin g pro ced ure s d eriv ed fr o m le arn in g th eo ry . T he “ clie nt” ( a lth o ugh th at te rm w as n o t use d in iti a lly ) w as th eir e m plo yer. In s o m e c ase s, th e p are nts o f a c hild w ere th e “clie nts .” Wya tt v . S tic kn ey ( 1 971) p ut b eh av io r a n aly sts o n notic e th at a p ara d ig m s h if t h ad o ccu rre d .

It w as n o t u nti l 1 974 th at i s su es o f a c lie nt's “ rig ht to tr e atm ent” w ould s u rfa ce a s an is su e in th e la nd m ark Wya tt v . S tic kn ey ( 1 971) c ase in A la b am a. In th is c ase , it was a rg ued th at in sti tu ti o naliz e d m enta l p ati e nts h ad a rig ht to re ceiv e in d iv id ual tr e atm ent o r b e d is c harg ed to th e c o m munity . A lth o ugh th e c ase r e ally d id n o t h av e anyth in g dir e ctl y to do w ith tr e atm ent per se (e .g ., it dic ta te d in cre ase s in pro fe ssio nal s ta ff, im pro vem ents in th e p hysic al p la nt, a nd h o w m any s h o w ers a pati e nt sh o uld re ceiv e p er w eek), it b la ste d th e te rm rig ht to tr e a tm en t in to th e le gal a re na a nd p ut a ll p sy cho lo gis ts , in clu d in g b ehav io r a naly sts , o n n o ti c e th at a para d ig m sh ift had occurre d . In behav io r analy sis , w e im med ia te ly becam e se nsiti v e to th e p ossib ility th at o ur “ clie nt” m ig ht b e h arm ed b y o ur p ro ced ure s, a nd in a s h o rt p erio d o f ti m e, “ clie nts ’ r ig hts ” w ere th e n ew w atc hw ord s. T he o rig in al tr ia l ju d ge, F ra nk M . J o hnso n, J r., s e t fo rth w hat la te r b ecam e k no w n a s th e W yatt Sta nd ard s. T his case se t a p re ced ent and p ut all m enta l health and re ta rd ati o n pro fe ssio nals on no ti c e th at th eir se rv ic es had to be deliv ere d in hum ane env ir o nm ents , where th ere were su ffic ie nt qualifie d sta ff mem bers and in d iv id ualiz e d tr e atm ent p la ns, a nd th at th e tr e atm ent h ad to b e d eliv ere d in th e le ast r e str ic ti v e e nv ir o nm ent.

Follo w in g th e Wya tt d ecis io n, it w as c le ar th at y o u 77 had a r e sp onsib ility to th e p ers o n o n th e r e ceiv in g en d o f tr e atm en t.

Follo w in g th e W yatt d ecis io n, if y o u w ere a ssig ned to w ork w ith a c lie nt in a re sid enti a l f a cility , i t w as c le ar th at y o u h ad n o t o nly a n o blig ati o n to th e f a cility to do y o ur b est w ork b ut a ls o a r e sp onsib ility to th e p ers o n o n th e r e ceiv in g e nd o f th e tr e atm ent to m ake su re he or sh e w as no t harm ed . T here w as co ncern in th e begin nin g th at “ b ehav io ra l s p ecia lis ts ” ( th ey w ere n o t y et c alle d b ehav io r a naly sts ) would m anip ula te “ clie nt” b ehav io r ju st fo r th e c o nv enie nce o f th e s ta ff, s u ch a s punis h in g c lie nts w ho w ere in co nti n ent so th at sta ff m em bers w ould n o t h av e to change th eir d ia p ers . O ver ti m e i t b ecam e c le ar th at, e th ic ally s p eakin g, i t w as o nly rig ht to c o nsid er th e n eed s o f th e a ctu al c lie nt a lo ng w ith a nyo ne e ls e w ho m ig ht b e affe cte d b y th e p ro ced ure s (e .g ., s ta ff, p are nts o r g uard ia n, o th er re sid ents ). T his im med ia te ly m ad e th e b ehav io r s p ecia lis t jo b fa r m ore d iffic ult. B y th e e nd o f th e 1970s, behav io r analy sis w as beco m in g m ore w id esp re ad and vis ib le , and behav io r analy sts fo und th em se lv es work in g with oth er pro fe ssio nals on “hab ilita ti o n te am s” to d ete rm in e th e r ig ht tr e atm ent f o r c lie nts . T hus, th e b egin nin g of is su es c o ncern in g c o nsu lta ti o n a nd c o opera ti o n w ith oth er p ro fe ssio nals a ro se .

In ad diti o n, th ere began to be diffe re nti a ti o n of th e ro le s of th e enti ti e s, and co ncern s d ev elo ped a b out “ th ir d p arty ” i n v olv em ent. I f a c lie nt ( fir s t p arty ) h ir e s a behav io r a naly st ( s e co nd p arty ), p re su m ab ly th ere i s n o c o nflic t o f i n te re st, a nd th e clie nt c an fir e th e b ehav io r a naly st if h e o r s h e is n o t s a ti s fie d w ith th e s e rv ic es.

Lik ew is e , th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill d o h is o r h er b est to s a ti s fy th e c lie nt's n eed s s o th at th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill b e p aid f o r h is o r h er s e rv ic es. T his a rra ngem ent h as built- in c hecks a nd b ala nces. B ut if th e b ehav io r a naly st is h ir e d b y a th ir d p arty (e .g ., a fa cility ) to tr e at th e b ehav io r o f o ne o f its r e sid ents ( fir s t p arty ), th ere is a pre su m pti o n th at th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill w ork to s a ti s fy th e n eed s o f th e th ir d party to k eep h is o r h er jo b. T he G uid elin es a d dre ss th is is su e in s o m e d eta il in 2.0 4.

In th e la te 1 980s, th e A sso cia tio n f o r B eh av io r Analy sis c o nven ed a b lu e-rib bon p an el o f e x p erts to re ach c o nse n su s o n r ig h t to tr e atm en t.

By th e 1 980s, b ehav io r a naly sis w as m uch m ore v is ib le in m enta l re ta rd ati o n tr e atm ent c ir c le s a nd w as a ccep te d b y m any a s a v ia b le s tr a te gy fo r h ab ilita ti o n. It was aro und th is ti m e th at th e fu rth er tr a p pin gs of se rv ic e deliv ery had to be acco m modate d . I t w as c le ar th at c lie nts h ad r ig hts ( b oth u nd er th e U .S . C onsti tu ti o n and th e W yatt S ta nd ard s) a nd th at e v ery o ne, in clu d in g th e b ehav io r a naly st, h ad to 78 re sp ect th em a nd c erta in ly to b e in fo rm ed o f th em p rio r to tr e atm ent. F urth erm ore , with b ehav io r a naly sis a p pro achin g th e m ain str e am o f a ccep te d a p pro aches, o th er pro te cti o ns h ad to b e p ut i n p la ce. C lie nts h ad a r ig ht to p riv acy, a nd a rra ngem ents had to b e m ad e to p ro te ct th eir p riv acy a nd c o nfid enti a lity . R eco rd s h ad to b e sto re d a nd tr a nsfe rre d in a w ay th at m ain ta in ed th ese r ig hts , a nd b ehav io r a naly sts had th e sa m e o blig ati o n a s o th er p ro fe ssio nals to o bta in c o nse nt to d is c lo se th e in fo rm ati o n. B y th e l a te 1 980s, th e ti m e h ad c o m e f o r b ehav io r a naly sts to s p eak o ut on th e i s su e o f r ig ht to tr e atm ent, a nd th e A sso cia ti o n f o r B ehav io r A naly sis ( A BA ) co nv ened a blu e-rib bon p anel o f e xp erts to r e ach s o m e c o nse nsu s o n th e to pic . A co nse nsu s w as r e ached a nd u lti m ate ly a p pro ved b y th e g o vern in g b ody o f th e A BA , whic h esse nti a lly sta te d th at clie nts had a rig ht to a “th era p euti c env ir o nm ent” where th eir p ers o nal w elfa re w ould b e o f p ara m ount im porta nce a nd w here th ey had a rig ht to tr e atm ent b y a “ co m pete nt b ehav io r a naly st” w ho w ould c o nd uct a behav io ra l asse ssm ent, te ach fu ncti o nal sk ills , and ev alu ate th e tr e atm ents . T he ABA panel fin ally co nclu d ed th at clie nts had a rig ht to “th e m ost effe cti v e tr e atm ents av aila b le ” (V an H oute n et al., 1988). This re fe re nce to effe cti v e tr e atm ents s e t th e s ta ge fo r b ehav io r a naly sts to re d oub le th eir e ffo rts to m ake a dir e ct co nnecti o n betw een th e pub lis h ed re se arc h and th e ap plic ati o n of em pir ic ally te ste d i n te rv enti o ns.

Guid elin e 2 .0 p ro vid es a c le ar a nd d eta ile d lis t o f th e o blig ati o ns th at b ehav io r analy sts h av e if th ey u nd erta ke to tr e at a ny c lie nt u sin g b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s. B y accep ti n g th ese re sp onsib iliti e s a nd ta kin g th em se rio usly , w e c an g uara nte e th at our clie nts w ill re ceiv e th e fir s t- c la ss tr e atm ent th ey dese rv e and th at as a pro fe ssio n w e w ill hav e d em onstr a te d o ur re sp ect fo r th eir rig hts ev en as w e pro vid e s ta te -o f- th e-a rt b ehav io ra l i n te rv enti o ns.

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST 'S R ESPO NSIB IL IT Y TO C LIE N TS ( 2 .0 ) The b ehav io r a naly st h as a re sp onsib ility to o pera te in th e b est in te re st o f clie nts .

Alth o ugh th is m ay se em a tr u is m , it is n o neth ele ss a b ed ro ck v alu e o f b ehav io r analy sis . A s a s e rv ic e p ro vid er, y o u w ill m ake m any d ecis io ns e ach d ay th at w ill affe ct th e q uality o f th e tr e atm ent y o u p ro vid e. O n a d ay-to -d ay b asis , i t i s p ossib le fo r s e rv ic e p ro vid ers to m ake s m all d ecis io ns th at a re n o t i n th e b est i n te re st o f th e clie nt. D ecid in g to c ut s h o rt a d is c re te -tr ia l l a nguage s e ssio n s o th at y o u c an m ake i t to th e d ry cle aners b efo re it clo se s o r d ro ppin g a clie nt sim ply b ecause it is so m ew hat in co nv enie nt to g et to h is ho m e w hen th e tr a ffic is b ad a re e xam ple s o f no t u p ho ld in g y o ur re sp onsib ility to y o ur c lie nt. “ C lie nts ” in clu d e in d iv id uals a s well as pro gra m s and agencie s. O n a la rg er sc ale , a behav io r analy st co uld 79 pers u ad e an ad m in is tr a to r to b ud get m ore ho urs th an are re ally need ed fo r th e behav io r a naly st to m ake i n cre ase d p ro fit. T his a cti o n w ould h arm m ulti p le c lie nts by d ep le ti n g th e b ud get, th ere b y p ossib ly d ep riv in g o th ers o f s e rv ic es. B y a lw ays ask in g y o urs e lf, “ W hat is in th e b est in te re st o f m y c lie nt? ” y o u w ill m ake b ette r decis io ns i n th e l o ng r u n.

CA SE 2 .0 : S A V IN G M ONEY F O R T H E S C H OOL Bets y w as a B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st w ho p ro vid ed s e rv ic es f o r a s c h ool- b ase d a utis m p ro gra m .

She w as c o ntr a cte d f o r 2 0 h ours p er w eek . B ets y d id g re a t w ork , a nd s h e w as w ell lik ed b y te a ch ers a nd sc h ool a dm in is tr a to rs. S he h ad a r e p uta tio n f o r b ein g v ery g ood a t h er j o b a nd f o r h avin g th e a bility to get re su lts . B ets y re ceiv ed a n o ffe r to p ro vid e p art- tim e c o nsu ltin g a t a p riv a te s c h ool. B ets y d ecid ed to go to th e p rin cip al o f th e s c h ool w ith th e a utis m p ro gra m a nd to te ll h er th at s h e w ould lik e to c u t b ack to 10 h ours p er w eek . B ets y e xp la in ed th at th is w ould h elp th e p rin cip al c o m e in u nder b udget b ut d id n ot re vea l th at s h e h ad ta ken a p ositio n w ith a p riv a te s c h ool.

If th is p rin cip al w as o kay w ith th is p ro posa l, w ere th ere a ny p ro ble m s w ith it?

DEFIN IT IO N O F C LIE N T ( 2 .0 1) The te rm c lie nt a s u se d h ere is b ro ad ly a p plic ab le to w ho m ev er th e b ehav io r analy st p ro vid es se rv ic es w heth er a n in d iv id ual p ers o n (s e rv ic e re cip ie nt) , pare nt o r guard ia n o f a se rv ic e re cip ie nt, an in sti tu ti o nal re p re se nta ti v e, a pub lic o r p riv ate a gency, a f ir m o r c o rp ora ti o n.

Your c lie nt is th e p ers o n o r a gency fo r w ho m y o u a re p ro vid in g s e rv ic es. C lie nts may b e i n d iv id uals , p are nts , a gencie s s u ch a s s c ho ols a nd d ev elo pm enta l d is a b ility (D D) fa ciliti e s, o r b usin esse s. It is g enera lly a ccep te d in h um an s e rv ic es th at th e most v uln era b le in d iv id uals in th e c hain o f s e rv ic es a re y o ur p rim ary c lie nts , th e pers o ns w ho c anno t a d vocate f o r th em se lv es.

CA SE 2 .0 1: P A REN TS W HO D ON'T W ANT H ELP Alla n w as a 1 0-y ea r-o ld w ith d evelo pm en ta l d is a bilitie s. H e h ad a n um ber o f b eh avio r p ro ble m s th at in clu ded n onco m plia nce a nd ta ntr u m s, a nd h e w as b eg in nin g to b e a ggre ssiv e w hen p la ced in d em and situ atio ns. T he b eh avio r a naly st in A lla n's c la ssro om w as m akin g g ood p ro gre ss, b ut th ere w ere s till h ig h ra te s o f in appro pria te b eh avio rs a t h om e. M onic a w as th e B C BA a ssig ned to A lla n's h om e. S he h ad co m ple te d a f u nctio nal a naly sis a nd w as r e a dy to b eg in ta kin g b ase lin e. O n th e e ven in g M onic a w en t to th e h om e to e xp la in th e p ro gra m to A lla n's m oth er, s h e w as s u rp ris e d to h ave M om s ta rt th e m eetin g b y sa yin g, “ I'v e r e a lly h ad a lo t g oin g o n. I 'v e g iv en it a lo t o f th ought, a nd I w ould lik e to s to p s e rv ic es a t hom e. I th in k A lla n c a n g et e very th in g h e n eed s a t s c h ool.” M onic a d id n't a gre e w ith th is b eca use A lla n's moth er h ad s h aped a lo t o f th e b eh avio r p ro ble m s. W hen M onic a to ld h er s u perv is o r (th e o w ner o f th e co nsu ltin g f ir m ) w hat h appen ed , h is r e p ly w as, “ The m oth er h as th e r ig ht to te rm in ate s e rv ic es. A lle n is a min or w ho is n ot c o m pete n t. H is m oth er h as th e r ig ht to m ake th e d ecis io ns h ere . W e c a n u se th e h ours to se rv e s o m eo ne w ho w ants o ur h elp .” ACCEPT IN G C LIE N TS ( 2 .0 2) 80 The behav io r analy st accep ts as clie nts only th o se in d iv id uals or enti ti e s (a gencie s, fir m s, etc .) w ho se b ehav io r p ro ble m s o r re q ueste d se rv ic es are co m mensu ra te w ith th e b ehav io r a naly st's ed ucati o n, tr a in in g, a nd e xp erie nce.

In lie u of th ese co nd iti o ns, th e behav io r analy st m ust fu ncti o n und er th e su p erv is io n o f o r in c o nsu lta ti o n w ith a b ehav io r a naly st w ho se c re d enti a ls perm it w ork in g w ith s u ch b ehav io r p ro ble m s o r s e rv ic es.

Behav io r a naly sts u nd ers ta nd a nd a ckno w le d ge th e l im ita ti o ns o f th eir e xp erti s e .

If th ey are w ork in g on case s beyo nd th eir ra nge of exp erie nce and tr a in in g, behav io r a naly sts w ill s e ek s u p erv is io n fr o m s o m eo ne w ith p ro per c re d enti a ls to ensu re th at th ey a re o pera ti n g e th ic ally a nd to a v oid d oin g a ny h arm .

CA SE 2 .0 2: Q UEST IO NABLE R EPE RTO IR E Martin w as a B C BA w ho m oved to a n ew c ity to w ork a t a la rg e s ta te h osp ita l fo r p erso ns w ith m en ta l hea lth p ro ble m s. T his w as a n ew a re a o f e xp ertis e fo r M artin ; h is p ast e xp erie n ce w as lim ite d to c lie n ts who w ere p ro fo undly m en ta lly a nd p hysic a lly d is a ble d . O ne o f th e c lie n ts M artin w as a ssig ned to w as Dan, a 2 3-y ea r-o ld m an w ho h ad a se vere h ea d in ju ry. D an en gaged in vio le n t a nd u npre d ic ta ble outb ursts o f a ggre ssio n. D an's d angero us o utb ursts r e su lte d in m ore th an o ne s ta ff p erso n b ein g r u sh ed to th e e m erg en cy ro om fo r m ed ic a l tr e a tm en t. M artin w as e a ger to tr e a t D an, a nd h e b eg an re a din g every th in g h e c o uld a bout h ea d in ju ry. H e f e lt th at th e s ta te h osp ita l h ir e d h im to d o a j o b a nd a ssig ned him to th is c lie n t, a nd h e w as c o m mitte d to g ettin g D an's b eh avio r u nder c o ntr o l.

Is M artin r e a dy to ta ke o n th is c a se ?

RESPO NSIB IL IT Y ( 2 .0 3) The b ehav io r a naly st's re sp onsib ility is to a ll p arti e s a ffe cte d b y b ehav io ra l se rv ic es.

In a d diti o n to th e c lie nt, y o u a re r e sp onsib le to o th ers w ho m ig ht a ls o b e a ffe cte d by y o ur s e rv ic es. F or e xam ple , i f a s c ho ol r e ta in s yo u to w ork w ith a b ehav io ra lly dis o rd ere d s e co nd g ra d er, y o u h av e a n o blig ati o n to m ake s u re th at a ll p rin cip le s o f eth ic s exte nd to th e child , th e p are nts , and ev en o th er child re n in th e stu d ent's cla ssro om .

CA SE 2 .0 3: T EA CH ER 'S P E T Te rry w as a B C BA p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l se rv ic es to B ria nna, a n e le m en ta ry sc h ool stu den t w ho w as extr e m ely d is ru ptiv e in th e c la ssro om . T e rry h ad s o m e g ood th in gs g oin g f o r h er a s f a r a s im ple m en tin g a beh avio r p la n w en t. F ir st, B ria nna lo ved a tte n tio n. S he a ls o lik ed to ys, tr in kets , a nd s tic k ers o f v a rio us ty p es. T e rry k new th at e very o ne in th e c la ss, in clu din g th e o th er s tu den ts , s u ffe re d w hen B ria nna w as ca usin g a r u ck us. T e rry d ecid ed to le t e very o ne g et in vo lv ed to h elp B ria nna. T e rry d esig ned a b eh avio r pla n th at in vo lv ed B ria nna g ettin g a stic k er o n a ch art fo r ea ch h our th at sh e h ad exh ib ite d n o in appro pria te b eh avio rs. T hen , a t th e e n d o f e very g ood d ay, th e te a ch er g ave B ria nna a s m all to y a nd sa id to th e c la ss, “ Let's a ll c la p f o r B ria nna. S he h ad a g re a t d ay!” T he p ro gra m w ork ed v ery w ell— fo r Bria nna. H er b eh avio r w as c o m in g u nd er c o ntr o l. T he p ro ble m w as th at th e o th er c h ild re n b eg an to 81 make c o m men ts a bout th e te a ch er h avin g f a vo rite s a nd h ow th e s y ste m w asn 't f a ir.

Te rry e xp la in ed to th e te a ch er th at, in a m atte r o f tim e, w hen B ria nna's b eh avio r w as w ell u nder co ntr o l th e p ro gra m c o uld b e f a ded . S in ce p ro gre ss w as o ccu rrin g s o q uic k ly , s h ould T e rry c o ntin ue th e pro gra m ?

CO NSU LT A T IO N ( 2 .0 4) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts a rra nge f o r a p pro pria te c o nsu lta ti o ns a nd r e fe rra ls b ase d prin cip ally o n th e b est in te re sts o f th eir c lie nts , with a p pro pria te c o nse nt, a nd su b je ct to oth er re le v ant co nsid era ti o ns, in clu d in g ap plic ab le la w and co ntr a ctu al o blig ati o ns.

If th e b ehav io r p ro ble m y o u a re w ork in g o n e xceed s y o ur le v el o f c o m pete nce o r need s h elp in a n a re a in w hic h y o u a re n o t tr a in ed , y o u sh o uld se ek a ssis ta nce (c o nsu lta ti o n fr o m ano th er pro fe ssio nal) or m ake a re fe rra l (p ass th e case to ano th er b ehav io r a naly st) . T his m ust b e d one w ith y o ur c lie nt's fu ll k no w le d ge.

When co nsid erin g m akin g a re fe rra l to ano th er p ro fe ssio nal, yo u m ust ta ke th e clie nt's n eed s a nd in te re sts in to a cco unt. B e c are fu l a b out r e fe rrin g to y o ur fr ie nd s as th is c o uld v io la te th e p ro hib iti o n o f c o nflic t o f i n te re st.

(b ) W hen in d ic ate d and pro fe ssio nally ap pro pria te , behav io r analy sts co opera te w ith o th er p ro fe ssio nals in o rd er to s e rv e th eir c lie nts e ffe cti v ely and ap pro pria te ly . B ehav io r analy sts re co gniz e th at o th er p ro fe ssio ns hav e eth ic al co des th at m ay diffe r in th eir sp ecific re q uir e m ents fr o m th ese Guid elin es.

You w ill fin d th at it is ofte n necessa ry to co opera te w ith no n-b ehav io ra l pro fe ssio nals to m eet y o ur c lie nt's n eed s. W hen in te ra cti n g w ith a n o nb ehav io ra l pro fe ssio nal a b out o ne o f y o ur c lie nts , k eep in m in d th at o th er p ro fe ssio nals h av e eth ic al g uid elin es th at m ay d iffe r f r o m th e B A CB G uid elin es y o u n eed to f o llo w .

CA SE 2 .0 4: S E X T H ER A PY Dr. M ., a D octo ra l- le vel B C BA ( B C BA-D ), w as p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es to J erry, a 1 6-y ea r-o ld w ho was d is ru ptiv e a t s c h ool. D r. M . h ad b een w ork in g in th e f ie ld o f b eh avio r a naly sis f o r 2 0 y ea rs a nd w as very w ell r e a d in o th er f o rm s o f tr e a tm en t a nd p sy ch olo gy. D urin g s e vera l o f D r. M .’s v is its , J erry b eg an to ta lk a bout is su es re la te d to s e x. J erry w as c le a rly c o nfu se d a nd tr o uble d a bout th ese in tim ate is su es.

Dr. M . d ete rm in ed th at th is f e ll in th e g en era l c a te g ory o f verb al b eh avio r, o ne o f h is a re a s o f e xp ertis e , and d ecid ed to te a ch J erry to “ verb aliz e ” h is s e x-re la te d is su es.

Is th is a ccep ta ble a s lo ng a s D r. M . d ocu m en ts th is w ork a nd d oes n ot r e fe r to it a s b eh avio r a naly sis ?

TH IR D -P A RT Y R EQ UEST S F O R S ERV IC ES ( 2 .0 5) (a ) W hen a b ehav io r a naly st a gre es to p ro vid e s e rv ic es to a p ers o n o r e nti ty a t th e r e q uest o f a th ir d p arty , th e b ehav io r a naly st c la rifie s to th e e xte nt f e asib le , 82 at th e o uts e t o f th e s e rv ic e, th e n atu re o f th e r e la ti o nsh ip w ith e ach p arty . T his cla rific ati o n in clu d es th e ro le of th e behav io r analy st (s u ch as th era p is t, org aniz a ti o nal c o nsu lta nt, o r e xp ert w itn ess), th e p ro bab le u se s o f th e s e rv ic es pro vid ed o r th e in fo rm ati o n o bta in ed , a nd th e fa ct th at th ere m ay b e lim its to co nfid enti a lity .

If y o u a re a sk ed b y a th ir d p arty (e .g ., s c ho ol s y ste m ) to tr e at a c hild c lie nt, fo r exam ple , y o u m ust c la rify y o ur r e la ti o nsh ip to th e c hild , th e p are nt, th e te acher, a nd th e s c ho ol. Y ou m ust e xp la in y o ur r o le ( e .g ., th era p is t, tr a in er, c o nsu lta nt) a nd h o w yo u th in k th e i n fo rm ati o n y o u p ro vid e c an b e u se d , a nd r e m in d e ach o ne o f i s su es o f co nfid enti a lity . I n a c ase i n v olv in g th e s c ho ol, p are nts , a nd a c hild , th e p are nt m ust giv e c o nse nt fo r th e c hild to b e o bse rv ed b y th e b ehav io r a naly st o n th e sc ho ol gro und s a nd in th e c la ssro om . T he p are nt m ust a ls o g iv e c o nse nt fo r th e te acher to se e th e d ata . If a nyo ne e ls e re q uests in fo rm ati o n o n th e c ase , s u ch a s th e s c ho ol co unse lo r, th e p are nt m ust g iv e c o nse nt f o r th is , to o.

(b ) If th ere is a fo re se eab le r is k o f th e b ehav io r a naly st b ein g c alle d u p on to perfo rm co nflic ti n g ro le s b ecause o f th e in v olv em ent o f a th ir d p arty , th e behav io r analy st cla rifie s th e natu re and dir e cti o n of his or her re sp onsib iliti e s, k eep s a ll p arti e s a p pro pria te ly in fo rm ed a s m atte rs d ev elo p, and r e so lv es th e s itu ati o n i n a cco rd ance w ith th ese G uid elin es.

If th ere i s s o m e c hance th at y o u w ill b e c alle d o n to p erfo rm a s e rv ic e f o r th e th ir d party (e .g ., te sti fy a t a h earin g), y o u m ust cla rify th is w ith th e s e co nd p arty a t th e outs e t of th e co nsu lta ti o n. If a co nflic t aris e s, yo u m ust re so lv e th e situ ati o n acco rd in g to th e B A CB G uid elin es.

CA SE 2 .0 5B : F U LL D IS C LO SU RE?

Dr. B . w as h ir e d a s a n o rg aniz a tio nal co nsu lta nt b y th e sta te o ffic e D ep artm en t o f D evelo pm en ta l Dis a bilitie s. H e w as assig ned to an old er, la rg e re sid en tia l fa cility fo r ch ild re n and adults w ith develo pm en ta l d is a bilitie s. H is j o b w as to h elp s ta ff d evelo p b eh avio r p ro gra m s f o r c lie n ts a nd to p ro vid e fa cility -w id e p ro gra m c o nsu lta tio n. S om e o f th e sta ff th ought th at D r. B . w as sim ply a n ew b eh avio r analy st w ho w as w ork in g w ith c lie n ts . T hey w ere u naw are o f th e c o nnectio n w ith th e s ta te o ffic e, a nd a s a re su lt, th ey w ere o fte n o bse rv ed to b e o ff-ta sk in clu din g ta lk in g o n th eir c ell p hones w hen th ey w ere su ppose d to b e w ork in g w ith c lie n ts .

The a dm in is tr a to rs k new , o f c o urse , th at D r. B . w as s e n t b y th e s ta te o ffic e. A s tim e w en t o n, th e f a cility adm in is tr a to r b eg an to p re ssu re D r. B . N ot to r e p ort f a cility p ro ble m s to th e D ep artm en t o f D evelo pm en ta l Dis a bilitie s.

What a re s o m e p ro ced ure s D r. B . c o uld im ple m en t to m anage th is s itu atio n?

RIG HTS A ND P R ER O GAT IV ES O F C LIE N TS ( 2 .0 6) (a ) T he b ehav io r a naly st s u p ports i n d iv id ual r ig hts u nd er th e l a w .

83 As a b ehav io r a naly st, y o u m ust s u p port th e c o nsti tu ti o nal r ig hts o f y o ur c lie nts . In so m e s ta te s, c lie nt r ig hts h av e b eco m e e xp and ed to i n clu d e a d diti o nal r ig hts s u ch a s to c erta in k in d s o f tr e atm ent, to h o ld a nd k eep p osse ssio ns, a nd to s e xual a cti v iti e s.

It i s i m porta nt to e xp lo re th is i s su e f o r e ach s ta te w here y o u p ra cti c e.

(b ) T he clie nt m ust b e p ro vid ed o n re q uest an accura te , curre nt se t o f th e behav io r a naly st's c re d enti a ls .

If y o ur c lie nt w ants to k no w a b out y o ur b ackgro und a nd tr a in in g, y o u sh o uld b e eager to s h are a n u p date d v ita . T his d ocum ent s h o uld b e a s tr a ig htf o rw ard , h o nest, and accura te portr a yal of yo ur exp erie nce and tr a in in g. E m bellis h m ent is no t allo w ed .

(c ) P erm is sio n fo r ele ctr o nic re co rd in g o f in te rv ie w s and se rv ic e d eliv ery se ssio ns is se cure d fr o m c lie nts a nd a ll o th er se tti n gs. C onse nt fo r d iffe re nt use s m ust b e o bta in ed s p ecific ally a nd s e p ara te ly .

If y o u f in d th at y o u n eed to m ake a ud io o r v id eo e le ctr o nic r e co rd in gs o f i n te rv ie w s or b ehav io ra l o bse rv ati o ns o r tr e atm ent, y o u m ust g et p erm is sio n fr o m e ach c lie nt in d iv id ually and fr o m th e ad m in is tr a to rs of each se tti n g (e .g ., pare nts , sc ho ol ad m in is tr a to r, c ase m anager, g ro up h o m e d ir e cto r) a s w ell. If y o u p la n to u se th e re co rd in gs fo r s o m e p urp ose o th er th an th era p y, y o u m ust o bta in p erm is sio n e ach ti m e to u se th e r e co rd in gs.

CA SE 2 .0 6C : V ID EO B A CK LA SH Susa n P . w as a g ra duate s tu den t w ork in g a s a b eh avio r s p ecia lis t. S usa n p la nned to d o h er d octo ra l dis se rta tio n o n a dole sc en ts w ho w ere p hysic a lly a buse d . B y c o in cid en ce, S usa n w as a ssig ned to w ork with S ara , a n in te re stin g, v erb al 1 4-y ea r-o ld , w ho w as m ore th an h appy to d esc rib e h er h is to ry o f a buse fo r a nyo ne w ho w ould lis te n . S usa n v id eo ta ped a n in te rv ie w w ith S ara a nd 1 y ea r la te r u se d th is ta pe a s part o f a lo ca l c o nfe re n ce p re se n ta tio n. A s it tu rn ed o ut, o ne o f th e p eo ple in th e a udie n ce re co gniz e d Sara . T he f r ie n d to ld th e m oth er a bout th e v id eo — th e m oth er w as e xtr e m ely u pse t. S he c a lle d S usa n in a fu ry. S usa n e xp la in ed to th e m oth er th at th is w as a n a ccep ta ble p ra ctic e b eca use sh e d id n ot re vea l Sara 's la st n am e.

If th e id en tif y o f c lie n ts is p ro te cte d (i.e ., th eir n am es a re n ot u se d ), is it a ccep ta ble to p re se n t th eir ca se s, v id eo ta pes, o r a udio ta pes?

(d ) C lie nts m ust b e i n fo rm ed o f th eir r ig hts , a nd a b out p ro ced ure s to c o m pla in ab out p ro fe ssio nal p ra cti c es o f th e b ehav io r a naly st.

Your c lie nts s h o uld b e to ld o f th eir rig hts to c o nfid enti a lity . T hey s h o uld a ls o b e ad vis e d th ey h av e th e r ig ht to w ith d ra w f r o m tr e atm ent o r a r e se arc h p ro je ct a t a ny ti m e. A dditi o nally , yo u m ust in fo rm clie nts ab out ho w to v oic e any co m pla in ts re gard in g y o ur s e rv ic es to y o ur s u p erv is o r o r to th e B A CB (s e e a ls o 2 .1 3). T his in fo rm ati o n can be in clu d ed in yo ur decla ra ti o n of pro fe ssio nal se rv ic es as 84 desc rib ed i n Chap te r 1 8 .

MAIN TA IN IN G C O NFID EN TIA LIT Y ( 2 .0 7) (a ) Behav io r analy sts hav e a prim ary oblig ati o n and ta ke re aso nab le pre cauti o ns to re sp ect th e c o nfid enti a lity o f th o se w ith w ho m th ey w ork o r co nsu lt, re co gniz in g th at co nfid enti a lity may be esta b lis h ed by la w , in sti tu ti o nal r u le s, o r p ro fe ssio nal o r s c ie nti fic r e la ti o nsh ip s.

It is v ery im porta nt th at y o u r e sp ect a nd p ro te ct th e c o nfid enti a lity o f y o ur c lie nts .

You m ay no t ta lk ab out o r sh are d ata w ith re gard to yo ur clie nts w ith anyo ne with o ut th eir e xp lic it c o nse nt. F urth er, c lie nts o fte n d on't w ant o th ers to k no w a b out th e n atu re o f th eir d is a b iliti e s o r th at th ey o r th eir fa m ily m em bers a re re ceiv in g tr e atm ent. C lie nts h av e th e r ig ht to c o nfid enti a lity , a nd a s a b ehav io r a naly st y o u a re re sp onsib le f o r u nd ers ta nd in g th e l a w r e gard in g c o nfid enti a lity .

(b ) C lie nts hav e a rig ht to co nfid enti a lity . U nle ss it is no t fe asib le or is co ntr a in d ic ate d , th e d is c ussio n o f c o nfid enti a lity o ccurs a t th e o uts e t o f th e re la ti o nsh ip a nd th ere afte r a s n ew c ir c um sta nces m ay w arra nt.

You s h o uld d is c uss y o ur c lie nt's r ig ht to c o nfid enti a lity w ith th e c lie nt a nd g uard ia n at th e onse t of yo ur pro fe ssio nal re la ti o nsh ip . If cir c um sta nces change, it is necessa ry to a gain r e m in d th e c lie nt o f h is o r h er r ig ht to c o nfid enti a lity .

(c ) In o rd er to m in im iz e in tr u sio ns o n p riv acy, b ehav io r a naly sts in clu d e o nly in fo rm ati o n g erm ane to th e p urp ose fo r w hic h th e c o m munic ati o n is m ad e in writte n a nd o ra l r e p orts , c o nsu lta ti o ns, a nd th e l ik e.

To p ro te ct y o ur c lie nt's rig ht to p riv acy, y o u sh o uld in clu d e in fo rm ati o n in y o ur verb al a nd w ritte n re p orts o nly th at is d ir e ctl y re le v ant to th e b ehav io r c hange und er c o nsid era ti o n.

(d ) B ehav io r a naly sts d is c uss c o nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n o bta in ed in c lin ic al o r co nsu lti n g r e la ti o nsh ip s, o r e v alu ati v e d ata c o ncern in g p ati e nts , in d iv id ual o r org aniz a ti o nal clie nts , stu d ents , re se arc h parti c ip ants , su p erv is e es, and em plo yees, o nly fo r a p pro pria te s c ie nti fic o r p ro fe ssio nal p urp ose s a nd o nly with p ers o ns c le arly c o ncern ed w ith s u ch m atte rs .

You m ay sh are co nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n (fic ti ti o us nam es, lo cati o n, and oth er id enti fy in g in fo rm ati o n sh o uld re p la ce actu al in fo rm ati o n) only with oth er pro fe ssio nals w ho m ay b enefit i n a s c ie nti fic s e nse .

CA SE 2 .0 7D : P R Y IN G P A RIS H IO NER S Dr. E liz a beth C . w as a B C BA-D w ho w ork ed w ith a n um ber o f c h ild re n in h er s m all c o m munity . D r. C .

most o fte n p ro vid ed tr e a tm en t in th e c h ild re n 's h om es a fte r s c h ool h ours. T w o o f D r. C .’s c lie n ts , J a so n 85 and J essic a , w ere b ro th er a nd s is te r. T heir a lc o holic fa th er w as in a nd o ut o f th e h om e, a nd th e fa th er had a buse d th eir m oth er in th e p ast. D r. C . a tte n ded a c h urc h w here s e vera l m em bers o f th e c o ngre g atio n knew th e fa m ily . T hey c a re d v ery m uch a bout th e c h ild re n a nd w ould a sk h ow th ey w ere d oin g. T hese ca rin g p eo ple w ould o fte n te ll D r. C . w hat th ey k new a bout th e fa m ily , a nd th ey w ould a sk h ow th e ch ild re n w ere g ettin g a lo ng in sc h ool a nd w hat k in ds o f th in gs sh e w ork ed o n w hen sh e w en t to th e hom e. T he w om en fro m th e c h urc h h ad d onate d c lo th in g to th e fa m ily in th e p ast, a nd th ey a lw ays h ad th e c h ild re n o n th e lis t to r e ceiv e C hris tm as g if ts f ro m th e c h urc h .

With r e g ard to m ain ta in in g c o nfid en tia lity , h ow m uch in fo rm atio n a bout th e c h ild re n s h ould D r. C . g iv e th ese c a rin g c h urc h m em bers?

MAIN TA IN IN G R EC O RD S ( 2 .0 8) Behav io r analy sts m ain ta in ap pro pria te co nfid enti a lity in cre ati n g, sto rin g, accessin g, tr a nsfe rrin g, a nd d is p osin g o f re co rd s u nd er th eir c o ntr o l, w heth er th ese are w ritte n, auto m ate d , or in any oth er m ed iu m . B ehav io r analy sts main ta in a nd d is p ose o f r e co rd s i n a cco rd ance w ith a p plic ab le f e d era l o r s ta te la w or re gula ti o n, and co rp ora te polic y, and in a m anner th at perm its co m plia nce w ith th e r e q uir e m ents o f th ese G uid elin es.

You a re p rim arily r e sp onsib le f o r a ny a nd a ll r e co rd s th at y o u c re ate , u se , o r s to re .

You w ill n eed to b e c urre nt w ith c urre nt fe d era l H ealth In su ra nce P orta b ility a nd Acco unta b ility A ct ( H IP A A) l e gis la ti o n ( H HS, 2 003).

CA SE 2 .0 8: S A FE E N OUG H?

Ste ven J . is a B C BA w ho w ork s w ith c lie n ts w ho liv e in a g ro up h om e. H e a ls o w ork s w ith th e c lie n ts in th e s h elte re d w ork sh op th ey a tte n d d urin g th e d ay. S te ven ta kes d ata o n v o ca tio nal s k ills a s w ell a s a ny in appro pria te b eh avio rs o ccu rrin g in th e w ork s e ttin g. H e is r e sp onsib le f o r th e b eh avio ra l c o m ponen t o f th e a nnual H abilita tio n P la n, a nd h e u pdate s a nnual a sse ssm en ts . S te ven d oes n ot h ave a n o ffic e in h is hom e s o h e h as b een g iv en s o m e f ile d ra w ers in th e s p ecia l e d uca tio n te a ch er's c la ssro om a t th e s h elte re d work sh op. H e k eep s a ll o f h is a sse ssm en t re su lts a nd r a w d ata th ere . T he te a ch er lo ck s h er c la ssro om door w hen s h e le a ves f o r th e d ay s o th at th e f ile d ra w ers a re s a fe .

Does S te ven 's s y ste m f o r k eep in g r e co rd s m eet th e G uid elin es?

DIS C LO SU RES ( 2 .0 9) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts d is c lo se c o nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n w ith o ut th e c o nse nt o f th e i n d iv id ual o nly a s m and ate d b y l a w , o r w here p erm itte d b y l a w f o r a v alid purp ose , s u ch a s ( 1 ) to p ro vid e n eed ed p ro fe ssio nal s e rv ic es to th e i n d iv id ual or o rg aniz a ti o nal c lie nt, (2 ) to o bta in a p pro pria te p ro fe ssio nal c o nsu lta ti o ns, (3 ) to p ro te ct th e c lie nt o r o th ers fr o m h arm , o r (4 ) to o bta in p aym ent fo r se rv ic es, in w hic h in sta nce dis c lo su re is lim ite d to th e m in im um th at is necessa ry to a chie v e th e p urp ose .

Unle ss yo ur clie nt has sig ned a co nse nt fo rm , yo u sh o uld no t re le ase any 86 in fo rm ati o n a b out th e c lie nt u nle ss re q uir e d b y la w . C erta in c ir c um sta nces m ay re q uir e y o u to re le ase in fo rm ati o n to p ro vid e n eed ed s e rv ic es fo r th e p ers o n, to make a r e fe rra l, o r to c o lle ct f o r s e rv ic es r e nd ere d .

(b ) B ehav io r analy sts als o m ay dis c lo se co nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n w ith th e ap pro pria te c o nse nt o f th e in d iv id ual o r o rg aniz a ti o nal c lie nt (o r o f a no th er le gally a uth o riz e d p ers o n o n b ehalf o f th e c lie nt) , u nle ss p ro hib ite d b y l a w .

If yo u hav e w ritte n co nse nt fr o m yo ur clie nt, yo u m ay dis c lo se co nfid enti a l in fo rm ati o n.

CA SE 2 .0 9B : J U ST T A KIN G D ATA Dr. C onnie G . w as w ork in g in a s c h ool s y ste m 's p re k in derg arte n c la ssro om s f o r d evelo pm en ta lly d is a ble d ch ild re n . B illy w as a 4 -y ea r-o ld w hose p are n ts w ere d iv o rc ed . B illy s p en t a lte rn atin g w eek s w ith e a ch o f his pare n ts . The te a ch er had a th eo ry th at B illy 's m ala daptiv e beh avio rs, in clu din g ta ntr u m s and dis ru ptio n, g re a tly in cre a se d o n th e fir st fe w d ays a fte r a v is it to h is m oth er's h ouse , s o D r. G . b eg an ta kin g d ata to te st th is th eo ry. S he f e lt th at th is s o rt o f e va lu atio n w as s im ply p art o f h er j o b d esc rip tio n and d id n ot in fo rm th e p are n ts . A t th e e n d of th e m onth , s h e s u bm itte d h er tim e s h eet in dic a tin g 3 h ours fo r a n “ eva lu atio n o f p are n t- in duced b eh avio r d is o rd er.” Is th is a v io la tio n o f th e G uid elin es?

TR EAT M EN T E FFIC A CY ( 2 .1 0) (a ) The behav io r analy st alw ays has th e re sp onsib ility to re co m mend sc ie nti fic ally su p porte d most effe cti v e tr e atm ent pro ced ure s. Effe cti v e tr e atm ent p ro ced ure s h av e b een v alid ate d a s h av in g b oth lo ng-te rm a nd s h o rt- te rm b enefits to c lie nts a nd s o cie ty .

You sh o uld a lw ays re co m mend e v id ence-b ase d tr e atm ents th at h av e b een sh o w n sc ie nti fic ally to b e e ffe cti v e i n b oth th e s h o rt- a nd l o ng-te rm .

(b ) C lie nts hav e a rig ht to effe cti v e tr e atm ent (i.e ., b ase d o n th e re se arc h lite ra tu re a nd a d ap te d to th e i n d iv id ual c lie nt) .

It i s a n a rti c le o f f a ith o f b ehav io r a naly sis th at o ur c lie nts h av e a r ig ht to e ffe cti v e tr e atm ent th at h as b een s o d em onstr a te d i n th e r e se arc h l ite ra tu re . I t i s th e j o b o f th e behav io r a naly st to a d ap t th at tr e atm ent f o r e ach i n d iv id ual c lie nt a nd th en to m ake su re it is e ffe cti v e fo r h im o r h er. If th e d ata s h o w it is n o t w ork in g, th ere is a n oblig ati o n to s e arc h f o r a no th er m eth o d.

(c ) B ehav io r analy sts are re sp onsib le fo r re v ie w and ap pra is a l of lik ely effe cts of all alte rn ati v e tr e atm ents , in clu d in g th o se pro vid ed by oth er dis c ip lin es a nd n o i n te rv enti o n.

If yo ur clie nt is re ceiv in g “a lte rn ati v e” tr e atm ent, yo u are re sp onsib le fo r 87 dete rm in in g if th ere is r e se arc h to s u p port it. T his m ay in clu d e b ehav io ra lly b ase d tr e atm ents fo r w hic h th ere is n o e v id ence a s w ell a s n o nb ehav io ra l tr e atm ents th at are no t su p porte d in any sc ie nti fic lite ra tu re . Y ou sh o uld als o be pre p are d to ev alu ate th e e ffe cts o f n o in te rv enti o n b ein g p ro vid ed . A g o od m odel fo r th is is illu str a te d in K ay a nd V yse 's (2 005) e xcelle nt c hap te r, “ H elp in g P are nts S ep ara te th e W heat F ro m th e C haff: P utti n g A uti s m T re atm ents to th e T est.” T hey d esc rib e sim ple , e le gant r e se arc h d esig ns b y w hic h B CBA s w ork in g w ith p are nts c an h elp th em dete rm in e, w ith data , w heth er “alte rn ati v e” tr e atm ents are hav in g any sig nific ant i m pact o n b ehav io r.

CA SE 2 .1 0C : O UTN UM BER ED Kevin is a 6 -y ea r-o ld w ith a d evelo pm en ta l d is a bility w ho c o ntin ues to b ang h is h ea d. R obert is a B C BA who h as b een re cen tly a ssig ned to K evin 's c la ssro om . R obert's fu nctio nal a naly sis o f K evin 's b eh avio r sh ow s th at it is re la te d to a tte n tio n fro m h is p are n ts a nd te a ch ers. A n o ccu patio nal th era pis t (O T) h as develo ped th e c u rre n t tr e a tm en t p la n th at in clu des s e n so ry in te g ra tio n tr a in in g, jo in t c o m pre ssio n, a nd se ssio ns th re e tim es a w eek to j u m p o n a tr a m polin e to “ use u p th is p en t- u p e n erg y.” T he s p eech th era pis t re co m men ded s ig n la nguage. T he p hysic a l th era pis t r e co m men ded a h elm et. K evin c o ntin ued to b ang h is hea d w ith th e h elm et, a nd h e a ls o sta rte d b itin g h is fin gers. T he O T is v ery su re th at h er p la n w ill even tu ally w ork , a nd s h e e xp la in s a t e very tr e a tm en t te a m m eetin g th at e very o ne n eed s to b e p atie n t a nd giv e th e se n so ry in te g ra tio n pro gra m tim e to w ork . The sp ecia l ed uca tio n te a ch er has been , and co ntin ues to b e, s u pportiv e o f th e O T's p ro gra m .

Robert, th e B C BA, is c le a rly o utn um bere d h ere . H ow s h ould h e p ro ceed ?

(d ) In th o se in sta nces w here m ore th an o ne s c ie nti fic ally s u p porte d tr e atm ent has been esta b lis h ed , ad diti o nal fa cto rs m ay be co nsid ere d in se le cti n g in te rv enti o ns, in clu d in g, b ut n o t lim ite d to , e ffic ie ncy a nd c o st- e ffe cti v eness, ris k s a nd s id e-e ffe cts o f th e in te rv enti o ns, c lie nt p re fe re nce, a nd p ra cti ti o ner exp erie nce a nd tr a in in g.

As b ehav io r a naly sts w e a re o blig ate d to u se e v id ence-b ase d tr e atm ents , b ut in so m e, perh ap s m any, case s th ere m ig ht be a doze n jo urn al arti c le s su p porti n g so m ew hat d iffe re nt tr e atm ents . W hat's a p ra cti ti o ner to d o? T his n ew g uid elin e p uts th e re sp onsib ility s q uare ly in th e la p o f th e p ra cti ti o ner a nd s a ys e sse nti a lly , th at yo u s h o uld c ho ose , b ase d o n y o ur tr a in in g a nd e xp erie nce a nd c lie nt p re fe re nce. If yo u w ere tr a in ed to u se p ro ced ure A a nd h av e a l o t o f e xp erie nce w ith i t ( e v id ence- base d , of co urs e ) and yo u fin d an arti c le su p porti n g pro ced ure B (e q ually effe cti v e), th en y o u m ay d ecid e to g o w ith A b ase d o n e xp erie nce. O r, y o ur c lie nt may h av e a s tr o ng c ho ic e f o r B i n w hic h c ase y o u w ill n eed to g et u p to s p eed o n B so th at y o u c an r e sp ect h er w is h es. C ond ucti n g a r is k – benefit a naly sis ( Chap te r 1 6 ) is a ls o r e co m mend ed .

CA SE 2 .1 0D : P O SIT IV ELY T R UM PE D 88 Fara h k new h ow to d esig n c la ssro om to ken e co nom ie s a nd h ad d one s o a ll o ver th e s c h ool d is tr ic t. S he was a p ositiv e p erso n a nd h ad b een s in ce g ra de s c h ool w hen s h e w on h er fir st s p ellin g b ee. F ara h's to ken e co nom ie s re fle cte d h er p erso nality : th ey w ere p ositiv e; th at is , th e te a ch er g ave o ut to ken s fo r appro pria te b eh avio r f ro m th e tim e th e f ir st b ell r a ng u ntil lu nch , a nd th e s tu den ts in M rs. B oyle 's c la ss co uld c a sh th em in fo r p re fe rre d a ctiv itie s in th e a fte rn oon. It w ork ed fo r th e fir st w eek , a lth ough M rs.

Boyle s e em ed s tr e sse d b y h avin g to k eep tr a ck o f f iv e d if fe re n t a ppro pria te b eh avio rs. “ I d on't h ave a ny tim e to te a ch ; a ll I d o is h and o ut p oin ts ,” s h e m utte re d o n F rid ay. T o h er s u rp ris e F ara h f o und a c o py o f an a rtic le c o m parin g “ positiv e a nd n eg ativ e” p oin t s y ste m s in h er m ailb ox o n M onday m orn in g w ith a note , “ C an w e ta lk ?” s ig ned b y M rs. B oyle . S he h ad s p en t th e w eek en d o n th e In te rn et a nd h ad c o m e acro ss th e J o urn al o f A pplie d B eh avio r A naly sis ( J A BA) W eb s ite w ith a n a rtic le s h e w ante d to ta lk a bout with F ara h. I t s h ow ed th at a r e sp onse – co st- b ase d p oin t s y ste m w as j u st a s g ood a s a p ositiv e sy ste m a nd th at s o m e te a ch ers p re fe rre d it b eca use it w as e a sie r to a dm in is te r.

What is F ara h's n ext m ove?

DO CUM EN TIN G O F P R O FESSIO NAL AND S C IE N TIF IC W ORK ( 2 .1 1 ) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts a p pro pria te ly d ocum ent th eir p ro fe ssio nal a nd s c ie nti fic work in o rd er to fa cilita te p ro vis io n o f se rv ic es la te r b y th em o r b y o th er pro fe ssio nals , to ensu re acco unta b ility , and to m eet oth er re q uir e m ents of in sti tu ti o ns o r th e l a w .

You m ust m ain ta in w ritte n r e co rd s o f y o ur w ork p ro duct s o th at a t s o m e la te r ti m e oth er p ro fe ssio nals m ay u se th e d ocum enta ti o n to a ssis t y o ur c lie nt a nd to e nsu re acco unta b ility . K eep y o ur ra w d ata sh eets , sp re ad sh eets , a nd w ritte n su m marie s and r e p orts i n a s e cure l o cati o n a s r e q uir e d b y l a w .

(b ) W hen behav io r analy sts hav e re aso n to belie v e th at re co rd s of th eir pro fe ssio nal s e rv ic es w ill b e u se d i n l e gal p ro ceed in gs i n v olv in g r e cip ie nts o f or p arti c ip ants in th eir w ork , th ey h av e a r e sp onsib ility to c re ate a nd m ain ta in docum enta ti o n in th e k in d o f d eta il a nd q uality th at w ould b e c o nsis te nt w ith re aso nab le s c ru ti n y i n a n a d ju d ic ati v e f o ru m .

If th ere is so m e c hance th at in fo rm ati o n re gard in g y o ur p ro fe ssio nal b ehav io ra l se rv ic es w ill b eco m e p art o f a c o urt c ase , y o u h av e a n o blig ati o n to m ake s u re th at th e r e co rd s a re c o m ple te .

CA SE 2 .1 1 B : D ATA K EEPE R Dr. M . is a B C BA-D w ho is p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es to a s c h ool s y ste m th at h as lim ite d s e rv ic es f o r ch ild re n w ith a utis m . S he h as b een h ir e d to d o a v ery lim ite d n um ber o f c o nsu ltin g h ours w ith s e vera l ch ild re n w ith a d ia gnosis o f autis m . D r. M . k eep s th e sta ndard d ata e xp ecte d o f a b eh avio r a naly st, in clu din g b ase lin e a nd tr e a tm en t d ata . A te a ch er's a id e c o lle cts th e d ata tw ic e a w eek . I t is b eg in nin g to lo ok lik e a la w su it w ill b e f ile d a gain st th e s c h ool d is tr ic t o n b eh alf o f its s tu den ts w ith a utis m .

Consid erin g th is , w hat k in d o f re co rd s s h ould D r. M . b e k eep in g to e n su re th e s h e is a cco unta ble if su bpoen aed ?

89 (c ) B ehav io r analy sts o bta in and d ocum ent (1 ) In sti tu ti o nal R ev ie w B oard (IR B) and /o r lo cal hum an re se arc h co m mitte e ap pro val and /o r (2 ) co nfir m ati o n o f c o m plia nce w ith i n sti tu ti o nal r e q uir e m ents w hen d ata g ath ere d durin g th eir pro fe ssio nal se rv ic es will be su b m itte d to pro fe ssio nal co nfe re nces a nd p eer r e v ie w ed j o urn als .

This i m porta nt a d diti o n to th e G uid elin es i n 2 010 e xp and s p ro te cti o ns to c lie nts f o r data c o lle cte d d urin g th e n o rm al p ro vis io n o f p ro fe ssio nal s e rv ic es. A ll b ehav io r analy sts co lle ct and analy ze data w hile pro vid in g tr e atm ent; it is re q uir e d to und ers ta nd w hat is e ffe cti v e a nd h o w tr e atm ents w ork . S om e p ra cti ti o ners p re se nt th is d ata a t s ta te a nd l o cal c o nfe re nces, a nd th ey w ill n o w b e r e q uir e d to o bta in a nd docum ent th at th ey a re i n c o m plia nce w ith “ in sti tu ti o nal r e q uir e m ents .” P re su m ab ly th is m eans th at th ey w ill h av e to p la n a head a nd g et p erm is sio n to g ath er a nd u se data f o r p ub lic p ro fe ssio nal a ud ie nces.

CA SE 2 .1 1 C : D ATA D IF FIC ULT IE S As a B C BA w ho w ork ed w ith m any in div id ual c lie n t c a se s, D r. C . h ad a lo t o f d ata fro m h is w ork w ith stu den ts w ith a utis m . Q uic k ly b eco m in g re co gniz e d a s a le a der in th e fie ld , D r. C . h ad d evelo ped s o m e uniq ue p ro to co ls fo r te a ch in g la nguage. E ach y ea r, h e p re se n te d th e d ata o f h is c lie n ts a t sta te a nd natio nal c o nfe re n ces. R ecen tly , a c o lle a gue to ld D r. C . th at th e n ew r e vis io n to th e G uid elin es w as g oin g to m ake it more d if fic u lt to p re se n t c lie n t d ata a t c o nfe re n ces. D r. C .’s re sp onse w as th at In stitu tio nal Revie w B oard (IR B) a ppro va l p erta in s o nly to c o lle g e stu den ts a nd u niv ersity fa cu lty , a nd a s lo ng a s nam es w ere ch anged so th at clie n ts co uld not be id en tif ie d th ere w ould be no pro ble m s w ith his pre se n ta tio ns.

Was D r. C . in te rp re tin g th e c h ange to 2 .1 1 c c o rre ctly ?

REC O RD S A ND D ATA ( 2 .1 2) Behav io r a naly sts c re ate , m ain ta in , d is se m in ate , s to re , re ta in , a nd d is p ose o f re co rd s and data re la ti n g to th eir re se arc h, pra cti c e, and oth er w ork in acco rd ance w ith ap plic ab le fe d era l and sta te la w s or re gula ti o ns and co rp ora te polic y and in a manner th at perm its co m plia nce with th e re q uir e m ents o f th ese G uid elin es.

You w ill n eed to k eep y o ur r e co rd s r e la ti n g to y o ur r e se arc h a nd p ra cti c e. T his m ay ra nge fr o m 9 0 d ays to 1 2 y ears , d ep end in g o n th e ty p e o f re co rd s a nd sp ecific re gula ti o ns f o r s ta te a nd f e d era l l a w s. Y ou w ill n eed to b e i n c o m plia nce w ith th ese guid elin es, a nd c heck w ith y o ur a gency o r u niv ers ity fo r s p ecific re q uir e m ents in yo ur a re a.

CA SE 2 .1 2: T IG HT S PA CE Barb ara is a B C BA g ra duate s tu den t o n a lim ite d b udget. S he h as a ty p ic a l s tu den t's a partm en t— sm all, cra m ped , n ot m uch s to ra ge s p ace— and s h e s h are s it w ith th re e ro om mate s. B arb ara k eep s th e d ata fo r 90 her c lie n ts fo r a bout 3 m onth s, a nd th en sh e th ro w s th em a w ay, b ut o nly a fte r a tte n din g a m onth ly meetin g w here s h e tu rn s in c o pie s o f h er d ata to h er s u perv is o r.

Barb ara c erta in ly s e em s ju stif ie d in h er h andlin g o f re co rd s g iv en h er liv in g c o nditio ns. Is s h e liv in g with in th e G uid elin es?

FEES, F IN ANCIA L A RRA NGEM EN TS, AND T ER M S O F C O NSU LT A T IO N ( 2 .1 3) (a ) A s early as is fe asib le in a p ro fe ssio nal o r sc ie nti fic re la ti o nsh ip , th e behav io r analy st and th e clie nt o r o th er ap pro pria te re cip ie nt o f b ehav io r analy ti c se rv ic es re ach an agre em ent sp ecify in g th e co m pensa ti o n and th e billin g a rra ngem ents .

As s o on a s y o u e sta b lis h a p ro fe ssio nal r e la ti o nsh ip w ith a c lie nt ( i.e ., th e c lie nt o r his o r h er re p re se nta ti v e h as a sk ed y o u to ta ke th e c ase ), y o u sh o uld in fo rm th e clie nt (o r a gency) o f y o ur fe es a nd p aym ent p olic y. A lth o ugh th is m ay m ake y o u unco m fo rta b le , it is n ecessa ry fo r e v ery o ne in v olv ed to a v oid e m barra ssm ent, a nd possib ly w ors e , l a te r.

CA SE 2 .1 3A : C ERTA IN LY A L E A RN IN G E X PE R IE N CE Gle n da w as a f o urth -y ea r g ra duate s tu den t in a p re stig io us d octo ra l p ro gra m in b eh avio r a naly sis . W hen sh e g ot a c a ll fro m th e a sso cia te c h air o f th e d ep artm en t a bout a n u nusu al c a se , sh e ju m ped a t th e ch ance to g et th e e xp erie n ce a nd m ake s o m e e xtr a m oney. S he w as s o e xcite d a bout m eetin g th e fa m ily and th e c h ild w ho w as re fe rre d th at sh e n eg le cte d to b rin g u p h er fe e e xp ecta tio n. S he w as th in kin g alo ng th e lin es o f $ 75 p er h our b eca use sh e w as n ea rly “ a d octo r,” a nd th is c a se d id re q uir e so m e sp ecia l e xp ertis e .

At th e e n d o f th e m onth , w hen G le n da a sk ed th e a sso cia te c h air w here s h e s h ould s e n d h er b ill, s h e was s h ock ed a nd s tu nned to le a rn th at th is w as c o nsid ere d a c h arity c a se .

(b ) B ehav io r analy sts ’ fe e p ra cti c es are co nsis te nt w ith la w and b ehav io r analy sts do no t m is re p re se nt th eir fe es. If lim ita ti o ns to se rv ic es can be anti c ip ate d because of lim ita ti o ns in fin ancin g, th is is dis c usse d w ith th e pati e nt, c lie nt, o r o th er a p pro pria te r e cip ie nt o f s e rv ic es a s e arly a s i s f e asib le .

If s ta te o r fe d era l la w s e ts y o ur fe es, o bey th e la w a nd c le arly p re se nt y o ur fe e sc hed ule to yo ur clie nt. If th e clie nt has lim ite d fu nd in g and th is w ill lim it behav io ra l s e rv ic es, th e i s su e s h o uld b e d is c usse d a s s o on a s p ossib le to a v oid a ny co nfu sio n o r c harg e o f m is re p re se nta ti o n. K eep i n m in d th at f o r a c hild i n a s c ho ol sy ste m , th e “ clie nt” m ay b e th e s c ho ol s y ste m .

CA SE 2 .1 3B : W AY NE'S W ORLD Wayn e is a n 8 -y ea r-o ld w ho h as m oved in to a n ew s c h ool s y ste m in th e la st f e w w eek s o f th e s c h ool y ea r.

He w as d ia gnose d a s se vere ly e m otio nally d is tu rb ed (S E D ) a nd h e h as sh ow n so m e se rio us b eh avio r 91 pro ble m s in h is n ew c la ssro om . W ayn e w ill b e e n ro lle d in th e d is tr ic t's s u m mer s c h ool p ro gra m , a nd J ea n, a B C BA p art- tim e e m plo yee o f th e d is tr ic t, h as b een a sk ed to w ork w ith h im . T he p rin cip al a nd te a ch er met w ith J ea n a nd e xp la in ed to h er th at fu ndin g fo r b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es d urin g s u m mer s c h ool is v ery lim ite d , b ut c o nsid erin g th e s e verity o f W ayn e's p ro ble m s th ey h oped th at s h e w ould a gre e to ta ke th e ca se a nd d o w hate ver sh e n eed s to d o to m eet W ayn e's n eed s. It is c le a r to J ea n, a fte r so m e in itia l obse rv a tio ns, th at th e f u ndin g is n ot a deq uate to p ro vid e th e le vel o f s e rv ic e W ayn e n eed s.

How s h ould J ea n h andle h er c o nsu ltin g f e es a nd th e f in ancia l a rra ngem en ts f o r th is c a se ?

(c ) P rio r to th e im ple m enta ti o n o f s e rv ic es, th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill p ro vid e in w riti n g th e te rm s o f c o nsu lta ti o n w ith re gard to s p ecific re q uir e m ents fo r pro vid in g se rv ic es and th e re sp onsib iliti e s of all parti e s (a co ntr a ct or Decla ra ti o n o f P ro fe ssio nal S erv ic es).

Oth er p ro fe ssio ns h av e fo r y ears u se d a c o ntr a ct o r d ecla ra ti o n d esc rib in g th eir pro fe ssio nal s e rv ic es a t th e o nse t o f e ach c ase . If u se d c o nsis te ntl y it w ill p re v ent many p ro ble m s th at in ev ita b ly c o m e u p in th e c o urs e o f m onth s-lo ng tr e atm ent fo r behav io r p ro ble m s. T his is a n ew id ea fo r m ost b ehav io r a naly sts , b ut it s h o uld help w ith i s su es r e gard in g a ccess to th e b ehav io r a naly st d urin g o ff- h o urs , h and lin g of m is se d ap poin tm ents , and aw kw ard situ ati o ns in v olv in g gifts , in v ita ti o ns to din ner o r b ir th d ays, a nd o th er q uesti o ns th at c o m e u p in th e c o urs e o f lo ng-te rm tr e atm ent. A c o m ple te d esc rip ti o n o f th e d ecla ra ti o n o f p ro fe ssio nal s e rv ic es c an b e fo und in Chap te r 1 8 , “ A void in g th e ‘ S lip pery S lo pe’ o f E th ic al P ro ble m s b y U sin g a D ecla ra ti o n o f P ro fe ssio nal S erv ic es.” ACCURA CY I N R EPO RT S T O T H O SE WHO P A Y F O R S ERV IC ES ( 2 .1 4) In th eir r e p orts to th o se w ho p ay fo r s e rv ic es o r s o urc es o f r e se arc h, p ro je ct, or pro gra m fu nd in g, behav io r analy sts accura te ly sta te th e natu re of th e re se arc h o r s e rv ic e p ro vid ed , th e fe es o r c harg es, a nd w here a p plic ab le , th e id enti ty o f th e p ro vid er, th e f in d in gs, a nd o th er r e q uir e d d esc rip ti v e d ata .

When hand lin g billin g in fo rm ati o n, alw ays ho nestl y and accura te ly pre se nt th e necessa ry deta ils re gard in g w ork co m ple te d , ho urs of se rv ic e, and any oth er necessa ry d ata .

CA SE 2 .1 4: A + B IL LIN G The A + B eh avio r C onsu ltin g G ro up h as a c o ntr a ct to p ro vid e b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es fo r fiv e in te rm ed ia te ca re fa cility /m en ta l re ta rd atio n (IC F/M R) g ro up h om es o w ned b y th e sa m e c o m pany. A + h as se vera l co nsu lta nts w ho p ro vid e th e s e rv ic es to th e g ro up h om es. D ep en din g o n s c h ed ulin g, a ny o ne o f s e vera l co nsu lta nts m ay c o m e to s it in o n H abilita tio n P la n m eetin gs, d o a sse ssm en ts , a nd s o fo rth . W hen th e billin g is s u bm itte d to th e c o m pany o w nin g th e g ro up h om es, th e n am e o f th e c o nsu lta nt is o n th e b ill, th e date s e rv ic e w as p ro vid ed , a nd th e n um ber o f h ours th e c o nsu lta nt w as a t th e f a cility .

Is th ere a ny o th er in fo rm atio n th at s h ould b e p ro vid ed w ith th e b illin g?

92 REFER RA LS A ND F EES ( 2 .1 5) When a b ehav io r a naly st p ays, re ceiv es p aym ent fr o m , o r d iv id es fe es w ith ano th er pro fe ssio nal oth er th an in an em plo yer– em plo yee re la ti o nsh ip , th e re fe rra l s h all b e d is c lo se d to th e c lie nt.

Do n o t m ake it a p ra cti c e to a ccep t a ny fo rm o f p aym ent fo r a r e fe rra l. T ho se w ho do s o p ut th eir r e p uta ti o n a t r is k a nd m ust d is c lo se th is in fo rm ati o n im med ia te ly to th e c lie nt.

CA SE 2 .1 5: P A Y OLA A la rg e c o nsu ltin g fir m o f c lin ic a l p sy ch olo gis ts h as se vera l p sy ch olo gis ts o n sta ff w ho sp ecia liz e in psy ch olo gic a l te stin g. B arry S ., a B C BA, k now s s o m e o f th e p sy ch olo gis ts th ro ugh w ork h e h as d one in th e s c h ools . O ne o f th e c lin ic a l p sy ch olo gis ts in th is g ro up a ppro ach ed B arry a nd to ld h im th at th e f ir m would p ay h im $ 25 fo r e a ch c lie n t h e re fe rre d to th e g ro up fo r te stin g. B arry is a n e th ic a l B C BA w ho would r e fe r o nly c lie n ts w ho n eed ed a p sy ch olo gic a l w ork -u p.

Beca use h e k now s th ese p sy ch olo gis ts a nd re sp ects th eir d ia gnostic sk ills , u nder w hat co nditio ns would th is a rra ngem en t b e a ccep ta ble ?

IN TER RUPT IN G O R T ER M IN AT IN G S ERV IC ES ( 2 .1 6) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts m ake re aso nab le e ffo rts to p la n fo r fa cilita ti n g c are in th e e v ent th at b ehav io r a naly ti c s e rv ic es a re in te rru p te d b y fa cto rs s u ch a s th e behav io r a naly st's illn ess, im pend in g d eath , u nav aila b ility , o r r e lo cati o n o r b y th e c lie nt's r e lo cati o n o r f in ancia l l im ita ti o ns.

For e ach o f y o ur c lie nts , y o u s h o uld h av e a p la n to p ro vid e c o vera ge in th e e v ent th at y o u a re n o lo nger a b le to d o s o . In te rru p ti o n o f s e rv ic e a p plie s to te m pora rily sto ppin g s e rv ic es b y th e b ehav io r a naly st, o fte n d ue to th e b ehav io r a naly st's h ealth or fa m ily p ro ble m s. In te rru p ti n g s e rv ic es d oes n o t m ean c ancelin g s e ssio ns fo r a sh o rt ti m e, as w hen th e b ehav io r analy st has th e flu o r ta kes a v acati o n. T he in te rru p ti o n o f s e rv ic es r e fe rs to s to ppin g s e rv ic es fo r a n e xte nd ed p erio d o f ti m e, su ch a s a m onth o r l o nger.

(b ) W hen ente rin g in to em plo ym ent or co ntr a ctu al re la ti o nsh ip s, behav io r analy sts p ro vid e fo r o rd erly a nd a p pro pria te re so lu ti o n o f re sp onsib ility fo r clie nt c are in th e e v ent th at th e e m plo ym ent o r c o ntr a ctu al re la ti o nsh ip e nd s, with p ara m ount c o nsid era ti o n g iv en to th e w elfa re o f th e c lie nt.

If y o u a re w ork in g th ro ugh a n a gency th at h as a c o ntr a ct w ith c lie nts fo r s e rv ic es, re ad th e c o ntr a ct c are fu lly s o y o u u nd ers ta nd w hat w ill h ap pen to th e c lie nts i f y o u are u nab le to p ro vid e c o nsu lti n g fo r a n e xte nd ed p erio d o f ti m e. T he w elfa re o f each c lie nt s h o uld b e o f u tm ost i m porta nce to y o u s h o uld th is o ccur.

93 CA SE 2 .1 6B : F U RLO UG H Dr. D . h as b een p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es to th e s ix y o ung w om en w ho liv e in a g ro up h om e. D r. D .

has d evelo ped a h ea lth p ro ble m re q uir in g s u rg ery a nd a le n gth y re co very p erio d. D r. D . is a tta ch ed to th ese y o ung w om en a nd d oes n ot w ant to g iv e u p th is c o ntr a ct, b ut h er s u rg ery a nd fo llo w -u p re co very are n ot o ptio nal. S he w ould lik e to r e su m e h er c o nsu ltin g w hen s h e is b ette r. H er b est e stim ate is th at s h e would b e a w ay f ro m th e g ro up h om e f o r a bout 3 m onth s.

Beca use s h e w ill b e g one s o lo ng, d oes D r. D . N eed to re sig n fro m th is jo b in th e b est in te re st o f th e clie n ts ?

(c ) B ehav io r a naly sts d o n o t a b and on c lie nts . B ehav io r a naly sts te rm in ate a pro fe ssio nal re la ti o nsh ip w hen it b eco m es re aso nab ly c le ar th at th e c lie nt n o lo nger n eed s th e s e rv ic e, is n o t b enefiti n g, o r is b ein g h arm ed b y c o nti n ued se rv ic e.

Do no t w alk aw ay fr o m yo ur clie nts w ith o ut no ti c e. You m ay te rm in ate a pro fe ssio nal re la ti o nsh ip w hen (a ) it is c le ar th at th e clie nt n o lo nger n eed s y o ur se rv ic e, ( b ) y o u d ete rm in e th at th e c lie nt is n o t b enefiti n g, o r ( c ) y o u e sta b lis h th at th e c lie nt i s a ctu ally b ein g h arm ed i n s o m e w ay b y y o ur s e rv ic e.

(d ) P rio r to te rm in ati o n fo r w hate v er re aso n, e xcep t w here p re clu d ed b y th e clie nt's c o nd uct, th e b ehav io r a naly st d is c usse s th e c lie nt's v ie w s a nd n eed s, pro vid es ap pro pria te pre -te rm in ati o n se rv ic es, su ggests alte rn ati v e se rv ic e pro vid ers a s a p pro pria te , a nd ta kes o th er r e aso nab le s te p s to f a cilita te tr a nsfe r of r e sp onsib ility to a no th er p ro vid er i f th e c lie nt n eed s o ne i m med ia te ly .

If y o u n eed to te rm in ate y o ur s e rv ic e, y o u s h o uld d is c uss th e c lie nt's n eed s w ith th e re le v ant p arti e s ( e .g ., p are nts , g uard ia n, a gency d ir e cto r, s c ho ol a d m in is tr a to r) a nd su ggest o th er p ro fe ssio nals w ho c an p ro vid e a ssis ta nce.

CA SE 2 .1 6D : T O UG H C H OIC E Marc u s is a 1 0-y ea r-o ld f ro m a d iv o rc ed f a m ily w ho w as p hysic a lly a nd v erb ally a buse d w hile liv in g w ith his a lc o holic m oth er. P ro te ctiv e S erv ic es re m oved h im fro m th e h om e a nd p la ced h im w ith h is b io lo gic a l fa th er. A B C BA h as b een a ssig ned to w ork in th e h om e se vera l h ours p er w eek . M arc u s h as b een pre sc rib ed m ed ic a tio n f o r h yp era ctiv ity , b ut h is d ad d oes n ot g iv e it to h im o n a c o nsis te n t b asis . T he d ad re co gniz e s M arc u s's b eh avio r p ro ble m s, in clu din g ru nnin g a w ay a nd n onco m plia nce, b ut h as re fu se d pare n t tr a in in g. H e s a ys h e d oes n ot n eed a nyo ne te llin g h im h ow to h andle h is c h ild 's b eh avio r. W hen th e B C BA c o m es to th e h om e, th e d ad u se s th e v is it a s a c h ance to h ave a fre e b abysitte r a nd w ill g o work in th e g ara ge a nd h e h as e ven g one to th e s to re .

It fe els lik e it is im possib le to g et a ny c o opera tio n w ith b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es in th is h om e, b ut c a n th e BC BA j u stif y le a vin g th is c h ild ?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 2 .0 : S AV IN G M ONEY F O R T H E S C HO OL 94 Help in g th e prin cip al co m e in under budget sh ould not be B ets y 's prim ary co ncern . B ets y 's fir st c o ncern a nd r e sp onsib ility is to th e s tu den ts . T he p rim ary is su e h ere is w heth er a re d uctio n in h ours w ould m ea n th at a c lie n t w ould n ot re ceiv e th e id ea l le vel o f b eh avio ra l se rv ic es. T he q uestio n w ould a ris e a s to wheth er to o m any h ours h ad b een c o ntr a cte d fo r in th e fir st p la ce o r if e n ough pro gre ss h ad b een m ade t h at 2 0 h ours p er w eek w ere n o l o nger n eed ed .

CA SE 2 .0 1: P A REN TS W HO D O N'T W ANT H ELP While a c h ild 's p are n t c o uld a ls o b e c o nsid ere d th e “ clie n t,” A lla n is th e m ost vu ln era ble p arty i n t h is s itu atio n. M onic a n eed s t o b e a n a dvo ca te f o r A lla n a nd th e s e rv ic es h e n eed s. M onic a m ig ht s ta rt b y a sk in g M om i f t h ere i s a nyth in g t h at ca n b e d one ( e .g ., a s c h ed ule c h ange) t o m ake i t e a sie r f o r h er t o b e a va ila ble f o r Alla n's b eh avio ra l t r e a tm en t i n t h e h om e. I n c a se t h e m oth er h as d ecid ed s h e j u st doesn 't lik e M onic a a nd d oesn 't h ave th e n erv e to s a y th is , M onic a 's s u perv is o r may w ant to ta lk to th e m oth er to d ete rm in e if th ere w ould b e a c o nsu lta nt w ho was a b ette r m atc h f o r t h is p are n t. M onic a a nd h er s u perv is o r m ig ht a ls o w ant t o get A lla n’ s c a se m anager i n vo lv ed a s s o on a s p ossib le .

CA SE 2 .0 2: Q UEST IO NABLE R EPERT O IR E Beca use b eh avio r a naly sts s h ould a ccep t o nly c lie n ts w hose b eh avio r p ro ble m s are c o m men su ra te w ith t h e b eh avio r a naly st's s k ill l e vel, M artin n eed s t o c o nsu lt with a n e xp ert sp ecific a lly in th e tr e a tm en t o f h ea d in ju ry w ith u npre d ic ta ble aggre ssiv e b eh avio r. If th ere is n o s u ch p erso n a t th e fa cility , h e n eed s to fin d so m eo ne i n t h e a re a t o s u perv is e h im . T here c a n b e l ia bility i s su es i f h e d oes n ot.

CA SE 2 .0 3: T EA CHER 'S P ET Sin ce t h e b eh avio r a naly st's r e sp onsib ility i s t o a ll p artie s a ffe cte d b y b eh avio ra l se rv ic es, Terry n eed s to m odify h er b eh avio r p la n im med ia te ly . E ven th ough Bria nna's beh avio r is im pro vin g, Terry 's pla n has sta rte d dam agin g th e re la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e t e a ch er a nd t h e o th er c h ild re n .

Furth er, i t i s n ot e th ic a l to re q uir e o th er stu den ts to b e a p art o f re in fo rc in g T erry w hen th ey h ave n o ch ance t o e a rn r e in fo rc ers t h em se lv es.

CA SE 2 .0 4: S EX T H ER A PY No, D r. M . i s a B C BA-D , a nd a lth ough h e m ay b e w id ely r e a d h e i s n ot t r a in ed a s a se x th era pis t o r co unse lo r. Tea ch in g Jerry “ to verb aliz e a bout se x-re la te d is su es” d oes n ot m ake t h is a b eh avio ra l p ro ble m . W ith a ppro pria te c o nse n t f r o m Jerry and his pare n ts , D r. M . sh ould re fe r Jerry to a pro perly tr a in ed and certifie d c o unse lo r w ho c a n h elp h im s o rt t h ro ugh h is p ro ble m s.

95 CA SE 2 .0 5B : F U LL D IS C LO SU RE?

On h is a rriv a l a t t h e f a cility , D r. B . s h ould h ave a m eetin g w ith t h e a dm in is tr a to r to c la rify h is r e la tio nsh ip w ith t h e D evelo pm en ta l D is a bility D ep artm en t a nd h is ro le a t th e fa cility . H e s h ould s e t u p s o m e r o utin e r e p ortin g p ro ced ure s s u ch a s weekly m eetin gs w ith k ey a dm in is tr a to rs, in clu din g b rie f w ritte n re p orts o f h is fin din gs. H e h as ta ken th is p ositio n b eca use h e b elie ves h e c a n h elp th e fa cility , but e very o ne n eed s t o b e a w are o f f o r w hom h e i s a ctu ally w ork in g, a nd a tte m pts to i n flu en ce h is j u dgm en t n eed t o b e t u rn ed a w ay.

CA SE 2 .0 6C : V ID EO B A CK LA SH The b eh avio r a naly st m ust s u pport th e r ig hts o f c lie n ts . A t a ny tim e a c lie n t is re co rd ed (a udio or vid eo ), co nse n t m ust be gra nte d . Furth er, if yo u get perm is sio n to ta pe a s e ssio n fo r o ne p urp ose a nd th en d ecid e to d o s o m eth in g additio nal w ith th e ta pe, y o u m ust a gain o bta in p erm is sio n. A t th e b eg in nin g o f work in g w ith a ny c lie n t (a nd h is o r h er fa m ily o r g uard ia n, in th e c a se o f a min or), th e B C BA s h ould in fo rm th at c lie n t o f p ro ced ure s to c o m pla in a bout th e pro fe ssio nal p ra ctic es o f th e b eh avio r a naly st. S usa n, a lth ough n ot a B C BA, cle a rly v io la te d t h e s p ir it o f t h ese G uid elin es a nd s h ould a polo giz e t o t h e m oth er and r e p ort t o h er m ajo r p ro fe sso r a bout t h is i n cid en t.

CA SE 2 .0 7D : P R Y IN G P A RIS H IO NER S Beh avio r a naly sts h ave a n o blig atio n t o r e sp ect t h e c o nfid en tia lity o f t h ose w ith whom th ey w ork . W hen a sk ed a bout th e ch ild re n , D r. C . sh ould polite ly te ll anyo ne w ho a sk s th at s h e c a nnot d is c u ss h er w ork w ith h er c lie n ts . S he s h ould th en p olite ly c h ange t h e s u bje ct.

CA SE 2 .0 8: S A FE E N O UG H?

Alth ough keep in g re co rd s in th e o ffic e o f a noth er p ro fe ssio nal is a fr e q uen t pra ctic e, th is s h ould n ot b e d one u nle ss th e B C BA h as file d ra w ers to w hic h h e has th e o nly k eys. A lth ough th e te a ch er lo cks h er c la ssro om d oor a t th e e n d o f th e d ay, w hen S te ven is n ot a t th e fa cility th e te a ch er, h er a id e, o r a nyo ne w ith access t o t h e c la ssro om c o uld v ie w t h e c o nfid en tia l i n fo rm atio n i n t h e r e co rd s.

CA SE 2 .0 9B : J U ST T A KIN G D ATA Alth ough 2 .0 7 a ddre sse s c o nfid en tia lity , 2 .0 9 g iv es t h e b eh avio r a naly st t h e r ig ht to d is c lo se in fo rm atio n w ith out th e c o nse n t o f th e c lie n t to o bta in p aym en t fo r se rv ic es. A key d is tin ctio n h ere is th at d is c lo su re is lim ite d to th e m in im um necessa ry i n fo rm atio n t o a ch ie ve t h e p urp ose . T his m ea ns t h at D r. C . s h ould n ot in clu de c o nfid en tia l i n fo rm atio n i n h er r e p ort o th er t h an t h e m in im um a m ount o f 96 in fo rm atio n r e q uir e d f o r b illin g.

CA SE 2 .1 0C : O UTN UM BER ED Robert s h ould e xp la in t o t h e t e a m t h at c lie n ts h ave a r ig ht t o e ffe ctiv e t r e a tm en t.

His p ro fe ssio nal r e sp onsib ility is to r e vie w a nd e va lu ate a lte rn ativ e tr e a tm en ts , and h e s h ould r e q uest e m pir ic a lly b ase d a rtic le s fr o m th ese o th er p ro fe ssio nals and c ritiq ue th em . A b ase lin e s h ould b e s ta rte d a s s o on a s p ossib le . E m erg en cy pro ced ure s sh ould b e u se d if K evin is h urtin g h im se lf. In te rv en tio ns fo r S IB sh ould b e b ase d o n th e re se a rc h lite ra tu re , a nd if R obert is n ot sa tis fie d th at th ese “ oth er” tr e a tm en ts a re s u pporte d b y e m pir ic a l e vid en ce h e s h ould s a y s o at t h e n ext h abilita tio n t e a m m eetin g.

CA SE 2 .1 0D : P O SIT IV ELY T R UM PED Fara h s h ould p ro bably h ave d one a b ette r jo b o f “ qualify in g” M rs. B oyle w hen sh e b eg an w ork in g in h er c la ssro om . I t a ppea rs th at s h e to ok th e r o ute o f d oin g what w as e a sy fo r h er b ut n ot n ecessa rily a g ood c h oic e fo r h er c lie n t. F ara h was a ctu ally c a ught a l ittle o ff g uard b y t h e J A B A a rtic le and h ad t o c o nfe ss t h at sh e h ad n ot s e en it b efo re , b ut s h e r e a d it c a re fu lly a nd th en h ad to a gre e w ith Mrs. B oyle t h at i t c o uld b e d one.

CA SE 2 .1 1 B : D ATA K EEPER The G uid elin es s a y t h at w ork s h ould b e d ocu m en te d t o e n su re a cco unta bility a nd to m eet o th er r e q uir e m en ts . T here fo re , a t a m in im um , D r. M . w ould w ant t o h ave data a s d esc rib ed in 3 .0 (A sse ssm en t) a nd 4 .0 (B eh avio r C hange P ro gra m s) o f th e G uid elin es. F urth er, D r. M . sh ould be su re th at sh e has co lle cte d so m e sa m ple o f th e d ata h erse lf. In a dditio n to d ata , d eta ile d c a se n ote s w ould b e help fu l. I f t h ere a re a ny o bse rv a tio ns r e la te d t o s tu den ts b ein g a ffe cte d b y a l a ck of s e rv ic es o r r e so urc es, t h is s h ould b e n ote d w ith r e le va nt s p ecific s.

CA SE 2 .1 1 C : D ATA D IF FIC ULT IE S No, D r. C . m is se d th e p oin t o f th is n ew a dditio n to th e G uid elin es. 2 .1 1 c a dds anoth er le vel o f p riv a cy fo r c lie n ts ; n ow b eh avio r a naly st p ra ctitio ners m ust se ek p erm is sio n to u se a ny d ata c o lle cte d in th e c o urse o f p ro vid in g tr e a tm en t.

Pre su m ably th is m ea ns th at c lie n ts m ust g iv e p erm is sio n a s w ell a s a ny fu ndin g agen cie s th at a re su pportin g th e th era py. A b eh avio r a naly st w ork in g in th e sc h ools w ould n eed p erm is sio n in w ritin g fr o m th e s c h ool a nd p erh aps e ven th e sc h ool b oard t o u se d ata c o lle cte d t h ere a s p art o f t r e a tm en t.

CA SE 2 .1 2: T IG HT S PA CE 97 Barb ara is keep in g re co rd s in her apartm en t. C an th e ro om mate s se e th e re co rd s? T he r e co rd s s h ould b e l o cked s o t h at s h e h as t h e o nly a ccess. T hro w in g clie n t r e co rd s i n t h e t r a sh i s n ot a g ood i d ea . S om etim es t r a sh -c a ns a re k n ocked over, s a nita tio n w ork ers c a n d ro p t h in gs w hen e m pty in g c a ns i n to t h e t r u ck, a nd th e n ext th in g y o u k n ow y o ur to sse d p apers a re fly in g d ow n th e str e et. C lie n t re co rd s th at a re th ro w n a w ay sh ould b e sh re d ded . T hre e m onth s is n ot lo ng en ough to k eep r e co rd s. B arb ara s h ould b e c o m ply in g w ith s ta te la w s a nd o th er re le va nt ( e .g ., M ed ic a id ) r e q uir e m en ts . I n m ost s ta te s, r e co rd s s h ould b e k ep t f o r at l e a st 3 y ea rs. F in ally , i f a c o nsu ltin g f ir m h ir e s B arb ara , t h is f ir m s h ould h ave an o ffic e o r sto ra ge lo ca tio n w here re co rd s c a n b e m ain ta in ed a ppro pria te ly .

This is e sp ecia lly im porta nt fo r c o m panie s th at re ta in th e s e rv ic es o f g ra duate stu den ts w ho a re l ik ely t o g ra duate a nd m ove a w ay.

CA SE 2 .1 3A : C ERTA IN LY A L EA RN IN G E X PER IE N CE Had G le n da i n quir e d a bout h er p aym en t f o r t a kin g t h is c a se o n t h e f r o nt e n d, s h e mig ht n ot h ave g otte n it. It w as a v a lu able e xp erie n ce, a nd it d id e n hance th e dep artm en ts ’ i m age a s a c a rin g o rg aniz a tio n t h at c a n h elp o ut t h ose i n n eed i n a pin ch . A nd i t w as a v a lu able l e sso n f o r G le n da t h at s h e w ould n ot s o on f o rg et a s sh e p re p are d t o t a ke c o m ps a nd m ove i n to t h e r e a l w orld .

CA SE 2 .1 3B : W AY NE'S W ORLD Jea n a nd th e p rin cip al c a n q uic kly m ake a n a ppea l to th e d is tr ic t a nd o th er su pport s e rv ic es f o r g ettin g a dditio nal h ours a ppro ved f o r b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es. I f th is d oesn 't w ork , J ea n n eed s t o e stim ate t h e n um ber o f h ours s h e c a n w ork g iv en th e f u ndin g i n t h e b udget. S he n eed s t o d is c u ss a nd p ut i n w ritin g t h e l im ita tio ns to se rv ic es. A s a la st re so rt, J ea n c a n sta rt tr a in in g a sc h ool sta ff p erso n to assis t w ith th e s e rv ic es s h e is p ro vid in g. S he m ay b e a ble to b e o n-s ite le ss if so m eo ne els e w ho has th e appro pria te sk ill le vel ca n assis t w ith W ayn e's beh avio ra l p ro gra m .

CA SE 2 .1 4: A + B IL LIN G The b illin g s h ould a ls o in clu de th e s p ecific n atu re o f th e s e rv ic e p ro vid ed , th e fin din gs, a nd a ny r e co m men datio ns.

CA SE 2 .1 5: P A Y O LA The G uid elin es sta te th at re fe rra l fe es ca n be accep te d , but th ey m ust be dis c lo se d w ith t h e c lie n t o r a gen cy. I n t h is c a se , t o r e m ain w ith in t h e G uid elin es, Barry w ould h ave to te ll th e s c h ool th at h e w as s u ggestin g th at th is fir m d o th e te stin g a nd th at h e w ould re ceiv e re fe rra l fe es. D ep en din g o n h ow th is w as handle d a nd h ow o fte n it h appen ed , th is s itu atio n c o uld b ord er o n a c o nflic t o f 98 in te re st. T he s a fe st b et f o r t h e e th ic a l b eh avio r a naly st i s t o n ever a ccep t r e fe rra l fe es.

CA SE 2 .1 6B : F U RLO UG H It is a ccep ta ble fo r b eh avio r a naly sts to in te rru pt th eir s e rv ic es a s lo ng a s th ey pro vid e fo r th e o rd erly a nd s y ste m atic c a re o f th e c lie n ts . D r. D . N eed s to ta lk with t h e a gen cy a s s o on a s p ossib le , t o t e ll t h e a ppro pria te p erso nnel s h e w ould lik e to c o ntin ue, a nd to g iv e th e tim elin es e xp ecte d fo r h er r e co very. D r. D . c a n su ggest s o m eo ne t o c o ver f o r h er w hile s h e i s o ut o n l e a ve, a nd s h e c a n d evelo p a p la n fo r th at p erso n to u se w hile s h e is g one. W hen s h e is fe elin g b ette r, s h e ca n c h eck i n b y p hone.

CA SE 2 .1 6D : T O UG H C HO IC E This is c le a rly a v ery s a d s itu atio n fo r M arc u s. H ow ever, it is r e a so nably c le a r th at g iv en th e c u rre n t situ atio n M arc u s is n ot b en efitin g fr o m th e b eh avio ra l se rv ic es a t th is tim e. T he B C BA n eed s to te rm in ate th is r e la tio nsh ip . S he s h ould docu m en t e very th in g sh e h as tr ie d to d o a nd th e n onco m plia nce o n th e d ad's part. T he d ocu m en ta tio n s h ould b e p ro vid ed t o P ro te ctiv e S erv ic es a s w ell a s t h e oth er r e le va nt a gen cie s.

99 100 I8 Asse ssin g B eh avio r ( G uid elin e 3 ) t is a b ed ro ck p rin cip le o f b ehav io r analy sis th at it is necessa ry to “ta ke a base lin e” b efo re a ny tr e atm ent is c o nte m pla te d . T he r e aso ns a re n o t s o o bvio us to o uts id ers , a nd th e m eth o dolo gy b y w hic h i t i s a cco m plis h ed i s o ut o f th e r e ach o f most o th er p ro fe ssio ns. F or u s, ta kin g a b ase lin e m eans m any th in gs, in clu d in g th e fo llo w in g:

A r e fe rra l h as b een m ad e o f a b ehav io r th at i s p ro ble m ati c .

The b ehav io r is o bse rv ab le a nd h as b een o pera ti o nally d efin ed in so m e manner th at a llo w s q uanti fic ati o n.

A tr a in ed o bse rv er h as v is ite d th e s e tti n g w here th e b ehav io r o ccurs a nd h as docum ente d th e o ccurre nce a nd th e c ir c um sta nces u nd er w hic h it o ccurs (th is i n d ic ate s th at th e r e fe rra l i s l e giti m ate , th at th e p ro ble m i s m easu ra b le , and th at th e b ehav io r m ay o r m ay n o t r e q uir e tr e atm ent, d ep end in g o n w hat th e g ra p hs o f th e d ata s h o w ).

Beh av io r a n aly sts d o n ot w ork o n r u m or o r h ears a y.

They w an t to s e e th e p ro ble m s f o r th em se lv es.

Behav io r a naly sts d o n o t w ork o n r u m or o r h ears a y. T hey w ant to s e e th e p ro ble m fo r th em se lv es, to get so m e se nse of th e varia b ility fr o m day to day, and to dete rm in e if th ere is any tr e nd in g, and , fin ally , th ey w ant to und ers ta nd th e cir c um sta nces und er whic h th e behav io r occurs and to get so m e se nse of th e fu ncti o n o f th e b ehav io r.

The a stu te a n d e th ic al b eh av io r a n aly st w ill ta k e en ough b ase lin e to e n su re th at th ere is in deed a pro ble m th at n eed s s o lv in g.

“T his k id is d riv in g m e c ra zy, h e is c o nsta ntl y o ut o f h is s e at, ta lk in g w ith th e oth er c hild re n, a nd h e n ev er c o m ple te s a n a ssig nm ent th at I h and o ut. I s p end a ll m y ti m e s e nd in g h im b ack to h is s e at a nd te llin g h im to s it d ow n.” T his r e fe rra l f r o m a very fr u str a te d th ir d -g ra d e te ach er w ould b e th e s ti m ulu s fo r a b ehav io r a naly st to 101 go to th e c la ssro om a nd o bse rv e e xactl y w hat i s g o in g o n. ( T he te acher, m eanw hile , was th in kin g th at s h e w ould lik e to g et th is “ b ra t” o ut o f h er c la ssro om .) A lth o ugh th e a ssis ta nt p rin cip al, s c ho ol c o unse lo r, o r s c ho ol p sy cho lo gis t m ig ht i m med ia te ly sta rt g iv in g th e te acher s o m e a d vic e o n w hat to d o o r s c hed ule a b atte ry o f IQ a nd pers o nality te sts , th e b ehav io r a naly st in sis ts th at s o m e a sse ssm ent o f th e b ehav io r occur f ir s t. H ow m uch ti m e i s th e s tu d ent o ut o f h is s e at? W hat w as th e s ti m ulu s f o r th is b ehav io r? W hat k in d s o f a ssig nm ents a re g iv en, a nd h o w m any d oes h e a ctu ally co m ple te ? T he b ehav io r a naly st w ill a ls o b e in te re ste d in k no w in g w hat k in d o f pro m pts th e te acher u se s fo r e ach o f th e b ehav io rs a nd w hat ty p e o f r e in fo rc em ent sh e c urre ntl y u se s to m ain ta in th e b ehav io r (if a ny). A no th er q uesti o n th at m ig ht co m e u p h as to d o w ith th e a p pro pria te ness o f th e c la ss a ssig nm ents f o r th e s tu d ent.

Is th ere a ny c hance th at th ey a re to o d iffic ult o r th at th e i n str u cti o ns a re i n ad eq uate ?

And f in ally , th e b ehav io r a naly st, w hile o bse rv in g th e r e fe rre d s tu d ent, w ill a ls o b e asse ssin g th e d egre e o f p eer in v olv em ent in th is c hild 's b ehav io r. T he a stu te a nd eth ic al b ehav io r a naly st w ill ta ke e no ugh b ase lin e to e nsu re th at th ere is in d eed a pro ble m th at need s so lv in g and w ill hav e so m e pre lim in ary id eas as to th e varia b le s th at m ig ht b e o pera ti n g. O ne f in al p oin t i s th at th ese b ase lin e d ata w ill b e gra p hed a nd u se d in a n e v alu ati o n o f tr e atm ent e ffe cts . Im agin e h o w th is w ould work i f th ere w as n o r u le a b out ta kin g a b ase lin e f ir s t. T he b ehav io r a naly st w ould hav e to r e ly o n a n u ntr a in ed , p ossib ly b ia se d p ers o n's e sti m ate o f th e fr e q uency o f th e ta rg et b ehav io rs , w ould hav e to ta ke th is p ers o n's o pin io n o f lik ely causa l varia b le s se rio usly , a nd w ould h av e n o b asis fo r e v alu ati o n o f a ny su ggesti o ns mad e. V ie w ed in th is lig ht, it is d ow nrig ht u neth ic al to o pera te in th is fa sh io n, y et th is sc enario is p ro bab ly th e m ode fo r w hat p asse s as b ehav io r co nsu lti n g in Americ a b y n o nb ehav io ra l “ p ro fe ssio nals .” The c o ncep t o f lim itin g c o nditio ns is c ritic al to a n unders ta n din g o f h ow b eh av io r a n aly sis w ork s.

In G uid elin e 3 .0 , A sse ssin g B ehav io r, th e B ehav io r A naly sis C erti fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) G uid elin es c le arly sp ecify w hat g o es in to a b ehav io ra l a sse ssm ent a nd fu rth er (in G uid elin e 4 .0 ) in clu d es a n e v en b ro ad er o blig ati o n to e xp la in to th e clie nt (e .g ., th e te acher, p rin cip al, a nd p are nts ) th e c o nd iti o ns n ecessa ry fo r th e in te rv enti o n to w ork (4 .0 1) a nd th o se th at m ig ht p re v ent it fr o m b ein g p ro perly im ple m ente d (4 .0 2, 4.0 3). If th e eth ic al behav io r analy st dete rm in es w hat th e co ntr o llin g v aria b le s a re th ro ugh a f u ncti o nal a sse ssm ent ( s e e I w ata , D ors e y, S life r, Baum an, & R ic hm an, 1 982, fo r th e o rig in al stu d y o n th is m eth o d), h e o r sh e is oblig ate d to s p ell th is o ut fo r th e c lie nts a nd to e xp la in th e lim iti n g c o nd iti o ns fo r tr e atm ent. T his l a tte r c o ncep t, l im iti n g c o nd iti o ns, i s c riti c al to a n u nd ers ta nd in g o f ho w b ehav io r a naly sis w ork s in a p plie d s e tti n gs. T o ta ke a s im ple e xam ple , if w e 102 want to u se a r e in fo rc er to s tr e ngth en th e s itti n g-in -s e at b ehav io r o f th e th ir d g ra d er desc rib ed e arlie r, w e h av e to fin d o ut w hat is th e re in fo rc er. If, fo r s o m e re aso n, we a re n o t a b le to f in d a r e in fo rc er, th en th is l im iti n g c o nd iti o n h as b een e xceed ed .

Or, if w e d is c o ver w hat th e re in fo rc er is b ut a re n o t a llo w ed to u se it, o r if th e te acher r e fu se s to u se th e r e in fo rc er e v en i f w e k no w w hat i t i s , w e h av e e xceed ed one o f th e lim iti n g c o nd iti o ns o f tr e atm ent. If th e re in fo rc er is s o m e s o rt o f s n ack (d is c o vere d th ro ugh a re in fo rc er a sse ssm ent) b ut th e te acher “ d oesn 't b elie v e in usin g s n acks,” th en it w ill b e diffic ult to c hange th is c hild 's b ehav io r th ro ugh th is means. O r if th e b ehav io r a naly st d ete rm in es th at a d aily re p ort c ard is th e b est so lu ti o n fo r th e c hild b ut th e p are nts re fu se to c o opera te b y d eliv erin g c o nti n gent re in fo rc ers a t h o m e, w e h av e r u n h ead lo ng i n to a l im iti n g c o nd iti o n o f tr e atm ent.

As a f in al n o te o n a sse ssm ent, i t i s s o i m porta nt th at b ehav io r a naly sts e xp la in to th e c lie nt w hat th e d ata m ean ( p ro bab ly u sin g a ctu al w ork in g g ra p hs to i llu str a te th e key p oin ts ), th at w e h av e d ete rm in ed th at it s h o uld b e in clu d ed in th e G uid elin es.

There , i n G uid elin e 3 .0 3, i t i s c le arly s ta te d th at a s a b ehav io r a naly st, y o u h av e a n oblig ati o n to exp la in th e base lin e data , fu ncti o nal asse ssm ent, re in fo rc em ent asse ssm ent, o r o th er fo rm s o f b ehav io ra l d ata co lle cti o n to th e clie nt, in p la in Englis h , s o h e o r s h e c an u nd ers ta nd w hat i s i n v olv ed . T his i n clu d es, o f c o urs e , th e re su lts o f a ny in te rv enti o ns to s h o w a ctu al m easu re d e ffe cts o f w hat w as tr ie d a nd what w ork ed . B esid es k eep in g th e c lie nt, g uard ia n, o r a d vocate a p pris e d o f o ur in te rv enti o ns, th is r e q uir e m ent a ls o p ro bab ly s e rv es s o m e p ub lic r e la ti o ns f u ncti o n.

It te aches th e c lie nt th at w hat w e d o is tr a nsp are nt a nd u nd ers ta nd ab le , th at w e a re obje cti v e i n o ur a p pro ach, a nd th at w e u se d ata f o r d ecis io n m akin g. O ne h o ped -fo r re su lt i s th at c lie nts a nd c lie nt- s u rro gate s s o e d ucate d w ill b egin to a sk q uesti o ns o f oth er p ro fe ssio nals a b out th e b asis fo r th eir in te rv enti o ns. O ne fa ir ly m ajo r c hange is a r e q uir e m ent to s e ek a m ed ic a l c o nsu lta ti o n i n c ase s w here a b ehav io r m ay b e a re su lt o f a “ m ed ic ati o n s id e e ffe ct o r s o m e b io lo gic al c ause .” M ost w ell- tr a in ed behav io r a naly sts h av e b een d oin g th is fo r y ears , b ut n o w th is is m ad e e xp lic it in our G uid elin es.

As a b eh av io r a n aly st, y o u h av e a n o blig atio n to ex p la in y o ur d ata in p la in E nglis h .

ASSESSIN G B EH AV IO R ( 3 .0 ) Behav io r analy sts w ho use behav io ra l asse ssm ent te chniq ues do so fo r purp ose s th at are ap pro pria te in lig ht of th e re se arc h. B ehav io r analy sts re co m mend se ekin g a med ic al co nsu lta ti o n if th ere is any re aso nab le possib ility th at a re fe rre d b ehav io r is a re su lt o f a m ed ic ati o n s id e e ffe ct o r 103 so m e b io lo gic al c ause .

This s ta te m ent r e fe rs to th o se b ehav io r a naly sts w ho p erh ap s u se m ore s ta nd ard iz e d behav io ra l asse ssm ents th an sim ply ta kin g a base lin e. The th ru st of th is re co m mend ati o n i s th at th e b ehav io r a naly st i s o blig ate d to l e arn a b out th e r e se arc h asso cia te d w ith th e asse ssm ent and to m ake su re th at it is use d w ith in th e bound arie s o f r e lia b ility a nd v alid ity th at h av e b een e sta b lis h ed f o r th e a sse ssm ent.

Additi o nally , th ere is an oblig ati o n to co nsid er th e possib ility th at a sp ecific behav io r r e fe rra l m ig ht b e c ause d b y o r a ffe cte d b y s o m e b io lo gic al f a cto r o r b y a med ic ati o n s id e e ffe ct. If y o u h av e a ny d oub t a b out th e o rig in o f a b ehav io r it is best to m ake a r e fe rra l to a p hysic ia n. A nd , o f c o urs e , it m akes s e nse to c o nsu lt a med ic al p ro fe ssio nal f o r a ny b ehav io r th at c o uld o bvio usly c ause p hysic al h arm to th e in d iv id ual. H ead b angin g; e ye g o ugin g; a rm , le g, o r h ead sc ra tc hin g; a nd lip biti n g a re a ll d angero us b ehav io rs th at c an b e m odifie d b y b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s so a c o nsu lt is e sse nti a l b efo re p ro ceed in g. H ead b angin g c o uld b e a re su lt o f se v ere head aches; sc ra tc hin g co uld be a sy m pto m of alle rg ie s. A s an eth ic al behav io r a naly st y o u h av e a n o blig ati o n to b e o pen to th e p ossib ility o f b io lo gic al cause s o f b ehav io rs th at y o u a re r e q uir e d to d eal w ith .

(a ) B ehav io r a naly sts ’ a sse ssm ents , r e co m mend ati o ns, r e p orts , a nd e v alu ati v e sta te m ents are base d on in fo rm ati o n and te chniq ues su ffic ie nt to pro vid e ap pro pria te s u b sta nti a ti o n f o r th eir f in d in gs.

Behav io r a naly sts p re se nt th eir f in d in gs b ase d o n a sse ssm ent to ols th at a re u p to th e ta sk s c ie nti fic ally . T his m eans k no w in g p re cis e ly h o w th e s ta nd ard iz a ti o n s a m ple co m pare s w ith th e c lie nt b ein g e v alu ate d a nd b ein g a b le to in te rp re t th e re su lts usin g th e te st m anual a nd a sso cia te d re se arc h th at m ay h av e b een d one w ith th e asse ssm ent.

(b ) Behav io r analy sts re fr a in fr o m mis u se of asse ssm ent te chniq ues, in te rv enti o ns, r e su lts , a nd in te rp re ta ti o ns a nd ta ke r e aso nab le s te p s to p re v ent oth ers f r o m m is u sin g th e i n fo rm ati o n th ese te chniq ues p ro vid e.

The m ost lik ely fo rm o f m is u se o f a n a sse ssm ent is to g o b eyo nd th e d ata th at a re actu ally c o lle cte d . W e d o n o t o vers ta te th e re su lts o f o ur a sse ssm ent re su lts a nd dis c o ura ge o th ers f r o m d oin g s o .

(c ) B ehav io r a naly sts r e co gniz e l im its to th e c erta in ty w ith w hic h j u d gm ents o r pre d ic ti o ns c an b e m ad e a b out i n d iv id uals .

As behav io ra l sc ie nti s ts , w e sta y very clo se to th e data ra th er th an m ake unsu b sta nti a te d p re d ic ti o ns a b out b ehav io r. W e fr e q uentl y u se q ualifie rs su ch a s “m y b est j u d gm ent i s ” o r “ it s e em s to m e th at… ,” a nd w e u su ally a ckno w le d ge th at our a sse ssm ent is n o t p erfe ct o r d efin iti v e. F or e xam ple , w e m ig ht s a y, “ B ase d o n 104 th re e d ays o f o bse rv ati o n, I w ould s a y th at C arl's b ehav io r is m ore lik ely to o ccur when h e i s a sk ed to d o m ath p ro ble m s,” r a th er th an “ C arl i s m ath p ho bic .” I n c ase s where n o nb ehav io ra l a sse ssm ents a re p ro vid ed to a b ehav io r a naly st, th e b ehav io r analy st c o nd ucts b ehav io r a sse ssm ents (i.e ., fu ncti o nal a naly sis , d ata c o lle cti o n, dir e ct o bse rv ati o n o f b ehav io rs ) b efo re p la nnin g a b ehav io r p ro gra m .

CA SE 3 .0 C : B A CK T O B A SIC S There sa , a B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st (B C BA) w ho w as p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l c o nsu lta tio n fo r adults w ho w ere p ro fo undly m en ta lly r e ta rd ed , w as p ro vid ed w ith a sse ssm en t m ate ria ls f o r C harlie , a n ew clie n t a t a re sid en tia l fa cility . H is fo ld er in clu ded th e re su lts fro m S ta nfo rd B in et a nd W ech sle r IQ te sts .

Charlie w as a v erb al c lie n t, a nd h e a ppea re d to h ave g ood s e lf -h elp a nd s o cia l s k ills . H ow ever, b eca use his IQ te st s c o re s w ere lis te d a s “ unte sta ble ,” th e fa cility a dm in is tr a to r fe lt th at C harlie s h ould s ta rt in basic tr a in in g c la sse s a t th e f a cility r a th er th an in th e s h elte re d w ork sh op s e ttin g. T he a dm in is tr a to r s a id if C harlie “ pro ved h im se lf ,” h e c o uld tr a nsitio n to s h elte re d w ork in a f e w m onth s.

There sa f e lt v ery u nea sy a bout th e te st r e su lts , b ut s h e w as n ot s u re if s h e s h ould q uestio n th e w ork o f anoth er p ro fe ssio nal a nd th e a dm in is tr a to r. W hat d o y o u th in k?

(d ) B ehav io r analy sts do no t pro m ote th e use of behav io ra l asse ssm ent te chniq ues by unq ualifie d pers o ns, i.e ., th o se w ho are unsu p erv is e d by exp erie nced pro fe ssio nals and hav e no t dem onstr a te d valid and re lia b le asse ssm ent s k ills .

Behav io r analy sts are v ery p arti c ula r ab out d ata co lle cti o n and in sis t th at o nly th o se w ho a re w ell tr a in ed s h o uld b e in v olv ed in th is a sp ect o f a sse ssm ent. W ork th at is d one b y a B oard C erti fie d a ssis ta nt B ehav io r A naly st (B CaB A ) s h o uld b e su p erv is e d b y a B CBA .

CA SE 3 .0 D : P R O CEED W IT H C A UTIO N In th e a fo re m en tio ned sc en ario , a fte r c a llin g th e p re vio us fa cility , T here sa re ceiv ed so m e a sse ssm en t in fo rm atio n th at w as b eh avio r a naly tic in n atu re . S he w as re lie ved to se e a fu nctio nal a naly sis . T he fu nctio nal a naly sis a nd o th er b eh avio ra l a sse ssm en ts w ere d one b y a B C aB A. T here sa c a lle d th e f a cility again to a sk if th ere w as a ny a dditio nal a sse ssm en t in fo rm atio n o r d ata a nd to g et th e n am e o f th e B C BA who s u perv is e d th e B C aB A. I t s e em s th at th e f a cility d id n ot h ave a B C BA a nd th at th e B C aB A w as d oin g th e b est s h e k new h ow to p ro vid e b eh avio ra l a sse ssm en ts a nd tr e a tm en t f o r c lie n ts .

In lig ht o f th is in fo rm atio n, h ow s h ould T here sa p ro ceed ? I s s h e r e a dy to s ta rt a n in te rv en tio n?

BEH AV IO RA L A SSESSM EN T A PPR O VA L ( 3 .0 1) The b ehav io r a naly st m ust o bta in th e c lie nt's o r c lie nt- s u rro gate 's a p pro val in writi n g o f th e b ehav io r a sse ssm ent p ro ced ure s b efo re im ple m enti n g th em . A s use d here , clie nt- s u rro gate re fe rs to so m eo ne le gally em pow ere d to m ake decis io ns f o r th e p ers o n(s ) w ho se b ehav io r th e p ro gra m i s i n te nd ed to c hange; exam ple s o f c lie nt- s u rro gate s i n clu d e p are nts o f m in o rs , g uard ia ns, a nd l e gally 105 desig nate d r e p re se nta ti v es.

FU N CTIO NAL A SSESSM EN T ( 3 .0 2) (a ) T he b ehav io r a naly st c o nd ucts a fu ncti o nal a sse ssm ent, a s d efin ed b elo w , to pro vid e th e necessa ry data to dev elo p an effe cti v e behav io r change pro gra m .

It i s c o nsid ere d “ b est p ra cti c e” f o r b ehav io r a naly sis to d ete rm in e th e f u ncti o n o f a behav io r p rio r to w riti n g a b eh av io r p ro gra m . S om e c o m mon fu ncti o ns in clu d e atte nti o n, e sc ap e f r o m d em and s, o r ta ngib le r e in fo rc ers ; th e b ehav io r a naly st s h o uld no t m ake assu m pti o ns o r o pera te o n sim ple hears a y b ut ra th er sh o uld str iv e to dete rm in e c ausa l e nv ir o nm enta l v aria b le s. S om e r e cent r e se arc h e v en s u ggests th at th e s a m e b ehav io r m ay h av e d iffe re nt f u ncti o ns i n d iffe re nt e nv ir o nm ents .

(b ) Functi o nal asse ssm ent in clu d es a varie ty of sy ste m ati c in fo rm ati o n- gath erin g a cti v iti e s r e gard in g fa cto rs in flu encin g th e o ccurre nce o f a b ehav io r (e .g ., ante ced ents , co nse q uences, se tti n g ev ents , or m oti v ati n g opera ti o ns) in clu d in g i n te rv ie w , d ir e ct o bse rv ati o n, a nd e xp erim enta l a naly sis .

Functi o nal a sse ssm ent m ay r a nge fr o m a n in fo rm al d esc rip ti v e a naly sis ( b ase d o n in te rv ie w s a nd in fo rm al o bse rv ati o ns) to a m ore fo rm al d ata -b ase d o bse rv ati o n sy ste m to an actu al exp erim enta l fu ncti o nal asse ssm ent, as is o fte n se en in th e Jo urn al o f A pplie d B eh avio r A naly sis ( JA B A ) . T he g o al o f a f u ncti o nal a sse ssm ent is to d ete rm in e w hat th e c o ntr o llin g v aria b le s a re fo r th e b ehav io r in q uesti o n.

Som eti m es th is is o bvio us ju st fr o m w atc hin g th e in d iv id ual fo r a fe w s e ssio ns; in oth er c ase s, it is n ecessa ry to in te rv ie w sta ff m em bers o r te achers to g et so m e in klin g o f w hat m oti v ate s th e b ehav io r. F in ally , in so m e case s, th e co ntr o llin g varia b le s are so su b tl e th at it ta kes an exp erim enta l pro to co l to dis c o ver an effe cti v e i n d ep end ent v aria b le .

CA SE 3 .0 2B : N OW W HAT?

Flo re n ce w ork ed a s a s u perv is o r in a re sid en tia l fa cility fo r m ultip ly h andic a pped in div id uals . O ne o f her re sid en ts , S ondra , h ad a s tr a nge b eh avio r th at in vo lv ed p ullin g a t h er hair a t v a rio us tim es d urin g th e d ay. S he h ad c le a r b ald s p ots , a nd h er s c a lp w as o fte n r e d a nd te n der. U sin g w hat s h e le a rn ed a bout fu nctio nal a naly sis fro m w ork sh ops a t a sta te c o nven tio n o f b eh avio r a naly sts , F lo re n ce sta rte d so m e in fo rm al o bse rv a tio ns. S he c o nclu ded th at S ondra 's h air p ullin g w as m ore lik ely to o ccu r r ig ht b efo re mea ls a nd w as p erh aps a “ fr u str a tio n re sp onse ” to n ot b ein g a ble to e a t w hen sh e w ante d . F lo re n ce arra nged f o r S ondra to h ave n utr itio us s n ack s w hile th e m ea l w as b ein g p re p are d a nd f o r h er to e a t f ir st to e lim in ate th e fr u str a tio n. A fte r a m onth , it a ppea re d th at S ondra 's h air p ullin g w as u naffe cte d . N ext, Flo re n ce c a lle d in h er B C BA a nd a sk ed f o r h elp . S he s h ow ed th e B C BA h er d ata a nd to ld h im a bout th e in fo rm al f u nctio nal a sse ssm en t. T he B C BA th en b eg an tim e s a m plin g s e vera l tim es p er d ay to p ro duce a more p re cis e d esc rip tiv e a naly sis . T he B C BA's d ata sh ow ed th at a lth ough so m e o f th e h air p ullin g occu rre d b efo re m ea ls e ven m ore w as o ccu rrin g a fte r S ondra w en t to b ed . H e f e lt th at th e s o urc e o f th e agita tio n w as a r o om mate w hose te le vis io n w as to o lo ud. T he B C BA a rra nged f o r a te st o f th is h yp oth esis 106 by s w itc h in g S ondra 's ro om mate o n fo ur s e p ara te n ig hts o ver th e n ext m onth . In n o c a se w as th e h air pullin g o bse rv ed .

Is a n e xp erim en ta l f u nctio nal a naly sis n ecessa ry in th is c a se ?

EX PLA IN IN G A SSESSM EN T R ESU LT S ( 3 .0 3) Unle ss th e n atu re o f th e re la ti o nsh ip is c le arly e xp la in ed to th e p ers o n b ein g asse sse d i n a d vance a nd p re clu d es p ro vis io n o f a n e xp la nati o n o f r e su lts ( s u ch as in so m e org aniz a ti o nal co nsu lta ti o n, so m e sc re enin gs, and fo re nsic ev alu ati o ns), b ehav io r analy sts ensu re th at an exp la nati o n o f th e re su lts is pro vid ed usin g la nguage th at is re aso nab ly und ers ta nd ab le to th e pers o n asse sse d or to ano th er le gally auth o riz e d pers o n on behalf of th e clie nt.

Regard le ss o f w heth er th e in te rp re ta ti o n is d one b y th e b ehav io r a naly st, b y assis ta nts , o r o th ers , b ehav io r a naly sts ta ke re aso nab le ste p s to e nsu re th at ap pro pria te e xp la nati o ns o f r e su lts a re g iv en.

Behav io r a naly sts e xp la in th e re su lts o f th e a sse ssm ent, in p la in E nglis h o r o th er ap pro pria te l a nguage, to th e c lie nt o r th e c lie nt's re p re se nta ti v e. T his i s e sse nti a l to assu re th at ev ery o ne und ers ta nd s th e basis fo r tr e atm ent th at is to fo llo w . In behav io r a naly sis w e s e ek tr a nsp are ncy w ith a ll o ur m eth o ds a nd w ant a ll p arti e s to f e el c o m fo rta b le w ith w hat w e d o.

CO NSEN T— CLIE N T R EC O RD S ( 3 .0 4) The behav io r analy st obta in s th e w ritte n co nse nt of th e clie nt or clie nt- su rro gate befo re obta in in g or dis c lo sin g clie nt re co rd s fr o m or to oth er so urc es, i n clu d in g c lin ic al s u p erv is o rs .

It i s o ccasio nally n ecessa ry f o r a b ehav io r a naly st to s h are i n fo rm ati o n a b out a c ase with a s u p erv is o r, a no th er p ro fe ssio nal, o r a n a gency. In th o se c ase s, th e b ehav io r analy st o bta in s w ritte n p erm is sio n f r o m th e c lie nt to d o s o i n clu d in g th e s u p erv is o r of th e b ehav io r a naly st i n c harg e o f th e c ase .

CA SE 3 .0 4: H ELP W ANTED Dr. S tu art W ., a D octo ra l- le vel B C BA (B C BA-D ), h as b een w ork in g o n To m 's b eh avio ra l is su es fo r 2 yea rs. T o m liv es in a s u pporte d liv in g a partm en t in th e c o m munity , a nd h e w ork s a t a j o b w ith s u perv is io n fro m v o ca tio nal re h abilita tio n. D r. W .’s d ata s h ow s th at T o m fre q uen tly a rriv es la te o r c o m ple te ly m is se s work . T o m w ould r a th er s ta y h om e a nd s le ep ; a v a rie ty o f in cen tiv e p ro gra m s h ave b een in effe ctiv e. D r.

W. is w onderin g if T o m w ould b en efit f ro m c o unse lin g. H e h as a f r ie n d a nd c o lle a gue w ho is a c o unse lo r; his p la n is to in vite h is c o lle a gue to lu nch a nd te ll h im a bout T o m .

Can D r. W . e th ic a lly ta lk to a noth er p ro fe ssio nal a bout T o m to d ete rm in e if th e p erso n w ould c o nsid er ta kin g T o m a s a c lie n t?

107 DESC RIB IN G P R O GRA M O BJE C TIV ES ( 3 .0 5) The b ehav io r analy st d esc rib es, in w riti n g, th e o bje cti v es o f th e b ehav io r change p ro gra m to th e c lie nt o r c lie nt- s u rro gate b efo re atte m pti n g to i m ple m ent th e p ro gra m . A nd to th e exte nt p ossib le , a ris k -b enefit analy sis sh o uld b e co nd ucte d o n th e p ro ced ure s to b e i m ple m ente d to r e ach th e o bje cti v e.

It is c o nsid ere d s ta nd ard p ra cti c e fo r b ehav io r a naly sts to s p ecify in w riti n g th e obje cti v es o f a ll b ehav io r p ro gra m s. T his s ta te m ent o f o bje cti v es s h o uld b e s h are d with th e c lie nt o r th e c lie nt's re p re se nta ti v e. A n ew re q uir e m ent is fo r b ehav io r analy sts to c o nd uct a r is k – benefit a naly sis , w hic h is e xp la in ed in d eta il in Chap te r 16 , “ C ond ucti n g a R is k – B enefit A naly sis .” CA SE 3 .0 5: B EG GIN G F O R A R ID E Susa n is a 5 2-y ea r-o ld w om an w ith d evelo pm en ta l d is a bilitie s. S he liv es a t h om e w ith h er m oth er, w ho is her le g al g uard ia n, a nd s h e a tte n ds a v o ca tio nal tr a in in g p ro gra m . S usa n is a c lie n t o f d evelo pm en ta l se rv ic es, a nd s h e r e ceiv es b eh avio ra l p ro gra m min g a s n eed ed . A ngie is a B C BA w ho w ork s w ith c lie n ts a t th e v o ca tio nal p ro gra m . A ngie h as b een a sk ed to p ro vid e b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es fo r S usa n. It s e em s th at Susa n h as b een s p en din g a ll o f h er m oney o n ju nk fo od. T hen , s o th at s h e h as m oney, s h e h as b een ask in g s ta ff to g iv e h er lo ans o r p ay h er f o r s m all f a vo rs. T his b eh avio r h as e sc a la te d to th e p oin t th at Susa n h as n o m oney fo r b us tr a nsp orta tio n a nd is m akin g e very o ne u nco m fo rta ble w ith h er b eg gin g.

Beca use b eg gin g is n ot re a lly a n a ppro pria te b eh avio r, A ngie fe els th at it w ould b e o kay to in str u ct th e sta ff to im med ia te ly b eg in tr e a tin g b eg gin g w ith s o cia l d is a ppro va l.

At w hat p oin t d oes A ngie n eed to g et a ppro va l f ro m S usa n's m oth er?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 3 .0 C : B A CK T O B A SIC S IQ te sts a re n ot a g ood b eh avio ra l m ea s u re o f a p erso n's a bility . T hey a re partic u la rly n ot th e b est m eth od o f m ea su rin g th e a bilitie s o f a p erso n with pro fo und m en ta l re ta rd atio n. T here sa n eed s to h ave C harlie q uic kly e va lu ate d usin g a n a sse ssm en t t o ol t h at m ea su re s a daptiv e b eh avio rs a nd f u nctio nal s k ills .

There sa ca n te ll th e adm in is tr a to r th at beh avio r analy sts are bound by th e Guid elin es t o p ro vid e a ppro pria te a sse ssm en ts .

CA SE 3 .0 D : P R O CEED W IT H C A UTIO N There sa n eed s t o a dm in is te r t h e f u nctio nal a sse ssm en t a nd t a ke t h e b ase lin e d ata on C harlie 's b eh avio r p ro ble m s a gain . S he n eed s to d o th is in o rd er to h ave a n asse ssm en t in th e n ew s e ttin g. S he a ls o n eed s to d o th is b eca use , a lth ough th e BC aB A w as d oin g h er b est, h er w ork s h ould h ave b een s u perv is e d a nd s ig ned o ff on b y a B C BA.

108 CA SE 3 .0 2B : N O W W HAT ?

Flo re n ce w ould n ot n eed to c a rry o ut a n e xp erim en ta l fu nctio nal a sse ssm en t if th e in fo rm atio n s h e g ot fr o m th e in fo rm al a naly sis w as a deq u ate to d evelo p a n effe ctiv e i n te rv en tio n.

CA SE 3 .0 4: H ELP W ANTED Dr. W . m ust o bta in t h e w ritte n c o nse n t o f t h e c lie n t ( T o m ) o r h is g uard ia n b efo re dis c lo sin g T o m 's re co rd s o r g iv in g in fo rm atio n s u ch a s h is n am e o r b eh avio ra l sp ecific s t o a noth er p ro fe ssio nal, r e g ard le ss o f t h e p urp ose .

CA SE 3 .0 5: B EG GIN G F O R A R ID E Befo re im ple m en tin g a ny p ro ced ure s to c h ange S usa n's b eh avio r, A ngie n eed s to outlin e th e o bje ctiv es o f th e b eh avio r p la n in w ritin g fo r S usa n's m oth er (h er le g al g uard ia n). It c o uld b e th at th e m oth er fe els S usa n h as th e r ig ht to s p en d her m oney o n sn acks a s lo ng a s sh e g oes to w ork . T he in te rv en tio n fo r th is pro ble m m ay w ell b e s o m eth in g f o r w hic h t h e m oth er w is h es t o h ave s o m e i n put.

109 11 0 A9 The B eh avio r A naly st a n d t h e I n div id ual Beh avio r C han ge P ro gra m ( G uid elin e 4 ) s a llu d ed to in Chap te r 4 , in th e e arly e v olu ti o n o f th e fie ld , b ehav io r a naly sts had a m odus o pera nd i o f c arry in g o ut b ehav io r c hange p ro gra m s th at c o uld b e desc rib ed p ositi v ely b y s u p porte rs a s “ flu id ” a nd b y d etr a cto rs a s “ m akin g i t u p a s th ey w ent alo ng.” In th e b egin nin g, b ehav io r p ro gra m s w ere ju st exte nsio ns o f la b ora to ry p ro ced ure s w ith a d ap ta ti o ns fo r h um ans a nd th e s e tti n gs th ey o ccup ie d .

Noth in g w as w ritte n d ow n, a nd th ere w as n o a p pro val p ro cess p er s e . D ata w ere alw ays c o lle cte d , u su ally w ith p re cis io n a nd c o nsis te ncy, a nd th e re su lts w ere s o no vel a nd a m azin g th at a ll o f th o se i n v olv ed w ould m arv el a t th e e ffe cts th ey w ere se ein g w ith th ese prim iti v e pro ced ure s. W ith su ccess cam e re co gniti o n of th e se rio usn ess o f th e m is sio n th ese early le ad ers had und erta ken. T he p io neers o f behav io r a naly sis q uic kly r e aliz e d th at th ese w ere n o t j u st e xp erim ents i n b ehav io r change b ut r a th er a to ta lly n ew fo rm o f th era p y— data b ase d to b e s u re b ut th era p y no neth ele ss. And th era p y re q uir e d a new le v el of care , co nsid era ti o n, th o ughtf u ln ess, a nd r e sp onsib ility . I t b ecam e c le ar th at b ette r r e co rd k eep in g w ould be re q uir e d . B y th e m id -1 980s, behav io r analy sis pra cti ti o ners w ere fu lly in co m plia nce w ith sta nd ard s of th e ti m e, w hic h re q uir e d th at th e clie nt, or a su rro gate , a ctu ally a p pro ve th e p ro gra m i n w riti n g b efo re i t w as i m ple m ente d .

The p io neers o f b eh av io r a n aly sis q uic k ly r e aliz e d th at th ese w ere n ot ju st e x p erim en ts in b eh av io r ch an ge b ut r a th er a to ta lly n ew f o rm o f th era p y.

As a f ie ld , w e a re p rim arily in te re ste d in d ev elo pin g beh av io r c h an ge p ro gra m s th at te ach n ew , ap pro pria te , a d ap tiv e b eh av io rs u sin g n onharm fu l re in fo rc ers w hen ev er p ossib le .

This in cre ase d r e sp onsib ility a nd a cco unta b ility a ls o m eant th at o th er p ro to co ls must b e fo llo w ed a s w ell, su ch a s u sin g le ast re str ic ti v e p ro ced ure s, * av oid in g harm fu l c o nse q uences ( in clu d in g b oth r e in fo rc ers a nd p unis h ers ), a nd i n v olv in g th e 111 clie nt in a ny m odific ati o ns to p ro gra m s th at m ig ht b e m ad e a lo ng th e w ay. S kin ner (1 953) had alw ays been again st th e use of punis h ers , but it to ok th e fie ld of behav io r a naly sis q uite a w hile to c o dify s o m e s ta te m ent o n th is . I t w as th e v etti n g of th ese G uid elin es th at fin ally re su lte d in a c o ncis e a nd c o hesiv e p ositi o n: “ T he behav io r analy st re co m mend s re in fo rc em ent ra th er th an punis h m ent w henev er possib le .” T he e sse nce o f th is a sp ect o f th e G uid elin es i s to i n fo rm c o nsu m ers a nd to re m in d behav io r analy sts th at, as a fie ld , w e are prim arily in te re ste d in dev elo pin g behav io r change pro gra m s th at te ach new , ap pro pria te , ad ap ti v e behav io rs u sin g n o nharm fu l r e in fo rc ers w henev er p ossib le .

A g re at d eal o f “ c lin ic al ju dgm en t” g o es in to th e decis io n o f w hen to s to p tr e atm en t.

One in te re sti n g fe atu re o f G uid elin e 4 .0 is th at w e m ake it e xp lic it th at o ur fo rm of th era p y i n v olv es “ o ngo in g d ata c o lle cti o n.” W hen c o m pare d w ith o th er f o rm s o f tr e atm ent, th is p re se nts o ne o f th e m ost uniq ue and v alu ab le fe atu re s. O ngo in g, obje cti v e data co lle cti o n help s th e behav io r analy st und ers ta nd th e effe ct of tr e atm ent, a nd th e c o nsu m er is a b le to m ake a n o ngo in g e v alu ati o n o f th e w orth o f th e tr e atm ent a s w ell.

At th e o nse t o f a b ehav io r c hange p ro gra m , m ost o f th e f o cus i s o n f in d in g j u st th e rig ht tr e atm ent a nd i m ple m enti n g i t c o rre ctl y , u nd er s a fe c o nd iti o ns. O ne a d diti o nal re q uir e m ent fo r behav io r analy sts is th at so m e co nsid era ti o n be giv en to th e te rm in ati o n c rite ria . B asic ally , w e n eed to a sk , “ W hen w ill w e s to p tr e atm ent? ” It is pre su m ed th at te rm in ati o n co m es w hen th e co nsu m er's behav io r has been su ffic ie ntl y c hanged to w arra nt c essa ti o n, b ut w hat i s th e c rite rio n? T here i s a g re at deal o f “ clin ic al j u d gm ent” i n v olv ed i n th is d ecis io n, a nd o f c o urs e th e c lie nt o r h is or h er s u rro gate m ust a ls o b e in v olv ed . B y r e q uir in g th at s o m e th o ught b e g iv en to what le v el of behav io r change is desir e d , th e G uid elin es pre v ent open-e nd ed tr e atm ent th at go es o n and o n. If th e b ehav io r analy st is tr e ati n g se lf- in ju rio us behav io r (S IB ), fo r e xam ple , h e o r s h e m ust in d ic ate , a nd g et a p pro val fo r, s o m e le v el o f a ccep ta b le b ehav io r c hange. “ Z ero S IB fo r 2 w eeks” m ig ht b e o ne s u ch go al. O r, if th e b ehav io r c hange p ro gra m in v olv es a n a d ap ti v e b ehav io r, th e g o al mig ht s ta te , “ C arl w ill b e a b le to c o m ple te ly d re ss h im se lf, w ith o ut a ny a ssis ta nce, fo r 3 c o nse cuti v e d ays.” A s o fte n h ap pens, th e c lie nt o r th e c lie nt's s u rro gate m ig ht at th at p oin t d ecid e to te rm in ate tr e atm ent, o r, a s o fte n h ap pens, a no th er g o al m ig ht be s e t s u ch a s, “ C arl w ill b e a b le to rid e th e b us in d ep end entl y fo r 1 w eek” o r “C arl w ill b e ab le to co m ple te a fu ll w ork d ay w ith no S IB o r in ap pro pria te behav io r.” 11 2 TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST A ND T H E I N DIV ID UA L BEH AV IO R C HA NGE P R O GRA M ( 4 .0 ) The b ehav io r a naly st ( a ) d esig ns p ro gra m s th at a re b ase d o n b ehav io r a naly ti c prin cip le s, in clu d in g a sse ssm ents o f e ffe cts o f o th er in te rv enti o n m eth o ds, ( b ) in v olv es th e c lie nt o r th e c lie nt- s u rro gate i n th e p la nnin g o f s u ch p ro gra m s, ( c ) obta in s th e c o nse nt o f th e c lie nt, a nd (d ) re sp ects th e rig ht o f th e c lie nt to te rm in ate s e rv ic es a t a ny ti m e.

Behav io r analy sts base th eir pro gra m s on basic prin cip le s of behav io r, use behav io ra l m eth o ds to e v alu ate th eir p ro gra m s, a nd in v olv e c lie nts o r th eir le gal re p re se nta ti v es in th e p la nnin g o f th o se p ro gra m s. S ee als o 2 .0 9c fo r a fu rth er dis c ussio n of th e ev alu ati o n of “o th er” in te rv enti o n m odels . B ehav io r analy sts in fo rm c lie nts o f th eir r ig ht to e nd s e rv ic es a t a ny ti m e.

CA SE 4 .0 : M ASSA GE M ESSA GE Jerry w as a B oard C ertif ie d a ssis ta nt B eh avio r A naly st ( B C aB A) w ho h ad p re vio usly w ork ed f o r y ea rs a s a m assa ge th era pis t. O ne o f th e fir st c a se s h e re ceiv ed in a g ro up h om e fo r d evelo pm en ta lly d is a ble d adults in vo lv ed a f e m ale c lie n t w ho w ould a ppare n tly “ out o f th e b lu e” r u n d ow n th e h all a nd h it a noth er clie n t in th e b ack . S he w ould la ugh a nd th en g o in h er r o om a nd s it o n h er b ed . J erry f e lt th at s h e w as te n se a nd th at th is w as th e ca use o f h er b ursts o f u npre d ic ta ble a ggre ssio n. H e w ro te a n in fo rm al pro gra m th at in vo lv ed s h ould er r u bs f o r th is c lie n t f o llo w in g a ny s u ch in cid en t.

As J erry 's s u perv is o r, h ow w ould y o u h andle th is s itu atio n?

DESC RIB IN G C O NDIT IO NS F O R P R O GRA M S U CCESS ( 4 .0 1) The behav io r analy st desc rib es to th e clie nt or clie nt- s u rro gate th e env ir o nm enta l c o nd iti o ns th at a re n ecessa ry f o r th e p ro gra m to b e e ffe cti v e.

Prio r to th e im ple m enta ti o n o f a p ro gra m , th e b ehav io r a naly st d esc rib es to th e clie nt or th e clie nt's re p re se nta ti v e th e co nd iti o ns belie v ed necessa ry fo r th e pro gra m to w ork e ffe cti v ely . T his c an a ctu ally b e a r a th er c o m ple x m atte r b ecause it has to be sta te d as a se rie s of co nti n gency sta te m ents . It is alm ost alw ays necessa ry to fin d th e fu ncti o n o f th e b ehav io r a nd th en to fin d s o m e w ay to g ain co ntr o l o ver th e k ey m ain ta in in g v aria b le s. If th is in clu d es re in fo rc em ent, so m e way o f m akin g it co nti n gent o n ap pro pria te b ehav io r has to b e arra nged o n a co nsis te nt b asis w ith o ut c ausin g s a ti a ti o n. A nd th e p ro gra m h as to b e d esig ned in su ch a w ay th at th e c lie nt d oes n o t s u d denly e ngage i n e sc ap e b ehav io r.

EN VIR O NM EN TA L C O NDIT IO NS T H AT PR EC LU D E I M PLEM EN TA T IO N ( 4 .0 2) If e nv ir o nm enta l c o nd iti o ns p re clu d e im ple m enta ti o n o f a b ehav io r a naly ti c 11 3 pro gra m , th e b ehav io r a naly st re co m mend s th at o th er p ro fe ssio nal a ssis ta nce (i.e ., asse ssm ent, co nsu lta ti o n, or th era p euti c in te rv enti o n by oth er pro fe ssio nals ) b e s o ught.

In most cir c um sta nces a behav io r analy st, hav in g co nd ucte d a behav io ra l asse ssm ent, is g o in g to r e co m mend s o m e s o rt o f b ehav io ra l tr e atm ent. H ow ev er, if no B CaB A o r B oard C erti fie d B ehav io r A naly st ( B CBA ) i s a v aila b le to i m ple m ent th e tr e atm ent, o r if th ere a re n o r e so urc es a v aila b le to fu nd a b ehav io ra l tr e atm ent, th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill r e fe r th e c ase to a no th er p ro fe ssio nal. O ne k ey c o nd iti o n is th e c o opera ti o n o f th e m ajo r p arti e s in v olv ed in th e c ase . F or in -h o m e s e rv ic es, it is e sse nti a l th at b oth p are nts b e o n b oard w ith th e tr e atm ent; if o ne is n o t a nd sa b ota ges th e i n te rv enti o n, o bvio usly th ere c an b e n o p ro gre ss.

EN VIR O NM EN TA L C O NDIT IO NS T H AT HA M PER I M PLEM EN TA T IO N ( 4 .0 3) If e nv ir o nm enta l c o nd iti o ns h am per im ple m enta ti o n o f th e b ehav io r a naly ti c pro gra m , th e b ehav io r a naly st s e eks to e lim in ate th e e nv ir o nm enta l c o nstr a in ts , or i d enti fie s i n w riti n g th e o bsta cle s to d oin g s o .

Behav io r p ro gra m s r e q uir e c erta in m in im um c o nd iti o ns ( e .g ., a s ta b le e nv ir o nm ent, so m e co ntr o l over re in fo rc ers , co nsis te ncy in th e deliv ery of co nse q uences, co opera ti o n o f k ey p arti e s) to b e e ffe cti v e. T he b ehav io r a naly st w ill i d enti fy th ese “env ir o nm enta l c o nstr a in ts ” a nd w ill a tte m pt to m odify o r e lim in ate th em p rio r to im ple m enti n g a b ehav io r p ro gra m . If th is is n o t p ossib le , th en th e b ehav io r a naly st will p ut i n w riti n g a d esc rip ti o n o f th ese c o nd iti o ns a nd a tte m pt to r e so lv e th em .

CA SE 4 .0 3: C O M PE TIN G A GEN DA Dr. P atti S ., a D octo ra l- le vel B C BA (B C BA-D ), w as p ro vid in g b eh avio ra l s e rv ic es to a la rg e in ner c ity pre sc h ool p ro gra m f o r c h ild re n w ith d is a bilitie s. T he p ro gra m d id a g ood j o b w ith r e g ard to p ro vid in g th e su pport necessa ry fo r beh avio ra l pro gra m min g to be effe ctiv e. H ow ever, a new ea rly ch ild hood adm in is tr a to r c a m e to th e d is tr ic t a nd d ecid ed th at p re k in derg arte n s ta ff w ould b e in te n siv ely tr a in ed o ff- site in th e H ig h S co pe ( d evelo pm en ta l) c u rric u lu m m odel. T his n ew ly r e q uir e d in te n siv e tr a in in g f o r s ta ff re su lte d in c la sse s b ein g s h ort- s ta ffe d n ea rly e very d ay. T he s ta ff m em bers w ho re m ain ed a t th e fa cility were s c ra m blin g to m eet th e b asic n eed s o f th e c h ild re n a nd n o lo nger h ad tim e to , f o r e xa m ple , ta ke d ata or to im ple m en t in te rv en tio ns.

What is D r. S .’s f ir st s te p in h andlin g th is s itu atio n?

APPR O VIN G I N TERV EN TIO NS ( 4 .0 4) The b ehav io r a naly st m ust o bta in th e c lie nt's o r c lie nt- s u rro gate 's a p pro val in writi n g o f th e b ehav io r i n te rv enti o n p ro ced ure s b efo re i m ple m enti n g th em .

It is a n o blig ati o n o f th e b ehav io r a naly st to g ain th e c lie nt's a p pro val, in w riti n g, 11 4 befo re a p ro gra m i s b egun.

CA SE 4 .0 4: M AKIN G A SSU M PT IO NS Ju an, a n ew ly c ertif ie d B C BA, h ad ju st s ta rte d w ork in g in a p riv a te ly o w ned s c h ool fo r c h ild re n w ith autis m . H e h ad b een a sk ed to w ork w ith C arl, a c h ild w ho h as b een s h rie k in g a nd s la ppin g h im se lf in th e fa ce. J u an a rriv ed a t th e s c h ool a fte r th e p re vio us B C BA r e sig ned . S he le ft b eh in d a f u nctio nal a naly sis and a n ote th at s a id a tr e a tm en t p la n w as n eed ed . D ue to th e s e lf -in ju rio us n atu re o f th e b eh avio r, J u an wante d to b eg in tr e a tm en t im med ia te ly . H e to ld th e te a ch er h e a ssu m ed th e p are n ts w ould b e f in e w ith th is beca use th ey k new a f u nctio nal a sse ssm en t h ad b een c o nducte d b y th e p re vio us B C BA.

Sin ce th e f u nctio nal a sse ssm en t h ad b een c o m ple te d , c a n J u an b eg in th e tr e a tm en t?

REIN FO RCEM EN T A ND P U N IS H M EN T ( 4 .0 5) The behav io r analy st re co m mend s re in fo rc em ent ra th er th an punis h m ent whenev er p ossib le . If p unis h m ent p ro ced ure s are necessa ry , th e b ehav io r analy st a lw ays in clu d es r e in fo rc em ent p ro ced ure s fo r a lte rn ati v e b ehav io r in th e p ro gra m .

Behav io r a naly sts h av e a b ia s i n f a v or o f th e u se o f r e in fo rc ers i n b ehav io r c hange pro gra m s a nd a gain st th e u se o f p unis h m ent. I n s o m e c ase s, w here p unis h m ent i s th e only a lte rn ati v e, r e in fo rc ers fo r o th er b ehav io rs s h o uld a lw ays b e in clu d ed a s p art of th e p ro gra m .

CA SE 4 .0 5: U N NATU RA L C O NSE Q UEN CES Fro m C ase 4 .0 4, Ju an d ecid ed th at C arl's fa ce sla ppin g is m ain ta in ed b y se lf -re in fo rc em en t a nd is se rio us e n ough to warra nt a p unis h m en t p ro ced ure a s a n in te rv en tio n. W hen C arl s la pped h is f a ce, J u an wante d C arl's h ands to b e f ir m ly p ulle d a w ay f ro m h is f a ce a nd f o r th e th era pis t to s a y in a lo ud v o ic e, “N o!” What e ls e d oes J u an n eed to d o b efo re s u bm ittin g th is p ro gra m f o r a ppro va l?

AV O ID IN G H A RM FU L R EIN FO RCER S ( 4 .0 6) The b ehav io r a naly st m in im iz e s th e u se o f ite m s a s p ote nti a l re in fo rc ers th at may be harm fu l to th e lo ng-te rm health of th e clie nt or parti c ip ant (e .g ., cig are tte s, o r s u gar o r f a t- la d en f o od), o r th at m ay r e q uir e u nd esir a b ly m ark ed dep riv ati o n p ro ced ure s a s m oti v ati n g o pera ti o ns.

Alth o ugh so m e re in fo rc ers m ay be quite effe cti v e fo r so m e clie nts , if th o se re in fo rc ers co uld b e harm fu l in th e lo ng-te rm th ey sh o uld b e av oid ed if at all possib le . B ehav io r analy sts sh o uld av oid th e use of esta b lis h in g (m oti v ati n g) opera ti o ns th at i n v olv e s ig nific ant d egre es o f d ep riv ati o n.

CA SE 4 .0 6: S TA Y S W EET 11 5 Mark w as th e B C aB A a ssig ned to o ne h ouse in a re sid en tia l fa cility fo r v erb al, a m bula to ry a dults w ith modera te to s e vere m en ta l r e ta rd atio n. H e w as s u perv is e d b y a B C BA w ho c a m e to th e f a cility f o r o nly a n hour o r s o e a ch w eek . B eca use o f th is , M ark w as c a lle d o n to d ra ft m ost o f th e b eh avio r p ro gra m s a nd to p la n in te rv en tio ns. E ddie w as a n e xtr e m ely a ctiv e c lie n t w ho w as c o nsta ntly le a vin g w hic h ever a ctiv ity in w hic h h e w as s u ppose d to b e in vo lv ed . If h e w as s c h ed ule d to b e in th e h ouse , h e w ould le a ve a nd wander a ro und th e g ro unds. If E ddie w as sc h ed ule d to b e in th e e d uca tio n b uild in g, h e w ould o fte n le a ve a nd g o to h is b ed ro om . M ark d ecid ed th at b eca use E ddie lik ed sw eets a g ood in te rv en tio n w ould be to s ta rt r e in fo rc in g E ddie w ith c a ndy o r a s m all g la ss o f C oke e very 1 0 m in ute s th ro ughout th e d ay if Eddie w as w here h e w as s u ppose d to b e.

Are th ere a ny sp ecia l c o nsid era tio ns fo r th is re in fo rc em en t sc h ed ule th at is so ric h w ith u nhea lth y fo od?

ONGO IN G D ATA C O LLEC TIO N ( 4 .0 7) The b ehav io r analy st co lle cts d ata , o r ask s th e clie nt, clie nt- su rro gate , o r desig nate d o th ers to c o lle ct d ata n eed ed to a sse ss p ro gre ss w ith in th e p ro gra m .

Behav io r a naly sts a lw ays c o lle ct d ata a nd c o nti n ue d ata c o lle cti o n to e v alu ate a pro gra m 's effe cti v eness. T he b ehav io r analy st o r so m e o th er d esig nate d p ers o n in v olv ed w ith th e b ehav io r p ro gra m m ig ht d o th is .

CA SE 4 .0 7: E SC A LA TIO N P LA N Mic h elle , a B C BA, w as w ork in g w ith D oug, a 1 4-y ea r-o ld w ho w as in a sp ecia l e d uca tio n c la ss fo r te en agers w ith e m otio nal d is o rd ers. A t h om e, D oug e n gaged in m ild a ggre ssiv e b eh avio rs to w ard h is yo unger b ro th er, w hic h in clu ded p ush in g h im o r h ittin g h im w ith a lig ht s la p. D oug's b ro th er w ould y ell and s ta rt to f ig ht b ack . D oug's m oth er to ld M ic h elle th at th e b eh avio rs w ere n ot s e vere e n ough to r e a lly hurt a nyo ne; h ow ever, s h e w as c o ncern ed th at th e in te n sity o f th e a ggre ssio n c o uld e sc a la te if it w asn 't sto pped n ow . M ic h elle p la nned a n in te rv en tio n a nd s e n t d eta ile d n ote s to D oug's m oth er a bout h ow to handle a ggre ssiv e o utb ursts . M ic h elle to ld th e m oth er s h e w ould c a ll e very w eek o r s o to s e e h ow th in gs were g oin g.

Is th ere a nyth in g e ls e M ic h elle s h ould h ave d one?

PR O GRA M M ODIF IC AT IO NS ( 4 .0 8) The b ehav io r a naly st m odifie s th e p ro gra m o n th e b asis o f d ata .

Behav io r a naly sts a re “ o nlin e” w ith th e p ro gra m s th ey i m ple m ent, w hic h m eans th at th ey c o nti n ue to lo ok a t th e d ata to d ete rm in e if th e p ro gra m is w ork in g a nd , if necessa ry , m ake c hanges to th e p ro gra m to e nsu re s u ccess.

CA SE 4 .0 8: P A TIE N CE In C ase 4.0 7, M ic h elle w as even tu ally pro m pte d by her su perv is o r to im ple m en t tr e a tm en t fo r th e aggre ssio n in D oug's h om e. A fte r 2 w eek s o f d ata c o lle ctio n, a lth ough M ic h elle w as s u re h er in te rv en tio n would b e e ffe ctiv e, th e d ata s h ow ed th at D oug's b eh avio r w as n ot im pro vin g.

The b eh avio r p ro gra m f o r a ggre ssio n h ad b een h ig hly e ffe ctiv e w ith o th er s tu den ts .

11 6 Should M ic h elle ju st k eep tr y in g w ith th is p ro gra m ? H ow lo ng s h ould s h e tr y b efo re s h e c h anges to anoth er a ppro ach ?

PR O GRA M M ODIF IC AT IO NS C O NSEN T ( 4 .0 9) The b ehav io r a naly st e xp la in s th e p ro gra m m odific ati o ns a nd th e re aso ns fo r th e m odific ati o ns to th e clie nt or clie nt- s u rro gate and obta in s co nse nt to im ple m ent th e m odific ati o ns.

If it is n ecessa ry to m ake c hanges to th e b ehav io r p ro gra m , th e b ehav io r a naly st exp la in s th e r e aso ns fo r th e c hanges to th e c lie nt o r h is o r h er le gal r e p re se nta ti v e and r e ceiv es c o nse nt f o r th e c hanges.

CA SE 4 .0 9: S LIG HT M ODIF IC ATIO N Shakir a is a B C BA w ork in g in a s p ecia l e d uca tio n c la ssro om . S tu den ts s p en d p art o f th e s c h ool d ay in th e c la ssro om , a nd th ey a re m ain str e a m ed th e re m ain der o f th e d ay. T a w ana is a ta ll, la nky 1 2-y ea r-o ld who sw ea rs a nd b eco m es d is ru ptiv e in cla ss. S he is o n a b eh avio r p ro gra m th at w ork ed w ell u ntil re cen tly w hen th e p ro gra m b eca m e in effe ctiv e. K now in g h er c lie n ts v ery w ell, S hakir a q uic k ly f ig ure d o ut th at T a w ana w as b ore d w ith th e r e in fo rc ers. S hakir a p la nned s o m e c h anges in th e in te rv en tio n, in clu din g ch angin g th e r e in fo rc ers, r e in fo rc em en t s c h ed ule , a nd a ddin g c o nse q uen ces f o r m is b eh avio r.

Beca use th e b eh avio r p la n w as a lr e a dy in e ffe ct, S hakir a w as c erta in th at a ll o f th e p erm is sio n f o rm s th at w ere p re vio usly s ig ned w ould c o ver th e n ew v ersio n o f th e p ro gra m . W as s h e c o rre ct in a ssu m in g th is ?

LEA ST R EST R IC TIV E P R O CED URES ( 4 .1 0) The b ehav io r a naly st re v ie w s a nd a p pra is e s th e re str ic ti v eness o f a lte rn ati v e in te rv enti o ns a nd a lw ays r e co m mend s th e l e ast r e str ic ti v e p ro ced ure s l ik ely to be e ffe cti v e i n d ealin g w ith a b ehav io r p ro ble m .

In d ete rm in in g a lte rn ati v es i n b ehav io r p ro gra m s, th e b ehav io r a naly st w ill a lw ays tr y to u se th e le ast r e str ic ti v e m eth o d, w hic h is , a t th e s a m e ti m e, s ti ll lik ely to b e effe cti v e.

CA SE 4 .1 0: S IT A ND W ATC H Ja so n, a 10-y ea r-o ld w ith le a rn in g dis a bilitie s and so cia l actin g out, w as m ain str e a m ed in to an ele m en ta ry sc h ool p hysic a l e d uca tio n c la ss. J a so n w ould fre q uen tly d is ru pt th e w hole c la ss w ith h is antic s. H e w ould sq uea l lo udly if h e m is se d th e b all, a nd h e w ould m ake e very a tte m pt to ru n in a hum oro us m anner so th at o th er stu den ts w ould la ugh. T he co ach w as fr u str a te d a nd w as re a dy to im ple m en t h is o w n b eh avio ra l in te rv en tio n th at w as to h ave J a so n r u n a ro und th e tr a ck e a ch tim e h e mis b eh aved . T he sc h ool p rin cip al se n t D r. D avid K ., a B C BA-D , to m eet w ith th e c o ach a nd d is c u ss alte rn ativ es. D r. K . s u ggeste d th at th e f ir st in te rv en tio n s im ply b e th at w hen J a so n a cte d o ut h e w ould b e se n t to th e b en ch to sit a nd watc h . D r. K . e xp la in ed to th e c o ach th at th is w as a p ro ced ure th at w as re se a rc h b ase d a nd k now n to b e e ffe ctiv e.

For w hat o th er r e a so ns w as “ sit- a nd-w atc h ” p re fe ra ble to r u nnin g a ro und th e tr a ck ?

11 7 TER M IN AT IO N C RIT ER IA ( 4 .1 1 ) The behav io r analy st esta b lis h es und ers ta nd ab le and obje cti v e (i.e ., measu ra b le ) c rite ria fo r th e te rm in ati o n o f th e p ro gra m a nd d esc rib es th em to th e c lie nt o r c lie nt- s u rro gate .

At th e o nse t o f b ehav io r p ro gra m min g, th e b ehav io r analy st w ill sp ecify so m e crite rio n fo r d ete rm in in g w hen to e nd th e p ro gra m : fo r e xam ple , if th e g o al w as to tr e at h ead b angin g, th e c rite rio n m ig ht b e z e ro i n cid ents i n a 2 -w eek p erio d.

CA SE 4 .1 1 : W HEN T O T ELL Dr. N . w as c o nsu ltin g w ith c lie n ts w ho w ere se n io r c itiz e n s liv in g in a re sid en tia l fa cility . M rs. B aker re fu se d to w alk a nyw here . S he s a t in a w heelc h air d ay a fte r d ay, a nd w ith in a s h ort p erio d o f tim e s h e n o lo nger h ad th e s tr e n gth to w alk to th e d in in g r o om o r d ow n th e h all. T he m ed ic a l s ta ff id en tif ie d w alk in g as th e n um ber o ne g oal fo r M rs. B aker. D r. N . k new th at b eh avio ra l se rv ic es fo r th is a ctiv ity w ould pro bably b e n eed ed o nly f o r a f e w w eek s.

Should D r. N . te ll M rs. B aker h e w ill b e w ork in g w ith h er u ntil s h e im pro ves, o r s h ould h e w ait u ntil h e is r e a dy to te rm in ate h er s e rv ic es?

TER M IN AT IN G C LIE N TS ( 4 .1 2) The behav io r analy st te rm in ate s th e re la ti o nsh ip w ith th e clie nt w hen th e esta b lis h ed c rite ria f o r te rm in ati o n a re a tta in ed , a s i n w hen a s e rie s o f p la nned or r e v is e d i n te rv enti o n g o als h as b een c o m ple te d .

When th e p re v io usly esta b lis h ed go al has b een m et, th e b ehav io r analy st w ill in fo rm th e c lie nt th at b ehav io ra l s e rv ic es a re n o l o nger r e q uir e d a nd w ill c lo se th e case .

CA SE 4 .1 2: E X TEN DIN G T R EATM EN T In C ase 4 .1 1 , D r. N . w as e xa ctly c o rre ct w hen h e to ld th e f a cility a dm in is tr a to r h e w ould h ave M rs. B aker out o f th e w heelc h air a nd w alk in g a gain in r e co rd tim e. D r. N . u se d v ery s y ste m atic s h apin g to a dd s o m e dis ta nce to e a ch d ay's w alk . B y th e e n d o f 2 m onth s, M rs. B aker c o uld w alk to th e d in in g r o om u sin g a ca ne. D r. N . to ld M rs. B aker s h e w as re a dy to “ gra duate ” a nd w alk o n h er o w n. S he b eg an to s a y s h e did n't w ant D r. N . to le a ve th e f a cility . T he m ore h e th ought a bout it, D r. N . d ecid ed h e c o uld e xp and a nd exte n d M rs. B aker's w alk in g p ro gra m . H e c o uld tr y to g et h er to w alk w ith out th e c a ne o r to w alk a gre a te r d is ta nce, s u ch a s to th e y a rd o uts id e.

When a c lie n t is d oin g e xtr e m ely w ell, is it a g ood id ea to e xte n d p ro gra m min g?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 4 .0 : M ASSA GE M ESSA GE As Jerry 's su perv is o r, yo u w ould fir st n eed to re m in d h im th at h e is n ow a 11 8 beh avio r a naly st a nd th at it is tim e to le a ve m assa ge th era py b eh in d a nd b eg in th in kin g in te rm s o f c o ntin gen cie s o f re in fo rc em en t. It w ould a ppea r th at J erry need s s o m e o n-th e-jo b tr a in in g o n h ow to a naly ze c a se s lik e th is o ne, in clu din g data c o lle ctio n. H e w ill a ls o n eed to b e tr a in ed o n th e im porta nce o f w ork in g with th e le g al re p re se n ta tiv es o f th e c lie n ts , in clu din g th eir r ig ht to te rm in ate se rv ic es.

CA SE 4 .0 3: C O M PET IN G A GEN DA Dr. S . N eed s t o i d en tify i n w ritin g f o r t h e p rin cip al a nd s c h ool's p re kin derg arte n dis tr ic t a dm in is tr a to r th e e n vir o nm en ta l (s ta ffin g) p ro ble m s th at a re h am perin g th e i m ple m en ta tio n o f b eh avio ra l p ro gra m s.

CA SE 4 .0 4: M AKIN G A SSU M PT IO NS Acco rd in g to th e G uid elin es, Ju an need s to obta in th e clie n t's or clie n t- su rro gate 's ( in t h is c a se , t h e p are n ts ) p erm is sio n f o r t h e i n te rv en tio n p ro ced ure s and c o uld u se t h is a s a n o cca sio n t o m eet t h e p are n ts .

CA SE 4 .0 5: U N NAT U RA L C O NSEQ UEN CES Beca use beh avio r analy sts sh ould re co m men d re in fo rc em en t ra th er th an punis h m en t w hen ever p ossib le , C arl's p ro gra m n eed s t o h ave s o m e r e in fo rc em en t pro ced ure s fo r a lte rn ativ e b eh avio rs, su ch a s h old in g a nd p la yin g w ith a to y, ra is in g h is h and to g et th e te a ch er's a tte n tio n, o r u sin g a m usic a l in str u m en t o r art m ate ria ls .

CA SE 4 .0 6: S TA Y S W EET The G uid elin es s ta te t h at b eh avio r a naly sts s h ould m in im iz e r e in fo rc ers t h at m ay be h arm fu l to th e h ea lth o f th e c lie n t. I t is p ossib le th at th is m uch s u gar c o uld have a n eg ativ e e ffe ct o n E ddie 's b lo od s u gar le vel. I f E ddie w as r e sp onsiv e to very s m all a m ounts o f th ese r e in fo rc ers, s u ch th at a t th e e n d o f th e d ay, h e h ad re ceiv ed o nly o ne-h alf C oke a nd o ne-h alf b ag o f c a ndy, t h is m ig ht b e a ccep ta ble .

Any fo od r e in fo rc ers w ould , o f c o urse , h ave to b e a ppro ved b y th e m ed ic a l s ta ff and d ie tic ia n. A nd, if th is p ro gra m w as s u ccessfu l, M ark w ould w ant to s tr e tc h th e s c h ed ule to 1 5 m in ute s, th en 2 0 m in ute s, a nd s o o n, s o th at th e to ta l a m ount of s u gar p er d ay w as n ot e xcessiv e.

CA SE 4 .0 7: E SC A LAT IO N P LA N When ever a n in te rv en tio n is im ple m en te d , d ata s h ould b e c o lle cte d to e va lu ate th e re su lts o f th e in te rv en tio n. It is a ppro pria te fo r b eh avio r a naly sts to tr a in clie n ts , p ro fe ssio nals , a nd c lie n t- s u rro gate s (in th is c a se , p are n ts ) to ta ke d ata .

11 9 Beca use D oug is a ggre ssiv e in th e h om e s e ttin g, th e p are n ts n eed to b e ta kin g data a t h om e. T he b eh avio r a naly st s h ould d esig n a d ata c o lle ctio n s y ste m a nd tr a in t h e p are n ts .

CA SE 4 .0 8: P A T IE N CE Beh avio r a naly sts m ust m odify b eh avio r p ro gra m s o n t h e b asis o f d ata , b ut w hat is n ot k n ow n, a nd w hic h m ust b e d ecid ed in e a ch c a se , is h ow m uch d ata . W hen do y o u k n ow w hen i t i s t im e t o q uit a p ro ced ure a nd tr y s o m eth in g d iffe re n t? T his is a d iffic u lt q uestio n th at certa in ly re q uir e s ca re fu l th ought a nd in put fr o m exp erie n ced b eh avio r a naly sts w ho u ndersta nd th e c lie n t a nd th e s e ttin g w here th e b eh avio r o ccu rs. I n th is c a se , b eca use th e p ro gra m h as b een s u ccessfu l w ith oth er s tu den ts , w e n eed to k n ow m ore a bout th ose c a se s a nd th e c ir c u m sta nces su rro undin g t h e a sse ssm en t o f e ffe ctiv en ess.

CA SE 4 .0 9: S LIG HT M ODIF IC AT IO N When a b eh avio r p ro gra m i s m odifie d , t h e b eh avio r a naly st n eed s t o e xp la in t h e modific a tio ns a nd t o o bta in c o nse n t a gain . I n t h is c a se , c o nse n t w ould c o m e f r o m th e p are n ts . T he c h anges s h ould a ls o b e e xp la in ed t o T a w ana.

CA SE 4 .1 0: S IT A ND W AT C H Beca use th is is th e fir st a tte m pt a t a b eh avio r p la n fo r Ja so n, th e b eh avio r analy st n eed s to sta rt w ith th e le a st re str ic tiv e p ro ced ure s. “ Sit- a nd-w atc h ,” whic h is a b rie f tim e-o ut, is a b ette r s ta rtin g p oin t th an th e p hysic a lly g ru elin g, and p ote n tia lly d angero us, t a sk o f r u nnin g a ro und a t r a ck i n t h e h ot s u n.

CA SE 4 .1 1 : W HEN T O T ELL Dr. N . N eed s to esta blis h crite ria fo r th e w alk in g pro gra m and exp la in th e crite ria to th e fa cility a dm in is tr a to r. H e a ls o n eed s to e xp la in to M rs. B aker, in te rm s s h e c a n u ndersta nd, th at a s s o on s h e c a n w alk a c erta in d is ta nce s h e w ill “gra duate ” fr o m h er w alk in g p ro gra m . If s h e h as fa m ily m em bers, th ey s h ould als o b e c o nsu lte d o n t h is m atte r.

CA SE 4 .1 2: E X TEN DIN G T R EAT M EN T In g en era l, th e b eh avio r a naly st n eed s to te rm in ate th e re la tio nsh ip w hen th e esta blis h ed crite ria a re o bta in ed . In th is ca se , if th e a dm in is tr a to r a nd M rs.

Baker's f a m ily w is h ed t o f u rth er e xte n d h er g oals , h avin g D r. N . s ta y o n t h e c a se a w hile l o nger w ould b e a ppro pria te .

* The te rm le ast re str ic ti v e does no t alw ays m ake se nse w hen ap plie d to pro ced ure s a s o ppose d to e nv ir o nm ents . I n th e o rig in al Wya tt v . S tic kn ey ( 1 971) 120 case , a p ati e nt k ep t in a n in sti tu ti o n (c le arly re str ic ti v e w ith lo cked w ard s a nd se clu sio n r o om s) w ho c o uld b e tr e ate d i n th e c o m munity ( c le arly l e ss r e str ic ti v e by c o m paris o n) w as e nti tl e d to b e tr e ate d in “ th e le ast r e str ic ti v e e nv ir o nm ent.” When a p plie d to tr e atm ents , “ le ast re str ic ti v e” su ggests th at so m e p ro ced ure s lik e ti m e-o ut a re p ro bab ly m ore re str ic ti v e th an D iffe re nti a l R ein fo rc em ent o f oth er B ehav io rs (D RO ), fo r exam ple . A physic al or m echanic al re str a in t is lik ew is e m ore re str ic ti v e th an ti m e-o ut. O r is it? T im e-o ut re q uir e s th at th e pers o n b e re m oved fr o m th e e nv ir o nm ent, p erh ap s to a p la ce w here h e o r s h e canno t s e e o th ers . I s th is m ore o r l e ss r e str ic ti v e? A nd w hat a b out p unis h m ent? I s a s h arp “ no !” c o nti n gent o n b ehav io r “ R estr ic ti v e”? o th er a v ers iv e s ti m uli s u ch as w ate r m is t o r l e m on j u ic e w ould a ls o b e i n clu d ed i n th is c ate go ry .

121 122 T10 The B eh avio r A naly st a s T each er or S uperv is o r ( G uid elin e 5 ) he majo rity of Board Certi fie d Behav io r Analy sts (B CBA s) beco m e su p erv is o rs w ith in a sh o rt ti m e afte r co m ple ti n g th eir gra d uate tr a in in g.

Tra in in g o th ers to c arry o ut b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s is a n e sse nti a l p art o f b ehav io r analy sis tr e atm ent b ecause i n m ost c ase s th e tr e atm ent o ccurs i n th e c lie nt's n atu ra l env ir o nm ent w here th ese “ sig nific ant o th ers ” a re a la rg e p art o f th e c lie nt's life . A stu d ent w ho i s r e fe rre d f o r c la ssro om b ehav io r p ro ble m s u su ally c anno t b e tr e ate d su ccessfu lly in an off- c am pus co unse lin g se ssio n th at occurs afte r sc ho ol. A n effe cti v e tr e atm ent w ill in v olv e obse rv ati o n in th e cla ssro om to dete rm in e co ntr o llin g v aria b le s, a nd th e te acher w ill m ost lik ely b e in v olv ed in th e b ehav io r change p ro gra m . T he b ehav io r a naly st m ig ht o bse rv e th at littl e Je nny is o ff- ta sk durin g c erta in a cti v iti e s, th at th e o th er c hild re n re in fo rc e it, a n d th at th e te acher co ntr ib ute s to th e p ro ble m b y p ro vid in g u nin te nti o nal in te rm itte nt a tte nti o n. In th is case , th e b ehav io r a naly st's j o b c o nsis ts o f tr a in in g th e te acher h o w to i n cre ase th e lik elih o od th at Je nny w ill sta y o n ta sk (p erh ap s b y changin g her cla ss se ati n g arra ngem ent a nd h er a cad em ic in str u cti o n le v el) a nd th en a d diti o nally tr a in in g th e te acher to r e sp ond m ore s y ste m ati c ally to th e o n-ta sk , o ff- ta sk b ehav io r ( G uid elin e 5.0 1). B asic ally , th e te acher w ill b e tr a in ed to b e m uch b ette r s k ille d in ig no rin g off- ta sk b ehav io r a nd w atc hin g f o r o n-ta sk b ehav io r a nd i m med ia te ly r e in fo rc in g i t.

It is e nti r e ly a p pro pria te fo r th e b ehav io r a naly st to tr a in th e te acher in th is w ay because th ere is n o “ sp ecia liz e d tr a in in g” in v olv ed . T he te acher w ill h av e a ll th e pre re q uis ite s k ills a nd w ill h av e th e a p pro pria te “ sc o pe o f p ra cti c e” fo r s u ch a n in te rv enti o n.

Beh av io r p ro ble m s c an not b e tr e ate d s u ccessfu lly in an o ff-c am pus c o unse lin g s e ssio n th at o ccu rs a fte r sc h ool.

It w ould n o t b e a p pro pria te fo r th e b ehav io r a naly st to tr y to tr a in p la ygro und aid es in th is sa m e use o f exti n cti o n and re in fo rc em ent (G uid elin e 5 .0 2). S uch pers o nnel d o n o t u su ally h av e a c o lle ge d egre e a nd a re n o t c erti fie d te achers . T he und erly in g p rin cip le in v olv ed h ere is th at b ehav io r a naly sts d o n o t tr a in o th ers to 123 use behav io ra l pro ced ure s if th ere is so m e chance th at th ey w ill be use d in ap pro pria te ly . A p la ygro und a id e m ig ht b e a p pro pria te ly tr a in ed to ta ke d ata o n th e e ffe cts o f a n in te rv enti o n, b ut th e a ctu al p ro gra m w ould n eed to b e c arrie d o ut by a certi fie d te acher. A sim ila r co nsid era ti o n has to b e m ad e in th e case o f behav io ra l tr e atm ents in re sid enti a l fa ciliti e s fo r in d iv id uals w ith d ev elo pm enta l dis a b iliti e s. T he m ajo rity o f s ta ff m em bers in th ese fa ciliti e s h av e a h ig h s c ho ol degre e a nd n o a d vanced tr a in in g. O ur G uid elin es a re c le ar th at tr a in in g s u ch s ta ff i n so phis ti c ate d b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s is in ap pro pria te . T hese G uid elin es a re a ls o cle ar th at th e b ehav io r a naly st is re sp onsib le fo r c arry in g o ut th e tr a in in g in th e pro per w ay a nd th at p ro per f o llo w -u p s u p erv is io n i s a ls o r e q uir e d .

An u nderly in g p rin cip le is th at b eh av io r a n aly sts d o not tr a in o th ers to u se b eh av io ra l p ro ced ure s if th ere is a n y c h an ce th e p ro ced ure s w ill b e u se d in ap pro pria te ly .

For B CBA s w ho beco m e te achers or in str u cto rs , th e G uid elin es se t a hig h sta nd ard a s w ell. T he b ehav io r a naly st is o blig ate d to m ake c le ar w hat th e c o urs e obje cti v es, r e q uir e m ents , a nd e v alu ati o n p ro ced ure s ( G uid elin es 5 .0 3, 5 .0 4, 5 .0 5) are and , fu rth er, to em plo y b eh av io r analy sis p rin cip le s in te achin g (G uid elin e 5.0 9). I n a d diti o n, th e b ehav io r a naly st m ust k no w a t th e o uts e t w heth er th e s tu d ent (o r su p erv is e e) h as th e p re re q uis ite sk ills fo r th e c o urs e , a nd , if n o t, h e o r sh e sh o uld b e re fe rre d fo r re m ed ia l sk ill tr a in in g (G uid elin e 5 .0 2). T here is a g re at deal o f re se arc h o n th e u se o f b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s in te achin g; w e b asic ally kno w h o w to d esig n a nd e xecute v ery e ffe cti v e tr a in in g f o r a w id e v arie ty o f to pic are as fr o m p re sc ho ol th ro ugh g ra d uate sc ho ol. T he B A CB G uid elin es in sis t th at th ese prin cip le s be em plo yed w ith stu d ents and su p erv is e es anyw here th at “acad em ic p olic ie s a llo w .” T his is g o od n ew s fo r s tu d ents b ecause o ur re se arc h sh o w s th at th e u se o f s tu d y o bje c ti v es, f r e q uent te sti n g, p ro m pt f e ed back, a nd a cti v e re sp ond in g a re a ll m uch p re fe rre d b y stu d ents o ver tr a d iti o nal te achin g m eth o ds th at i n v olv e l e ctu re s f o llo w ed b y m ulti p le c ho ic e m id te rm a nd f in al e xam s.

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST A S T EA CHER OR S U PERV IS O R ( 5 .0 ) Behav io r analy sts dele gate to th eir em plo yees, su p erv is e es, and re se arc h assis ta nts only th o se re sp onsib iliti e s th at su ch pers o ns can re aso nab ly be exp ecte d to p erfo rm c o m pete ntl y .

Behav io r a naly sts m ust u se g o od j u d gm ent w hen d ecid in g w heth er th ey c an p ass o n 124 certa in ta sk s to th eir e m plo yees o r a ssis ta nts . It c erta in ly m akes life e asie r to h and off c erta in , p erh ap s o nero us o r ro uti n e c ho re s to o th ers , b ut u nle ss y o u k no w th at th e d ele gate d p ers o n a ctu ally h as th e s k ills to a ccep t th ese re sp onsib iliti e s it is a ris k y d ecis io n. A s a g enera l r u le , y o u w ould w ant to h av e a ctu ally s e en th e p ers o n perfo rm th e ta sk o n m ore th an o ne o ccasio n w ith c lo se s u p erv is io n b efo re a ctu ally dele gati n g c erta in r e sp onsib iliti e s to h im o r h er.

CA SE 5 .0 : T H IN A IR Ta kin g b ase lin e d ata f ro m v id eo ta pes s e em ed lik e s u ch a n e a sy ta sk th at D r. Z . h ad n o tr o uble m akin g th e decis io n to le t h is s tu den t J essic a ta ke o ver th is r o utin e c h ore . H e g ave h er a s e t o f w ritte n d efin itio ns o f th e k ey b eh avio rs, s h ow ed h er th e e q uip m en t, a nd le t h er b eg in w ork in g in dep en den tly . A bout o nce a week , h e w ould a sk J essic a h ow it w as g oin g, a nd s h e s e em ed e n th use d a bout h er p ro gre ss. D r. Z . w as on a p la ne o n h is w ay to a b eh avio ra l c o nfe re n ce to p re se n t th e d ata th at J essic a h ad tr a nsc rib ed . H e notic ed so m eth in g fu nny a bout th e d ata . A fte r a fe w m in ute s it d aw ned o n h im — sh e d id n ot k now th e dif fe re n ce b etw een w hole in te rv a l a nd p artia l in te rv a l re co rd in g a nd w ould so m etim es u se o ne a nd so m etim es th e o th er.

Dr. Z . re a liz e d h e s h ould h ave b een c h eck in g in o n J essic a . W hat s h ould h e d o a bout th e c o nfe re n ce pre se n ta tio n?

DESIG NIN G C O M PET EN T T R A IN IN G P R O GRA M S ( 5 .0 1) Behav io r a naly sts w ho a re re sp onsib le fo r e d ucati o n a nd tr a in in g p ro gra m s and su p erv is o ry a cti v iti e s se ek to e nsu re th at th e p ro gra m s a nd su p erv is o ry acti v iti e s:

Are c o m pete ntl y d esig ned Pro vid e th e p ro per e xp erie nces Meet th e r e q uir e m ents fo r lic ensu re , c erti fic ati o n, o r o th er g o als fo r w hic h cla im s a re m ad e b y th e p ro gra m o r s u p erv is o r.

It is th e re sp onsib ility o f th e b ehav io r a naly st w ho is in v olv ed in e d ucati o n a nd tr a in in g to m ake s u re th at c o urs e s a re p ro perly d esig ned . B ecause w e h av e a l e gacy fr o m S kin ner in th e fo rm o f p ro gra m med in str u cti o n (H olla nd & S kin ner, 1 961), care in c o urs e d esig n s h o uld b e o f u tm ost im porta nce. C ours e s s h o uld pro vid e th e exp erie nces n ecessa ry fo r te achin g b ehav io ra l s k ills , n o t ju st le ctu rin g to p eo ple , and th ey sh o uld meet lic ensu re and certi fic ati o n re q uir e m ents per co urs e desc rip ti o ns.

LIM IT A T IO NS O N T R A IN IN G ( 5 .0 2) Behav io r a naly sts d o n o t te ach th e u se o f te chniq ues o r p ro ced ure s th at r e q uir e sp ecia liz e d tr a in in g, lic ensu re , o r e xp erti s e in o th er d is c ip lin es to in d iv id uals who l a ck th e p re re q uis ite tr a in in g, l e gal s c o pe o f p ra cti c e, o r e xp erti s e , e xcep t 125 as th ese te chniq ues m ay b e use d in b ehav io ra l ev alu ati o n o f th e effe cts o f vario us tr e atm ents , i n te rv enti o ns, th era p ie s, o r e d ucati o nal m eth o ds.

We d o n o t tr a in a ssis ta nts o r p ara p ro fe ssio nals o n b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s u nle ss th ey h av e th e n ecessa ry p re re q uis ite s; o ne e xcep ti o n i s tr a in in g a ssis ta nts o r o th ers in d ata c o lle cti o n to h elp a q ualifie d B CBA e v alu ate th e e ffe cts o f tr e atm ent— th is is a llo w ed .

CA SE 5 .0 2: D ELE G ATE Dr. S . w as a d octo ra l- le vel B C BA ( B C BA-D ) w ho w ork ed f o r a c o m pany th at o w ned s e ven g ro up h om es.

Dr. S . w as r e sp onsib le f o r th e b eh avio r p ro gra m min g o f a ll o f th e c lie n ts in th e g ro up h om es, b ut h e h ad Board C ertif ie d a ssis ta nt B eh avio r A naly sts (B C aB As) a nd b eh avio ra l a ssis ta nts to h elp h im . D r. S . w as als o r e sp onsib le f o r a rra ngin g o r p ro vid in g tr a in in g f o r a ll s ta ff m em bers w ho w ere B C BAs a nd B C aB As.

Dr. S .’s s u perv is o r, th e c o m pany p re sid en t, w ante d to m ake s u re a ll s ta ff h ad th e c o ntin uin g e d uca tio n units ( C EU s) n eed ed f o r r e certif ic a tio n. S he in str u cte d D r. S . to p ro vid e s o m e C EU tr a in in g. B eca use h e was o verlo aded w ith w ork , D r. S . a rra nged fo r th e co m pany's m aste r's -le vel p sy ch om etr is t to d o a daylo ng w ork sh op o n te stin g in ste a d.

Are th ere a ny p ro ble m s w ith th is p la n?

PR O VID IN G C O URSE O R S U PERV IS IO N O BJE C TIV ES ( 5 .0 3) The b ehav io r a naly st p ro vid es a c le ar d esc rip ti o n o f th e o bje cti v es o f a c o urs e or su p erv is io n, pre fe ra b ly in w riti n g, at th e begin nin g of th e co urs e or su p erv is o ry r e la ti o nsh ip .

Behav io r a naly sts in v olv ed in te achin g s h o uld p ro vid e a s e t o f w ritte n o bje cti v es fo r th e c o urs e s th ey te ach. T hese w ill g enera lly b e q uite s p ecific a s to e xactl y w hat behav io rs th e s tu d ents h av e to e ngage in to e arn a p assin g g ra d e. S up erv is o rs a re als o re q uir e d to s p ecify fo r n ew s u p erv is e es th e o bje cti v es fo r th e e xp erie nce in writi n g.

CA SE 5 .0 3: T O UG H A SSIG NM EN T Bein g accep te d fo r a pra ctic u m at C en te r fo r A utis m Serv ic es and E duca tio n (C ASE ) sc h ool w as co nsid ere d a m ajo r c o up. O nly tw o g ra duate s tu den ts w ere a ccep te d e a ch s e m este r, a nd it w as k now n to be a to ugh b ut re w ard in g a ssig nm en t. S tu den ts g ot to w ork w ith a fa m ous b eh avio r a naly st, to s it in o n ca se m eetin gs w ith te a ch ers a nd f a m ilie s, a nd to tr y th eir h and a t w ritin g b eh avio r p ro gra m s a nd ta kin g data to d ete rm in e if th e p ro gra m s w ere effe ctiv e. T he d ra w back w as th at a t th e b eg in nin g o f th e assig nm en t th e s tu den ts w ere n ot e xp lic itly to ld w hat th ey w ould b e d oin g. “ The p ro gra m is c o nsta ntly evo lv in g; e very d ay is a n ew d ay,” is a ll th at th ey w ere to ld . “ Yo u'l l le a rn it a s y o u liv e it,” s e em ed to b e th e m antr a th ey r e p orte d m ost o fte n .

What d oes th e “ fa m ous b eh avio r a naly st” n eed to d o n ext if sh e w ants to k eep g ettin g p ra ctic u m stu den ts to w ork w ith h er a t C ASE ?

DESC RIB IN G C O URSE R EQ UIR EM EN TS ( 5 .0 4) 126 The behav io r analy st pro vid es a cle ar desc rip ti o n of th e dem and s of th e su p erv is o ry re la ti o nsh ip or co urs e (e .g ., pap ers , exam s, pro je cts , re p orts , in te rv enti o n p la ns, g ra p hic d is p la ys a nd fa ce to fa ce m eeti n gs) p re fe ra b ly in writi n g a t th e b egin nin g o f th e s u p erv is o ry r e la ti o nsh ip o r c o urs e .

Behav io r a naly sts i n v olv ed i n te achin g a s w ell a s s u p erv is io n s h o uld a ls o p ro vid e a c le ar lis t o f a ll c o urs e r e q uir e m ents a t th e o nse t o f th e c o urs e o r th e s u p erv is o ry exp erie nce. T he g o al o f p ro vid in g o bje cti v es is to a llo w s tu d ents to d ete rm in e if th ey a re r e ad y to ta ke th e c la ss a nd to h elp th em u nd ers ta nd w hat w ill b e e xp ecte d .

CA SE 5 .0 4: M ORE T H AN E X PE C TED Dr. P . w as a u niv ersity p ro fe sso r w ho ta ught a c o urse in b eh avio r a naly sis . G re tc h en re g is te re d fo r D r.

P.’s c la ss. G re tc h en w as a m aste r's d eg re e s tu den t w ho w as in te re ste d in e ven tu ally g ettin g c ertif ie d a s a BC BA. S he w as a ls o a s in gle m oth er w ith a 2 -y ea r-o ld s o n. S he w ork ed p art tim e a s a b eh avio r a ssis ta nt in a n e le m en ta ry s c h ool, a nd s h e w as ta kin g tw o u niv ersity c la sse s e a ch s e m este r. D r. P . h anded o ut th e obje ctiv es f o r th e c o urse th e f ir st n ig ht o f c la ss. A fte r r e vie w in g th e o bje ctiv es, G re tc h en c le a rly th ought th e c la ss w ould b e v ery b en efic ia l. I n th e f o urth w eek o f c la sse s, G re tc h en f e lt a s if s h e w ere d ro w nin g.

There w as a q uiz in th e c la ss e very w eek , a nd s h e n ever d re a m ed s o m uch s tu dy tim e w ould b e r e q uir e d fo r th is o ne c la ss. I n a dditio n to th e q uiz ze s, th e s tu den ts h ad to w rite th re e p apers a nd o bse rv e a t le a st tw o th era py s e ssio ns. G re tc h en w en t to s e e D r. P . a nd to ld h er s h e h ad n ever d one p oorly in a c la ss b ut th at h er q uiz g ra des w ere s in kin g a nd s h e h ad n o id ea th is w as g oin g to b e s o m uch w ork . D r. P . w as unsy m path etic , p oin tin g o ut th at s h e h ad h anded o ut th e o bje ctiv es o n th e f ir st n ig ht.

What s h ould h ave b een d one d if fe re n tly in th is c a se ?

DESC RIB IN G E VA LU AT IO N R EQ UIR EM EN TS ( 5 .0 5) The b ehav io r a naly st p ro vid es a c le ar d esc rip ti o n o f th e r e q uir e m ents fo r th e ev alu ati o n of stu d ent/ s u p erv is e e perfo rm ance at th e begin nin g of th e su p erv is o ry r e la ti o nsh ip o r c o urs e .

The b ehav io r a naly st w ho i s i n v olv ed i n te achin g s h o uld m ake c le ar to th e s tu d ents at th e b egin nin g o f th e c o urs e h o w th ey w ill b e e v alu ate d .

CA SE 5 .0 5: A F O R E FFO RT B UT C F O R T H E C O URSE In C ase 5 .0 4, G re tc h en s o m eh ow m anaged to s tr u ggle th ro ugh th e c la ss. S he w ro te th e p apers, to ok th e quiz ze s every w eek , a nd w en t to vis it fo ur th era py se ssio ns ra th er th an th e re q uir e d tw o se ssio ns.

Gre tc h en s ta yed u p la te a nd s tu die d h ard fo r th e q uiz ze s, a nd s h e o bta in ed n ea r-p erfe ct s c o re s o n th e re m ain in g e xa m s. G re tc h en p ut e xtr a e ffo rt in to h er p apers, fin din g a dditio nal re fe re n ces th at w ere n ot re q uir e d , a nd s h e to ok g re a t c a re w hen d ocu m en tin g h er th era py v is its fo r D r. P . B y g oin g b eyo nd th e ca ll o f d uty , G re tc h en w as h opin g fo r a n A in th e c o urse . G re tc h en w as tr y in g to g et so m e fin ancia l assis ta nce fo r g ra duate sc h ool, a nd h er g ra de p oin t a vera ge w as v ery im porta nt to h er. Im agin e h er sh ock w hen sh e c h eck ed h er g ra des o nlin e, o nly to d is c o ver th at sh e w as g iv en a C in th e c o urse .

Gre tc h en im med ia te ly w en t to s e e D r. P . a nd te a rfu lly e xp la in ed th at s h e h ad n ever re ceiv ed a C in h er lif e .

Once a gain , D r. P . w as u nm oved a nd s a id th at th e q uiz ze s h ad a cco unte d f o r 7 0% o f th e g ra de.

127 PR O VID IN G F EED BA CK T O S T U D EN TS/S U PERV IS EES ( 5 .0 6) The b ehav io r a naly st p ro vid es f e ed back r e gard in g th e p erfo rm ance o f a s tu d ent or su p erv is e e at le ast once per tw o w eeks or co nsis te nt w ith BA CB re q uir e m ents .

Because re se arc h has sh o w n th at fr e q uent fe ed back can im pro ve m oti v ati o n, le arn in g, a nd p erfo rm ance, b ehav io r a naly st te achers s h o uld s tr iv e to p ro vid e th eir stu d ents fe ed back a s o fte n a s p ossib le . G enera lly s p eakin g, th is fe ed back s h o uld clo se ly fo llo w th e p erfo rm ance. If stu d ents ta ke a n e xam e v ery tw o w eeks, th ey sh o uld re ceiv e fe ed back as so on as th e exam s are passe d back, fo r exam ple .

Behav io r analy sts who are su p erv is o rs need to co m ply with th e BA CB re q uir e m ents f o r f e ed back ( i.e ., a t l e ast e v ery 2 w eeks).

CA SE 5 .0 6: L O SIN G T R A CK O F T IM E Dr. A ndy M ., a B C BA-D w ho ta ught a t th e u niv ersity a nd d id p riv a te c o nsu ltin g, w as s u perv is in g T a ra , a gra duate s tu den t in p sy ch olo gy. T a ra , a B C aB A, w as a ssig ned to tw o m id dle s c h ool c la ssro om s w here s h e work ed w ith a dole sc en ts w ho h ad b eh avio r p ro ble m s. A fte r n ot s e ein g D r. M . f o r a t le a st 3 m onth s, T a ra re ceiv ed a p hone c a ll f ro m h im . H e to ld T a ra th e te a ch ers w ere n ot h appy w ith h er w ork a nd h e w as v ery so rry to te ll h er th at s h e w ould p ro bably lo se h er p la cem en t a t th e s c h ool.

What is th e m ost e th ic a l r e sp onse f o r D r. M . in th is c a se ? W hat s h ould T a ra h ave d one b efo re a nd a fte r sh e g ot th e p hone c a ll?

FEED BA CK T O S T U D EN TS/S U PERV IS EES ( 5 .0 7) The b ehav io r a naly st p ro vid es f e ed back to th e s tu d ent/ s u p erv is e e i n a w ay th at in cre ase s th e pro bab ility th at th e stu d ent/ s u p erv is e e w ill benefit fr o m th e fe ed back.

The e th ic al b ehav io r a naly st w ho i s i n v olv ed i n te achin g o r s u p erv is io n s h o uld ta ke ad vanta ge o f th e b ehav io r a naly sis lite ra tu re re la te d to th e e ffe cts o f fe ed back o n perfo rm ance. F eed back th at is in d iv id ualiz e d , im med ia te , d esc rip ti v e, p air e d w ith positi v e r e in fo rc em ent, a nd p re se nte d g ra p hic ally h as a g re ate r i m pact th an w hen i t is p ro vid ed j u st m atte r o f f a ctl y .

CA SE 5 .0 7: H OW A M I D OIN G?

Dr. L ora Y . is a B C BA-D w ho s u perv is e s m aste r's s tu den ts in th eir p ra ctic u m a t s o m e o f th e s c h ools w here sh e c o nsu lts . D r. Y . is “ old s c h ool” w hen it c o m es to fe ed back a nd fe els th at n atu ra l c o nse q uen ces o f beh avio r s h ould b e th e p rim ary sh apin g to ol fo r g ra duate s tu den ts — th at is th e w ay it w as in h er d ay.

Lois , o ne o f D r. Y.’s stu den ts , is a “ new sc h ool” b eh avio r a naly st; sh e lo ves th e fie ld a nd th riv es o n fe ed back . S he w ill o fte n s e ek fe ed back fro m D r. Y . im med ia te ly fo llo w in g a d ay a t th e s c h ool. “ Yo u'r e doin g f in e,” is th e e xte n t o f D r. Y .’s f e ed back to L ois . L ois is n 't s e ek in g r e a ssu ra nce o r c o m fo rt; s h e w ants sp ecif ic f e ed back s o s h e c a n im pro ve.

128 If y o u w ere L ois , w hat w ould y o u d o?

REIN FO RCIN G S T U D EN T/S U PERV IS EE B EH AV IO R ( 5 .0 8) The b ehav io r a naly st u se s p ositi v e r e in fo rc em ent a s f r e q uentl y a s th e b ehav io r of th e s tu d ent/ s u p erv is e e a nd th e e nv ir o nm enta l c o nd iti o ns a llo w .

The p ositi v e r e in fo rc em ent r e fe rre d to in G uid elin e 5 .0 8 is m ost o fte n g o in g to b e in th e f o rm o f p ositi v e c o m ments a nd k in d w ord s, a lth o ugh a s u p erv is o r m ig ht a ls o use a d diti o nal r e in fo rc ers s u ch a s th e c ho ic e o f w here to w ork . S om e s u p erv is o rs sh o w th eir s u p erv is e es a p pro val b y g iv in g th em c ase s th at a re m ore c halle ngin g.

USIN G B EH AV IO R A NALY SIS P R IN CIP LES IN T EA CHIN G ( 5 .0 9) The behav io r analy st uti liz e s as m any prin cip le s of behav io r analy sis in te achin g a c o urs e a s th e m ate ria l, c o nd iti o ns, a nd a cad em ic p olic ie s a llo w .

With a p plie d r e se arc h s tr e tc hin g b ack n early 4 0 y ears , w e n o w h av e a p ow erfu l s e t of behav io ra lly base d , em pir ic ally valid ate d te achin g m eth o ds base d on basic prin cip le s o f b ehav io r. S om e o f th ese m eth o ds in clu d e th e u se o f s tu d y o bje cti v es, fr e q uent q uiz ze s, a nd i m med ia te f e ed back. B y n o w , th e d ays o f l o ng, b orin g l e ctu re s sh o uld b e g o ne a nd re p la ced w ith in te ra cti v e te achin g str a te gie s a nd c o m pute r- assis te d le arn in g m odule s th at g uid e le arn in g a nd pro vid e a uto m ati c fe ed back. N ot ev ery a cad em ic p ro gra m i s s e t u p to s u p port a ll th ese a d vances, b ut G uid elin e 5 .0 9 enco ura ges b ehav io r analy sts w ho are te achers to av ail th em se lv es o f as m any te chniq ues b ase d o n b ehav io ra l p rin cip le s a s p ossib le .

REQ UIR EM EN TS O F S U PERV IS EES ( 5 .1 0) The b ehav io r a naly st's b ehav io ra l r e q uir e m ents o f a s u p erv is e e m ust b e in th e behav io ra l r e p erto ir e o f th e s u p erv is e e. If th e b ehav io r r e q uir e d is n o t in th e su p erv is e e's r e p erto ir e , th e b ehav io r a naly st a tte m pts to p ro vid e th e c o nd iti o ns fo r th e acq uis iti o n o f th e re q uir e d b ehav io r, and re fe rs th e su p erv is e e fo r re m ed ia l sk ill d ev elo pm ent se rv ic es, o r p ro vid es th em w ith su ch se rv ic es, perm itti n g th em to m eet a t l e ast m in im al b ehav io ra l p erfo rm ance r e q uir e m ents .

This g uid elin e p uts b oth th e s u p erv is o r a nd s u p erv is e e o n n o ti c e th at th ey n eed to be a w are o f w hat is e xp ecte d in p ra cti c um e xp erie nces. T he s u p erv is o r n eed s to make v ery c le ar to s u p erv is e es e xactl y w hat is e xp ecte d , a nd s u p erv is e es n eed to accura te ly d esc rib e th eir curre nt sk ill se ts . If th ere is no t a go od m atc h, so m e re m ed ia ti o n w ill b e n eed ed . T here is a n u nd erly in g a ssu m pti o n in G uid elin e 5 .1 0 th at w e d o n o t w ant s u p erv is e es to f a il; w e w ant th em g ain s k ills a nd i m pro ve th eir co nfid ence i n th e u se o f b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s.

129 TR A IN IN G, S U PERV IS IO N, A ND S A FET Y ( 5 .1 1 ) Behav io r a naly sts p ro vid e p ro per tr a in in g, s u p erv is io n, a nd s a fe ty p re cauti o ns to th eir e m plo yees o r s u p erv is e es a nd ta ke re aso nab le s te p s to s e e th at s u ch pers o ns perfo rm se rv ic es re sp onsib ly , co m pete ntl y , and eth ic ally . If in sti tu ti o nal polic ie s, pro ced ure s, or pra cti c es pre v ent fu lfillm ent of th is oblig ati o n, b ehav io r analy sts atte m pt to m odify th eir ro le o r to co rre ct th e situ ati o n to th e e xte nt f e asib le .

As o utl in ed i n e arlie r g uid elin es, th e b ehav io r a naly st s u p erv is o r i s r e sp onsib le f o r desig nin g tr a in in g o pportu niti e s th at w ill le ad to s u ccessfu lly a cq uir e d b ehav io ra l sk ills . In th e p ro cess, s u p erv is o rs m ust a ls o m ake s u re th at s u p erv is e es a re n o t p ut in h arm 's w ay. F or e xam ple , f e m ale s tu d ents , i f s m all i n s ta tu re , c o uld b e h arm ed i f re q uir e d to i m ple m ent ti m e-o ut w ith l a rg e, a ggre ssiv e a d ole sc ent m ale s.

CA SE 5 .1 1 : H OUSE O F I L L R EPU TE Danie lle , a B C aB A w ho w as w ork in g o n h er m aste r's d eg re e in a pplie d b eh avio r a naly sis , w ork ed p art tim e f o r a c o m pany th at d id in -h om e tr a in in g w ith c h ild re n w ith a utis m s p ectr u m d is o rd er. E xcite d a bout her f ir st a ssig nm en t w ith a s p ecia l n eed s c h ild , D anie lle a rriv ed a t th e c h ild 's h om e a little e a rly f o r h er 4 p.m . a ppoin tm en t. S he k nock ed o n th e d oor a nd w as m et b y a y o ung w om an w ho s e em ed v ery n erv o us.

Danie lle sta rte d w ork in g w ith th e c h ild , N ik o, a t th e k itc h en ta ble a nd b efo re lo ng, sh e h ea rd ra is e d vo ic es a nd y ellin g c o m in g fro m th e b ed ro om d ow n th e h all. T he d oor o pen ed a nd a b ed ra ggle d , y o ung man in h is 2 0s b lu rte d o ut, “ D on't te ll m e w hat to d o, b **ch !” H e p ro m ptly le ft th e h ouse , s la m min g th e door b eh in d h im . O ver s e vera l s u bse q uen t v is its , D anie lle w as s u re s h e s a w d ru g p ara phern alia ly in g aro und a nd o th er s tr a nge m en c o m in g a nd g oin g. O ne to ok a lo ng lo ok a t h er a s h e w as le a vin g. H e lic k ed h is lip s a nd g ave h er a m en acin g g rin .

Afte r s e vera l v is its , D anie lle r e p orte d th ese c ir c u m sta nces to h er s u perv is o r, w hose r e p ly w as, “ W ell, w e have to d ea l w ith a ll k in ds th ese d ays. W e d on't j u dge p eo ple . W e a re th ere to h elp N ik o. H e n eed s u s a nd our s e rv ic es.” What w ould a g ood, e th ic a l b eh avio r a naly st s u perv is o r d o?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 5 .0 : T H IN A IR Dr. Z . p aid se vere ly fo r h is m is ju dgm en t a bout Jessic a . H e h ad to a polo giz e about h avin g n o d ata t o p re se n t a nd d id n ot e ven t r y t o e xp la in t o his c o lle a gues how th is h appen ed . T his s itu atio n w as s u ffic ie n tly e m barra ssin g th at D r. Z . is unlik ely t o m ake t h is m is ta ke a gain .

CA SE 5 .0 2: D ELEG AT E For B C BAs a nd B C aB As, tr a in in g n eed s to b e d one b y a p erso n w ho is a B C BA; th e p sy ch olo gis t w as n ot q ualifie d to d o C EU tr a in in g fo r b eh avio r a naly sts .

Furth er, t e stin g i s a n a re a t h at r e q uir e s s p ecia liz e d t r a in in g a nd s u perv is io n. T he 130 only excep tio n to th is w ould be a w ork sh op th at w as desig ned to sim ply fa m ilia riz e p artic ip ants w ith te stin g p ro ced ure s. S ix h ours o f “ fa m ilia riz a tio n” would p ro bably b e e xcessiv e, a nd in th e c a se o f th ese B C BAs a nd B C aB As th ey would b e b ette r o ff e a rn in g C EU s. I f D r. S . c a nnot d o t h e t r a in in g, h e s h ould f in d anoth er B C BA.

CA SE 5 .0 3: T O UG H A SSIG NM EN T Our fa m ous b eh avio r a naly st w ill n eed to w ork w ith h er s ta ff to c o m e u p w ith so m e cle a r o bje ctiv es fo r th e p ra ctic u m exp erie n ce. T hey d o n ot n eed to b e co m ple te o r p erfe ct b ut g ood e n ough s o th at n ew s tu den ts h ave a g ood id ea o f what t h ey w ill b e e xp ecte d t o d o a nd t h e s k ills t h ey w ill a cq uir e i n t h e p ra ctic u m .

This m ig ht h elp s o m e s tu den ts m ake th e d ecis io n to w ait a s e m este r a nd tr y a pra ctic u m t h at i s n ot s o c h alle n gin g.

CA SE 5 .0 4: M ORE T H A N E X PEC TED Handin g o ut c o urse o bje ctiv es is n ot e n ough. D r. P . s h ould h ave a ls o p ro vid ed th e s tu den ts w ith a c le a r d esc rip tio n o f a ll t h e r e q uir e m en ts o f t h e c o urse . W hen not p ro vid ed w ith c o urse r e q uir e m en ts , G re tc h en s h ould h ave a sk ed fo r th em . I f Gre tc h en h ad k n ow n th e a m ount o f w ork th at w as in vo lv ed , s h e w ould p ro bably have c h ose n t o t a ke t h e c la ss a t a l a te r t im e.

CA SE 5 .0 5: A F O R E FFO RT B U T C F O R T H E C O URSE The G uid elin es s ta te t h at b eh avio r a naly sts w ho t e a ch o r s u perv is e o th ers s h ould pro vid e a c le a r d esc rip tio n fo r e va lu atin g s tu den t p erfo rm ance a t th e b eg in nin g of th e c o urse . O n th e fir st n ig ht o f c la ss, th e s tu den ts s h ould h ave re ceiv ed a writte n p oin t s y ste m o r a noth er m eth od o f e xp la in in g n ot o nly w hat th e c o urse re q uir e m en ts w ere b ut a ls o h ow m uch w eig ht w ould b e g iv en t o e a ch . A fte r s o m e so ul s e a rc h in g, G re tc h en w en t t o t h e d ep artm en t c h air t o c o m pla in .

CA SE 5 .0 6: L O SIN G T R A CK O F T IM E Beh avio r a naly sts w ho a ccep t th e re sp onsib ility o f su perv is in g o th ers n eed to pro vid e th e s tu den t (o r s u perv is e e) w ith fe ed back. T o d o th is e ffe ctiv ely , D r. M .

ca nnot g o 3 m onth s o r m ore w ith out o bse rv in g o r m eetin g w ith T a ra a nd s h apin g her p erfo rm ance. I n f a ct, D r. M . s h ould b e m eetin g w ith T a ra a t l e a st 1 h our p er week to p ro vid e h er w ith fe ed back a nd tr a in in g a s n ecessa ry, in clu din g g iv in g fe ed back fr o m th e te a ch ers. I f th is h ad b een d one, T a ra m ost lik ely w ould h ave made th e necessa ry adju stm en ts to her beh avio r so th at th e te a ch ers w ere sa tis fie d w ith h er p erfo rm ance.

CA SE 5 .0 7: H O W A M I D O IN G?

131 Lois is e n title d to fr e q uen t fe ed back o f a d esc rip tiv e n atu re , d esc rip tiv e e n ough so th at s h e c a n im pro ve h er p erfo rm ance. “ Yo u a re d oin g fin e” s im ply d oes n ot meet th e s ta ndard . L ois is in a s o m ew hat to uch y p ositio n. S he re a lly n eed s to giv e h er su perv is o r so m e fe ed back, a s in , “ I n eed m ore d eta ils p le a se .” L ois co uld a sk a very d ir e ct q uestio n su ch a s, “ Thank yo u fo r o bse rv in g m e th is morn in g w hen I w as d eb rie fin g M s. M arsh all o n h er cla ssro om m anagem en t sy ste m . I s th ere a nyth in g I c o uld d o d iffe re n tly ? ” I f th is d oesn 't w ork , L ois m ay have t o a sk f o r a m eetin g w ith D r. Y .’s s u perv is o r.

CA SE 5 .1 1 : H O USE O F I L L R EPU TE Danie lle 's su perv is o r is ig norin g G uid elin e 5 .1 1 (w hic h in clu des a p ro vis io n perta in in g to sa fe ty ) a nd d oes so a t h er p eril. D anie lle sh ould h ave vo ic ed co ncern s to th e su perv is o r a fte r th e v ery fir st o bse rv a tio n o f p ossib ly ille g al beh avio r (i.e ., p ro stitu tio n a nd d ru gs). I f th e s u perv is o r a gre es to p ull D anie lle fr o m th e h om e b ut in dic a te s th at s h e w ill a ssig n a noth er c o nsu lta nt in th e h om e to re p la ce h er, th e re d fla g g o es u p. W hile N ik o cle a rly d ese rv es b eh avio ra l se rv ic es, it w ould a ppea r th at h e to o is in a p ote n tia lly d angero us e n vir o nm en t.

The r ig ht c a ll h ere w ould b e t h at t h e s u perv is o r w ould c o nta ct t h e D ep artm en t o f Pro te ctiv e S erv ic es ( D PS) t o r e p ort t h e s itu atio n. D anie lle w ill b e i n te rv ie w ed b y DPS a nd w ill n eed to su pply th e d eta ils sin ce sh e w as th e w itn ess a nd h as fir sth and k n ow le d ge o f t h e s itu atio n.

132 133 B11 The B eh avio r A naly st a n d t h e Work pla ce ( G uid elin e 6 ) ehav io r analy sts hav e b een acti v e in th e w ork p la ce sin ce th e early 1 970s.

Behav io r a naly sis i n b usin ess a nd i n d ustr y i s k no w n a s o rg aniz a ti o nal b ehav io r managem ent (O BM ) or perfo rm ance m anagem ent (P M ). T his sp ecia l fie ld has dem onstr a te d th at b asic p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r c an b e a p plie d s u ccessfu lly in th e busin ess a re na to p ro duce h ap pie r, m ore p ro ducti v e e m plo yees (D anie ls , 2 000; Danie ls & D anie ls , 2 004; F re d erik se n, 1 982; O 'B rie n, D ic kin so n, & R oso w , 1 982).

Guid e l in e 6 .0 r e q uir e s th e b ehav io r a naly st w ork in g i n b usin ess a nd i n d ustr y to b e “ad eq uate ly p re p are d ” to co nsu lt in th ese o rg aniz a ti o ns (G uid elin e 6 .0 3). T his means th at co nsu lta nts in busin ess and in d ustr y m ust hav e had th e necessa ry co urs e w ork a nd p ra cti c um su p erv is io n b efo re o ffe rin g th eir se rv ic es in se tti n gs where th e b otto m lin e is im porta nt. A s in a ny s e tti n g, th e p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r co uld b e m is u se d , p ro bab ly to th e d is a d vanta ge o f w ork ers r a th er th an m anagem ent, because m anagem ent hir e s m ost co nsu lta nts . O ur guid elin es re q uir e behav io r analy sts to d ev elo p i n te rv enti o ns th at ( 1 ) a re w ell th o ught o ut ( G uid elin e 6 .0 2), ( 2 ) benefit b oth e m plo yees a s w ell a s m anagem ent ( G uid elin e 6 .0 4), a nd ( 3 ) “ enhance th e w ell- b ein g o f e m plo yees.” T his la tte r c o nd iti o n sh o w s a n a w are ness th at it would b e q uite e asy to p ut e m plo yees a t r is k . F or e xam ple , a n u neth ic al c o nsu lta nt co uld dev elo p new sc hed ule s of re in fo rc em ent th at w ould dra m ati c ally boost effic ie ncy. U nd er so m e cir c um sta nces, m uch hig her ra te s o f p erfo rm ance co uld re su lt i n i n cre ase d s tr e ss o r i n ju rie s. I n a d diti o n, th ere i s w arra nte d c o ncern th at th e mis u se o f b ehav io ra l p ro ced ure s c o uld c ause a b ackla sh b y e m plo yees a nd l e av e a bad ta ste i n th e m outh o f m anagem ent a b out b ehav io r a naly sis .

Our g u id elin es r e q uir e b eh av io r a n aly sts to d ev elo p in te rv en tio ns th at w ill “ e n han ce th e w ell- b ein g o f em plo yees.” Ano th er fe atu re of th is guid elin e is th at it str e sse s a m ore co m mon eth ic al sta nd ard ab out em plo ym ent in genera l. T hat is , behav io r analy sts , lik e oth er pro fe ssio nals , h av e a n o blig ati o n to a d here to j o b c o m mitm ents ( G uid elin e 6 .0 1). I f yo u s ig n a 2 -y ear c o ntr a ct w ith a n o rg aniz a ti o n, y o u a re e xp ecte d to s ta y w ith th at 134 co m pany fo r th e fu ll 2 -y ear p erio d. O r if y o ur c o ntr a ct in clu d es a “ no nco m pete cla use ,” it is e th ic al o nly fo r y o u to a b id e b y th is r e str ic ti o n s h o uld y o u le av e th e fir m . T o b re ak y o ur c o ntr a ct a nd g o in to c o m peti ti o n w ith y o ur fo rm er e m plo yer is doub ly u neth ic al a nd l ik ely to r e su lt i n c ensu re f r o m y o ur c o lle agues a nd a p ote nti a l la w su it a s w ell.

Beh av io r a n aly sts , lik e o th er p ro fe ssio nals , h av e a n oblig atio n to a d here to jo b c o m mitm en ts .

One fin al eth ic al is su e is co vere d in th is guid elin e. T his has to do w ith a pote nti a l co nflic t betw een yo ur co m mitm ent to th ese Behav io r Analy sis Certi fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) G uid elin es and yo ur em plo yer. T he m ost lik ely pro ble m is th at so m eo ne in yo ur org aniz a ti o n w ill ask yo u to do so m eth in g “uneth ic al” a cco rd in g to o ur s ta nd ard s. T his m ig ht i n v olv e a n a p pare ntl y i n no cuo us act o f sig nin g so m e p ap erw ork in d ic ati n g th at y o u a p pro ve a b ehav io r p ro gra m when y o u d o n o t o r to in d ic ate th at y o u h av e c arrie d o ut s o m e tr a in in g fo r w hic h yo u w ere n o t in v olv ed . O rg aniz a ti o ns, p arti c ula rly in h um an s e rv ic es, c o m e u nd er perio dic r e v ie w fr o m sta te o r fe d era l a gencie s a nd d is c o ver, o n s h o rt n o ti c e, th at th ey are defic ie nt on certa in criti c al sta nd ard s. M any of th ese in v olv e docum enta ti o n o f clie nt re co rd s in d ic ati n g th at clie nts hav e b een asse sse d , th at tr e atm ents h av e b een p ro vid ed , o r th at c erta in g o als h av e b een m et. A ll o f th is usu ally re q uir e s th e sig natu re o f th e B oard C erti fie d B ehav io r A naly st (B CBA ), whic h atte sts to th ese fa cts — or no t. P re ssu re o n yo u to “co opera te ” co uld b e in te nse , but to co m ply w ould cle arly be a vio la ti o n of our eth ic al sta nd ard s.

Guid elin e 6 .0 6 u rg es y o u to s e ek r e so lu ti o n o f s u ch c o nflic ts w ith o ut v io la ti n g y o ur ad here nce to th e e th ic al p rin cip le s o f o ur f ie ld .

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST A ND T H E W ORK PLA CE ( 6 .0 ) The behav io r analy st ad here s to jo b co m mitm ents , asse sse s em plo yee in te ra cti o ns befo re in te rv enti o n, w ork s w ith in his /h er sc o pe of tr a in in g, dev elo ps in te rv enti o ns th at b enefit e m plo yees, a nd re so lv es c o nflic ts w ith in th ese G uid elin es.

JO B C O M MIT M EN TS ( 6 .0 1) The behav io r analy st ad here s to jo b co m mitm ents m ad e to th e em plo yin g org aniz a ti o n.

Behav io r a naly sts a re n o t d iffe re nt fr o m o th er p ro fe ssio nals w hen it c o m es to jo b co m mitm ents : th e r u le i s th at y o u f o llo w th ro ugh w ith y o ur a gre em ents .

135 CA SE 6 .0 1: G OOD F A IT H ?

Faith w as a P hD -le vel B C BA w ho a ccep te d a n ew jo b w ork in g fo r a la rg e b eh avio ra l c o nsu ltin g fir m .

Faith s ig ned a n e m plo ym en t c o ntr a ct s ta tin g th at s h e w ould s ta y w ith th e c o m pany a t le a st 2 y ea rs a nd th at sh e w ould w ork a m in im um o f 2 0 b illa ble h ours p er w eek . T he c o nsu ltin g fir m sp en t 2 m onth s tr a in in g F aith ; sh e b eg an w ork a nd q uic k ly d ecid ed sh e d id n ot w ant to w ork 2 0 h ours e a ch w eek .

With out te llin g a nyo ne, s h e dro pped h er c a se lo ad s o th at s h e w as w ork in g 1 2 to 1 5 h ours w eek ly . T hen , afte r o nly 6 m onth s o n th e j o b, F aith a ccep te d a n o ffe r f o r m ore m oney w ith a c o m petin g c o m pany.

What a re th e G uid elin es v io la tio ns h ere ?

ASSESSIN G E M PLO YEE I N TER A CTIO NS ( 6 .0 2) The b ehav io r a naly st a sse sse s th e b ehav io r– env ir o nm ent in te ra cti o ns o f th e em plo yees b efo re d esig nin g b ehav io r a naly ti c p ro gra m s.

Behav io r a naly sts c o nsu lti n g in b usin ess s e tti n gs a re o fte n a sk ed to fin d w ays o f im pro vin g p erfo rm ance. T he m ost d ir e ct w ay m ay b e th ro ugh c hanges in th e w ay th at em plo yees are paid or in th e use of dis in centi v es fo r poor perfo rm ance.

How ev er, w e sh o uld n o t lo se sig ht o f th e fa ct th at so m e c o nsis te ntl y le ss-th an- ste lla r b ehav io r m ay b e d ue to th e p hysic al e nv ir o nm ent its e lf. E m plo yees w ho work in se tti n gs w here th e e q uip m ent is in n eed o f re p air, w here it is lo ud a nd no is y, o r w here th ere a re s a fe ty is su es s h o uld n o t b e fa ulte d fo r th eir p erfo rm ance.

The e th ic al b ehav io r a naly st a lw ays ta kes th ese e nv ir o nm enta l fa cto rs in to a cco unt and brin gs th ese is su es to th e atte nti o n of m anagem ent fo r co rre cti o n befo re pro posin g s o lu ti o ns i n v olv in g c o nti n gencie s o f r e in fo rc em ent.

CA SE 6 .0 2: E N VIR O NM EN TA L D ESIG N Dr. B ill R ., a D octo ra l- le vel B C BA (B C BA-D ), w as assig ned to w ork in fo ur 16-b ed house s in a re sid en tia l f a cility . D r. R . s ta rte d th is n ew p la cem en t b y g oin g to th e h ouse s, r e vie w in g c lie n t f o ld ers, a nd ta kin g th e c lie n ts w ho n eed ed b eh avio r p ro gra m s to a tr a in in g r o om s o h e c o uld g et to k now th em . D r. R .

fig ure d h e w ould sp en d th e fir st fe w w eek s g ettin g p ro gra m s w ritte n , d ata sh eets d esig ned , a nd a ny asse ssm en ts th at n eed ed to b e d one c o m ple te d . T w o w eek s la te r, h e s h ow ed u p at o ne h ouse to tr a in th e sta ff o n a b eh avio r p ro gra m . W hile h e w aite d f o r a s h if t s u perv is o r to g ath er s ta ff m em bers to geth er, D r.

R. a sk ed o ne s ta ff p erso n if s h e h ad w ork ed o n a ny b eh avio r p ro gra m s w ith c lie n ts . S he s a id , “ W ell, th at oth er fe lla w ho w as h ere a sk ed u s to ta ke d ata a ll d ay lo ng. I'm te llin g y o u, w e d on't h ave tim e fo r a ll th at g arb age!” D r. R . c o ntin ued to w ait b eca use s o m e s ta ff m em bers h ad n ot r e tu rn ed f ro m lu nch o n tim e.

Every s o o fte n , o ne p artic u la r s ta ff m em ber w ould g o to a c lie n t w ho n eed ed to d o a n a ctiv ity th at w as sc h ed ule d . In a v ery lo ud, th re a te n in g, a nd n eg ativ e v o ic e, th is s ta ff m em ber w ould b ark o ut a n o rd er su ch a s, “ R ic h ard , I to ld y o u it w as tim e to g et r e a dy. Y o u b ette r g et u p o utta h ere a nd g et d re sse d b efo re th at b us g ets h ere . I 'm n ot te llin ’ y o u a gain .” Do th e G uid elin es o ffe r a ny a dvic e th at c o uld h ave h elp ed D r. R .?

PR EPA RIN G F O R C O NSU LT A T IO N ( 6 .0 3) The behav io r analy st im ple m ents or co nsu lts on behav io r managem ent 136 pro gra m s f o r w hic h th e b ehav io r a naly st h as b een a d eq uate ly p re p are d .

It w ould sim ply b e uneth ic al fo r a b ehav io r analy st to co nsu lt in any b usin ess se tti n g unle ss he or sh e w as pro perly tr a in ed fo r th e ta sk . T here are eno ugh diffe re nces betw een busin ess or in d ustr ia l se tti n gs and ty p ic al hum an se rv ic es se tti n gs th at s p ecia l p re p ara ti o n i s n ecessa ry .

CA SE 6 .0 3: F R EE A DVIC E Fre d eric k 's next- d oor neig hbor w as th e gen era l m anager of a hard w are sto re th at w as part of a natio nally r e co gniz e d c h ain . F re d eric k , a B C BA, s p ecia liz e d in th e d esig n o f s h elte re d w ork sh ops f o r th e physic a lly h andic a pped . O ne d ay a t a c o m munity b arb ecu e, th e n eig hbor b eg an te llin g F re d eric k about so m e p erfo rm ance p ro ble m s o f h is e m plo yees. H e s a id th e e m plo yees c a m e to w ork la te a nd s h ow ed n o in itia tiv e, a nd th eir c u sto m er s e rv ic e s k ills le ft m uch to b e d esir e d . B eca use F re d eric k e n co unte re d th ese sa m e p ro ble m s in h is w ork sh ops, h e b eg an o ffe rin g s u ggestio ns.

What m ig ht b e a m ore a ppro pria te r e sp onse f ro m F re d eric k ?

EM PLO YEES I N TERV EN TIO NS ( 6 .0 4) The b ehav io r a naly st d ev elo ps i n te rv enti o ns th at b enefit th e e m plo yees a s w ell as m anagem ent.

Consu lta nts in b usin ess s e tti n gs a re a lm ost a lw ays h ir e d b y m anagem ent to s o lv e perfo rm ance p ro ble m s th at a ffe ct th e b otto m lin e o f th e c o m pany. A s a b ehav io r analy st, y o u s h o uld a t th e s a m e ti m e m ake s u re th at a ny in te rv enti o ns y o u p ro pose will a ls o w ork to th e a d vanta ge o f th e e m plo yees.

CA SE 6 .0 4: B O NUS Sharo n P . fe lt s h e w as v ery lu ck y to b e w ork in g fo r o ne o f th e la rg est b usin ess-c o nsu ltin g fir m s in th e co untr y. A lth ough it w as n ot e xa ctly b eh avio ra lly o rie n te d , s h e w as a llo w ed to w ork o n s p ecia l p ro je cts th at in vo lv ed c o m pany m erg ers. T he o pportu nitie s fo r u sin g b eh avio ra l so lu tio ns w ere e n orm ous, a nd Sharo n f e lt g ood a bout th e c o ntr ib utio n s h e w as m akin g u ntil th e d ay th at s h e w as a ssig ned to a n o il r ig in th e G ulf o f M exic o . S he w ould w ork 2 w eek s s tr a ig ht, liv in g in a n ic ely a ppoin te d c u bic le o n th e r ig , and th en g et a w eek o ff. H er a ssig nm en t w as to fig ure o ut h ow to in cre a se th e p ro ductiv ity o f th e 1 53 work ers b y 9 % to a t le a st 1 .9 m illio n b arre ls a d ay o f c ru de o il. C urre n tly th ey w ere r a te d th e lo w est o f any o f th e s o uth ern -s e cto r p la tf o rm s w ith a s c o re o f 8 5% e ffic ie n cy. E ach 1 % d efic it w as c o stin g th e co m pany $ 2.5 m illio n p er y ea r, a nd S haro n w as u nder in te n se p re ssu re fro m th e c o m pany p re sid en t to fin d a so lu tio n. A fte r 3 m onth s, sh e ca m e u p w ith a p la n th at in vo lv ed an in te rm itte n t sc h ed ule o f re in fo rc em en t, w hic h w ould in cre a se th e e ffic ie n cy o f th e “ ro ughneck s” a nd “ ro usta bouts ” ( ro ughneck s and r o usta bouts a re th e n am es f o r s p ecif ic o il r ig j o bs; th ese a re n ot in te n ded to b e d ero gato ry te rm s f o r work ers). B asic a lly , sh e w as p ro posin g to h ave th em ea rn d aily a nd w eek ly b onuse s fo r in cre a se d pro ductio n w ith out ris k in g a ccid en ts . If th ey co uld m eet th e g oals , th ey w ould in cre a se th eir d aily sa la rie s fro m $ 300 to $ 350 p er d ay, w hic h S haro n d eem ed th e m in im um n ecessa ry to g et th is b oost in pro ductiv ity .

The c o m pany p re sid en t lik ed S haro n's p la n b ut s a id th at $ 50 p er d ay w as r id ic u lo us. S hould s h e g o back to th e d ra w in g b oard f o r a n ew p la n?

137 EM PLO YEE H EA LT H A ND W ELL-B EIN G ( 6 .0 5) The b ehav io r a naly st d ev elo ps in te rv enti o ns th at e nhance th e h ealth a nd w ell- bein g o f th e e m plo yees.

It is n o t d iffic ult to d ev is e in genio us s c hed ule s o f r e in fo rc em ent th at w ill m oti v ate em plo yees to b e m ore p ro ducti v e; th e c o ncern is th at th is m ig ht, a t th e s a m e ti m e, put th em a t ris k fo r illn ess o r in ju ry . W ork in g fa ste r c o uld e asily le ad to ta kin g sh o rtc uts o r ig no rin g s a fe ty s ta nd ard s th at a re d esig ned to p re v ent e m plo yees fr o m in ju rin g th em se lv es.

CA SE 6 .0 5: E N HANCE T H IS Pete r B . r e ceiv ed h is P hD in in dustr ia l a nd o rg aniz a tio nal p sy ch olo gy a nd w as q uic k ly h ir e d b y a la rg e onlin e re ta ile r to im pro ve p ro ductiv ity in th e sh ip pin g d ep artm en t. A fte r m akin g in fo rm al o bse rv a tio ns over a 3 -w eek p erio d, P ete r re co m men ded th at th e c o m pany in stitu te a w ork e n hancem en t s y ste m th at would e n co ura ge e m plo yees to p ic k u p th e p ace o f p ack in g b oxes o r b e fir e d . H is e stim ate w as th at overa ll o utp ut c o uld b e in cre a se d b y a t le a st 1 5% w ith th is “ en hancem en t” and th at th is w ould in cre a se th e b otto m lin e b y n ea rly $ 1 m illio n a y ea r. A B C BA w ork in g in th e h um an r e so urc es d ep artm en t g ot w in d of th is p ro posa l a nd a sk ed to r e vie w it b efo re it w as p ut in p la ce.

Why m ig ht th e B C BA b e in te re ste d ?

CO NFLIC TS W IT H O RG ANIZ AT IO NS ( 6 .0 6) If th e d em and s o f a n o rg aniz a ti o n w ith w hic h b ehav io r a naly sts a re a ffilia te d co nflic t w ith th ese G uid elin es, behav io r analy sts cla rify th e natu re of th e co nflic t, m ake k no w n th eir c o m mitm ent to th ese G uid elin es, a nd to th e e xte nt fe asib le , s e ek to r e so lv e th e c o nflic t i n a w ay th at p erm its th e f u lle st a d here nce to th ese G uid elin es.

It sh o uld b e a p pare nt fr o m th is g uid elin e th at b ehav io r a naly sts ta ke th eir e th ic s se rio usly , e v en to th e p oin t o f l e tti n g o th ers k no w o f o ur h ig h s ta nd ard s a nd th at w e fe el th e n eed to re so lv e a ny c o nflic t b etw een th ese G uid elin es a nd o th er w ork - re la te d d em and s.

CA SE 6 .0 6: P A NIC E N SU ES A c o m pany o w nin g s e vera l r e sid en tia l f a cilitie s a nd g ro up h om es w as g ettin g r e a dy to u nderg o a f e d era l re vie w . A s so on a s th e a dm in is tr a to rs h ea rd th at th e re vie w te a m w as co m in g, th ey w en t in to th eir hyste ric a l m ode. H ea th er w as a B C BA w ho w ork ed in th e fa cilitie s. In p re p ara tio n fo r th e re vie w , Hea th er w as in str u cte d b y o ne a dm in is tr a to r to “ … g et o ver th ere to th ose h ouse s, g et s o m e a sse ssm en ts writte n u p, w rite s o m e b eh avio r p ro gra m s, a nd m ake s u re th ere is s o m e d ata . Y o u m ay h ave to b ack date so m e o f it if n ecessa ry.” H ea th er w as n erv o us a bout th is b eca use s h e w as a n h onest p erso n a nd s h e h ad not b een g iv en th e o pportu nity to s p en d tim e w ith th ese c lie n ts .

Assu m in g th at s h e w is h es to u se p ro fe ssio nal la nguage, w hat s h ould H ea th er s a y to th e a dm in is tr a to r?

138 RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 6 .0 1: G O OD F A IT H ?

Faith a gre ed to s ta y w ith th e c o m pany fo r 2 y ea rs, a nd s h e le ft a fte r 6 m onth s.

She sig ned a co ntr a ct a nd cle a rly is in vio la tio n o f th e G uid elin es a nd h er co ntr a ct. The G uid elin es sa y th at beh avio r analy sts adhere to th eir jo b co m mitm en ts . F aith s h ould h ave w ork ed t h e p ro m is e d 2 0 h ours p er w eek u nle ss a sc h ed ule ch ange w as m utu ally a gre ed o n b y th e co nsu ltin g fir m . S om etim es, th in gs h appen in life s o th at o ne c a nnot h onor a c o m mitm en t (e .g ., a b eh avio r analy st fe els th e n eed to r e lo ca te to b e w ith a d yin g p are n t) . I n th ese c a se s, th e beh avio r analy st sh ould m ake every atte m pt to w ork w ith th e em plo yer to arra nge a s m ooth t r a nsitio n.

CA SE 6 .0 2: E N VIR O NM EN TA L D ESIG N The G uid elin es sta te th at beh avio r analy sts sh ould asse ss th e beh avio r– en vir o nm en t in te ra ctio ns o f th e e m plo yees b efo re d esig nin g b eh avio r a naly tic pro gra m s. D r. R . w ould h ave a s m ooth er s ta rt if h e k n ew w hat h e w as d ea lin g with in te rm s o f s ta ff a ttitu des a nd b eh avio r b efo re tr y in g to im ple m en t d eta ile d or s o phis tic a te d p ro gra m s.

CA SE 6 .0 3: F R EE A DVIC E As e xcitin g a s it m ig ht b e to e xp and h is c o nsu ltin g fr o m s h elte re d w ork sh ops to big -tim e b usin esse s, F re d eric k n eed s to re fle ct o n h is la ck o f e xp erie n ce a nd tr a in in g in th is a re a a nd r e co m men d th at h is n eig hbor c o nta ct a p erso n tr a in ed in P M o r p erh aps d ir e ct h im to a c o nsu ltin g fir m th at d oes th is so rt o f w ork ro utin ely .

CA SE 6 .0 4: B O NUS Acco rd in g to th e G uid elin es, S haro n d id th e r ig ht th in g in p ro posin g a p ay-fo r- perfo rm ance sy ste m th at would ben efit m anagem en t (th ey sto od to m ake millio ns) a nd th e o il r ig w ork ers a s w ell. S he n ow h as a n e th ic a l d ile m ma th at may r e su lt i n h er r e fu sin g t o w ork o n t h e o il r ig c o ntr a ct f o r h er c o nsu ltin g f ir m .

Her p ositio n w as th at it w as u neth ic a l fo r h er to d esig n a s y ste m th at g ot th e ro ughnecks a nd r o usta bouts to w ork h ard er w ith out th eir e a rn in g a ny in cre a se d co m pen sa tio n f o r s u ch d iffic u lt a nd d angero us w ork .

CA SE 6 .0 5: E N HA NCE T H IS BC BAs a re re q uir e d to fo llo w th ese G uid elin es, b ut in th is c a se th e in dustr ia l psy ch olo gis t w ould n ot n eed to a dhere to th em . C erta in ly a ny tim e th ere is a n 139 in cre a se in pro ductiv ity , th ere is so m e ch ance th at th is in vo lv es em plo yees work in g fa ste r o r p ossib ly c u ttin g c o rn ers to a vo id b ein g fir e d . B oth s itu atio ns mig ht p ut t h em a t s o m e r is k f o r i n ju ry, a nd s o m eo ne n eed s t o a sk q uestio ns a bout th e sa fe ty a nd w ell- b ein g o f th e e m plo yees. T he B C BA w as c o rre ct in ra is in g questio ns i n t h is c a se , a nd, i f h e h ad s o m e e xp ertis e i n P M , h e m ig ht r e co m men d th e use of a payfo r- perfo rm ance sy ste m in ste a d of th e “ w ork -o r-g et- fir e d ” appro ach .

CA SE 6 .0 6: P A NIC E N SU ES The a dm in is tr a to r is e n gagin g in se rio us u neth ic a l c o nduct. H ea th er n eed s to sh ow h er th e G uid elin es a nd te ll h er s h e w ill d o h er b est to a sse ss th e s itu atio n and w ork w ith in th e G uid elin es to m ake a ny p ro gra m im pro vem en ts sh e ca n befo re th e re vie w te a m a rriv es. If th e a dm in is tr a to r p ersis ts , H ea th er sh ould re p ly w ith t h e f o llo w in g: “ P le a se d on't a sk m e t o v io la te m y p ro fe ssio nal e th ic s.” Should th e adm in is tr a to r not back dow n, H ea th er m ay need to co nsid er em plo ym en t w ith a m ore e th ic a l o rg aniz a tio n.

140 141 B12 The B eh avio r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to t h e F ie ld o f B eh avio r A naly sis ( G uid elin e 7 ) ehav io r analy sis , alth o ugh gro w in g ra p id ly as a pro fe ssio n (G . L . S ho ok, pers o nal co m munic ati o n, M ay 30, 2004), is sti ll a very sm all fie ld w hen co m pare d w ith o th er r e la te d a re as s u ch a s s o cia l w ork o r c lin ic al p sy cho lo gy. F or th e m ost p art, w e a re n o t y et o n th e r a d ar s c re ens o f m ost A meric ans, a nd , b ase d o n our p ast e xp erie nce, w e k no w th at u neth ic al c o nd uct b y a s m all n um ber o f p ers o ns can r e fle ct b ad ly o n o ur w ho le fie ld . If w e a re to g ain th e tr u st o f th e p ub lic , w e must se t a v ery hig h sta nd ard o f m ora l and eth ic al co nd uct. T o b e an eth ic al behav io r a naly st m eans n o t o nly u p ho ld in g th ese G uid elin es f o r y o ur p ro te cti o n a nd th e p ro te cti o n o f y o ur c lie nts b ut a ls o p re se rv in g a nd e nhancin g th e re p uta ti o n o f behav io r a naly sis in g enera l. G uid elin e 7 .0 m akes it c le ar th at e ach o f u s s h o uld “su p port th e v alu es o f th e fie ld .” T his no d oub t in clu d es th e nin e co re eth ic al prin cip le s d is c usse d in Chap te r 2 a s w ell a s th o se v alu es in here nt in a b ehav io ra l ap pro ach. In ad diti o n to ho nesty , fa ir n ess, ta kin g re sp onsib ility , and p ro m oti n g auto no m y, b ehav io r a naly sts a ls o p ro m ote th e v alu e o f o bje cti v e, re lia b le d ata in dete rm in in g tr e atm ent e ffe cti v eness, in u sin g th at d ata in d ecis io n m akin g, a nd in fo cusin g o n in d iv id ual b ehav io r a s o ur p rim ary fo cus o f s tu d y. B ehav io r a naly sts valu e n o vel a sse ssm ents , e ffe cti v e n o nin tr u siv e i n te rv enti o ns, a nd th e p ro ducti o n o f so cia lly s ig nific ant c hanges in b ehav io r th at h av e w orth to th e in d iv id ual a nd to so cie ty . We belie v e in opti m iz in g each in d iv id ual's worth , dig nity , and in d ep end ence and in d ev elo pin g th e re p erto ir e s necessa ry to acco m plis h th ese go als . I t i s s o m eti m es n ecessa ry to r e m in d o ur c o lle agues o f th ese b asic v alu es, a nd th is g uid elin e p ro vid es th is o ccasio n.

If w e a re to g ain th e tr u st o f th e p ublic , w e m ust s e t a very h ig h s ta n dard o f m ora l a n d e th ic al c o nduct.

Additi o nally , G uid elin e 7 .0 is a p ro m pt to a ll b ehav io r a naly sts to p ro m ote o ur meth o dolo gy and fin d in gs to th e pub lic (G uid elin e 7.0 2) and to ours e lv es to occasio nally re v ie w th e G uid elin es so w e a re w ell a w are o f th e sta nd ard s th at hav e b een s e t. A s o m ew hat o nero us ta sk in v olv es m onito rin g o th er p ro fe ssio nals (o r p ara p ro fe ssio nals ) i n o ur c o m munity to m ake s u re th at th ey d o n o t m is re p re se nt th em se lv es a s c erti fie d w hen th ey a re n o t. T his v ig ila nce is w arra nte d c o nsid erin g 142 th e h arm th at c o uld b e d one to c lie nts b y p ra cti ti o ners w ho a re n o t p ro perly tr a in ed .

The a d diti o nal h arm to th e re p uta ti o n o f o ur fie ld sh o uld so m eth in g h ap pen to a clie nt i s a ls o a c o nsta nt w orry to th o se w ho w ork h ard to m ain ta in h ig h s ta nd ard s. I t is basic ally uneth ic al to tu rn a blin d eye to th o se w ho are m is re p re se nti n g th em se lv es as BCBA s w hen th ey are no t. How one “d is c o ura ges” th ese no ncerti fie d in d iv id uals is no t sp elle d out in th e G uid elin es, but pre su m ab ly co nta cti n g th e B ehav io r A naly sis C erti fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) w ould b e a fir s t ste p ; ano th er m ig ht in v olv e co nta cti n g th e A sso cia ti o n fo r B ehav io r A naly sis (A BA ) o r y o ur l o cal s ta te a sso cia ti o n f o r a d vic e a nd a ssis ta nce.

It is b asic ally u neth ic al to tu rn a b lin d e y e to th ose who a re m is re p re se n tin g th em se lv es a s B C BA s w hen th ey a re n ot.

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST 'S E T H IC A L R ESPO NSIB IL IT Y TO T H E F IE LD O F B EH AV IO R A NALY SIS ( 7 .0 ) The b ehav io r a naly st h as a r e sp onsib ility to s u p port th e v alu es o f th e fie ld , to dis se m in ate k no w le d ge to th e p ub lic , to b e fa m ilia r w ith th ese g uid elin es, a nd to d is c o ura ge m is re p re se nta ti o n b y n o n-c erti fie d i n d iv id uals .

AFFIR M IN G P R IN CIP LES ( 7 .0 1) The b ehav io r a naly st u p ho ld s a nd a d vances th e v alu es, e th ic s, p rin cip le s, a nd mis sio n of th e fie ld of behav io r analy sis ; parti c ip ati o n in both sta te and nati o nal or in te rn ati o nal behav io r analy sis org aniz a ti o ns is str o ngly enco ura ged .

Behav io r a naly sts h av e a n o blig ati o n to sp eak o ut o n b ehalf o f th e fie ld a nd to su p port th e v alu es o f th e fie ld . T hese in clu d e h o nesty , in te grity , fa ir n ess, a nd th e co nti n uin g s e arc h fo r b asic p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r th at c an b e u se d to im pro ve th e hum an c o nd iti o n. T o th is e nd , th e e th ic al b ehav io r a naly st a tte nd s a nd p arti c ip ate s in th e v ario us o rg aniz a ti o ns a t th e s ta te , n ati o nal, a nd i n te rn ati o nal l e v el.

CA SE 7 .0 1: S TA Y A T H OM E Dr. C hris to pher S . is a B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st (B C BA) w ho h as w ork ed in d evelo pm en ta l dis a bilitie s ( D D) s e ttin gs f o r 1 0 y ea rs. D r. S . a tte n ds lo ca l c h apte r m eetin gs to e a rn th e m in im um n um ber of c o ntin uin g e d uca tio n u nit (C EU ) c re d its re q uir e d . D r. S . h as n ever tr a vele d to a sta te a sso cia tio n meetin g o r to th e A sso cia tio n fo r B eh avio r A naly sis In te rn atio nal c o nfe re n ce h eld in a d if fe re n t c ity in May o f e a ch y ea r. D r. S . d oes n ot h ave a fa m ily , a nd h e h as p le n ty o f m oney to tr a vel. H e h as b een desc rib ed b y so m e o f h is c o lle a gues a s “ la zy ” a nd b y o th ers a s “ in dif fe re n t” w ith re g ard to sta yin g cu rre n t w ith th e f ie ld .

143 Does th is r is e to th e le vel o f u neth ic a l c o nduct?

DIS SEM IN AT IN G B EH AV IO R A NALY SIS ( 7 .0 2) The behav io r analy st assis ts th e pro fe ssio n in m akin g behav io r analy sis meth o dolo gy a v aila b le to th e g enera l p ub lic .

One a re a o f re sp onsib ility to th e fie ld o f b ehav io r a naly sis in v olv es h elp in g to ed ucate th e g enera l p ub lic a b out o ur p ro fe ssio n. T his m ig ht in v olv e sp eakin g a t lo cal c iv ic g ro up s, w riti n g le tte rs to th e e d ito r o f th e lo cal n ew sp ap er to c o rre ct so m e mis in fo rm ati o n ab out behav io r analy sis , or parti c ip ati n g in tr a in in g work sh o ps f o r p are nts , te achers , o r o th er p ro fe ssio nals o n s o m e a sp ect o f b ehav io r analy sis m eth o dolo gy.

CA SE 7 .0 2: S PR EA D T H E W ORD Dr. B . is a B C BA w ho te a ch es u niv ersity c la sse s in b eh avio r a naly sis a nd a s a h obby s ta rte d tr a in in g h is dog. W hen h e g ot in vo lv ed in c o m petitiv e d og tr a in in g, h e s a w th at m any d og tr a in ers w ere m is u sin g th e prin cip le s o f o pera nt c o nditio nin g. H e w ould o cca sio nally p ro m pt th ese u nin fo rm ed tr a in ers a bout th e pro per u se o f o pera nt c o nditio nin g a nd s p oke o fte n o f his e xp erie n ces in h is b eh avio r a naly sis c la sse s.

One d ay w hile re vie w in g th e B AC B G uid elin es, h e n otic ed th at b eh avio r a naly sts h ave a “ re sp onsib ility to th e fie ld ” to help “ed uca te th e gen era l public about our pro fe ssio n.” Subse q uen tly , D r. B.

co lla bora te d w ith a c o lle a gue w ho w as w ritin g a b ook f o r d og tr a in ers c a lle d H ow D ogs le arn . T he b ook was b ase d o n b asic p rin cip le s o f b eh avio r a naly sis .

What a re so m e o th er a re a s w here a c re a tiv e b eh avio r a naly st c o uld ta ke th e m essa ge o f b eh avio r analy sis to th e g en era l p ublic ?

BEIN G F A M IL IA R W IT H T H ESE G UID ELIN ES ( 7 .0 3) Behav io r analy sts hav e an o blig ati o n to b e fa m ilia r w ith th ese G uid elin es, oth er a p plic ab le e th ic s c o des, a nd th eir a p plic ati o n to b ehav io r a naly sts ’ w ork .

Lack o f a w are ness o r m is u nd ers ta nd in g of a c o nd uct s ta nd ard is n o t its e lf a defe nse to a c harg e o f u neth ic al c o nd uct.

These G uid elin es a re d esig ned to a ssis t b ehav io r a naly sts in th e c o nd uct o f th eir pro fe ssio nal l iv es. I t i s i m pera ti v e th at w e a ll a re a cq uain te d w ith th em a s w ell a s oth er e th ic s c o des, w hic h m ay b e r e le v ant. Ig no ra nce o f th e s ta nd ard s is n o e xcuse sh o uld y o u b e a ccuse d o f u neth ic al b ehav io r.

CA SE 7 .0 3: M ATC H M AKER Darla w as a B oard C ertif ie d a ssis ta nt B eh avio r A naly st (B C aB A) w ho w as w ork in g fo r a b eh avio ra l se rv ic es c o m pany th at o w ned a r e sid en tia l f a cility , a s h elte re d w ork sh op, a nd s o m e g ro up h om es. D arla was a h ard w ork er. S he w as s o m ew hat s h y b ut w as w ell lik ed b y o th er e m plo yees. D arla 's s u perv is o r, Ken , w as a h appily m arrie d B C BA, a nd, a lth ough h e d id n ot b eh ave in appro pria te ly a ro und D arla , h e ofte n e n co ura ged o th er s ta ff m em bers w ho w ere h is g ood f r ie n ds to in vite D arla o n d ate s, to p artie s, o r 144 to lu nch o r d in ner. H e fe lt lik e s h e s h ould h ave a m ore a ctiv e s o cia l lif e . D arla s o on p ic k ed u p o n th is manip ula tio n a nd d ecid ed to h ave a ta lk w ith K en . S he to ld h im sh e n eed ed to le t h im k now h e w as makin g h er f e el u nco m fo rta ble a nd p ossib ly v io la tin g th e b eh avio r a naly st's G uid elin es f o r R esp onsib le Conduct S ta ndard 1 .0 7a. K en to ok o ffe n se a t h is w ell- m ea nin g g estu re s a nd a dvis e d D arla to “ lig hte n up.” H e s a id th e G uid elin es p erta in ed to p ro fe ssio nal is su es a nd c o uld n ot b e u se d to “ te ll m e h ow to liv e my lif e .” Did D arla g o to o f a r in s u ggestin g th at K en w as e n gagin g in u neth ic a l c o nduct?

DIS C O URA GIN G M IS R EPR ESEN TA T IO N BY N O NCERT IF IE D I N DIV ID UA LS ( 7 .0 4) Behav io r a naly sts d is c o ura ge n o n-c erti fie d p ra cti ti o ners fr o m m is re p re se nti n g th at th ey a re c erti fie d .

Sho uld yo u ru n in to so m eo ne w ho pre se nts him se lf or hers e lf as a B CBA or BCaB A , yo u hav e an o blig ati o n to p oin t o ut th e G uid elin es and d is su ad e th at pers o n f r o m r e p re se nti n g h im se lf o r h ers e lf a s a c erti fie d b ehav io r a naly st.

CA SE 7 .0 4: S PE A KIN G T R UTH T O P O W ER Tw o B C aB As h ave a ccep te d p ositio ns a t a p riv a te ly o w ned r e sid en tia l s c h ool f o r c h ild re n w ith a utis m . I n th e la st 6 m onth s, th e s c h ool fir e d th e d ir e cto r o f b eh avio r a naly sis a nd th e th re e B C aB As w ho w ere o n sta ff in a n a tte m pt to b ala nce th e b udget. P are n ts o f th e c h ild re n p aid m ore th an $ 50,0 00 p er y ea r to have th eir c h ild re n in th e p ro gra m . T he w ell- tr a in ed B C aB As w ere h orrif ie d to fin d o ut th at b eh avio ra l pro gra m min g w as n o lo nger b ein g p ro vid ed a t th is s c h ool. U nder n ew f is c a lly c o nse rv a tiv e m anagem en t, th e p ro gra m d rif te d to b eco m e a v ery e xclu siv e b abysittin g s e rv ic e f o r c h ild re n w ith a utis m . O n a ll o f th e prin te d lite ra tu re a nd W eb p ages d esc rib in g th e s c h ool, th e a dvertis in g c le a rly o ffe rs “ beh avio r a naly tic tr e a tm en t” a s o ne o f th e s e rv ic es.

What s h ould th e tw o B C aB As d o? T a kin g o n th e s c h ool a dm in is tr a tio n s o unds lik e it c o uld c a use a lo t of tr o uble a nd c o st th em th eir j o bs.

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 7 .0 1: S TA Y A T H O M E Dr. S . h as n o e xcu se f o r n ot a tte n din g c o nfe re n ces f o r h is c o ntin uin g p ro fe ssio nal develo pm en t. C onfe re n ces a re a n o pportu nity to n etw ork w ith co lle a gues, to le a rn about th e la te st in nova tiv e re se a rc h and th e new est le a din g-e d ge beh avio ra l tr e a tm en t te ch niq ues, and to beco m e a part of th e beh avio ra l co m munity . C onfe re n ces giv e yo u a ch ance to m eet th e le a din g exp erts in beh avio r analy sis . Yo u ca n im pro ve yo ur te ch nic a l sk ills by le a rn in g about gra phin g, d ata c o lle ctio n s y ste m s, a nd s o f o rth .

Yo u m ig ht g et id ea s fo r h ow y o u ca n p ro vid e n ew s e rv ic es o r p ro gra m s f o r y o ur c lie n ts .

CA SE 7 .0 2: S PR EA D T H E W ORD 145 Beh avio r a naly sts c a n h elp e d uca te p are n ts b y sp ea kin g a t a P are n t– Tea ch er Org aniz a tio n (P TO ) m eetin g, th ey c a n ta lk to p eo ple in th e h osp ita lity in dustr y about perfo rm ance m anagem en t (P M ), and th ey ca n use good beh avio ra l pro ced ure s in fo rm ally a t th eir jo bs. W hen th e lo ca l n ew sp aper r u ns a s to ry th at has b eh avio ra l i m plic a tio ns, a b eh avio r a naly st c o uld w rite a l e tte r t o t h e e d ito r outlin in g a g ood b eh avio ra l s o lu tio n.

CA SE 7 .0 3: M AT C HM AKER Acco rd in g t o G uid elin e 7 .0 3, K en , a s a B C BA, i s r e sp onsib le f o r f a m ilia rity w ith th e G uid elin es. If h e w as fa m ilia r w ith th e G uid elin es, h e w ould k n ow a bout Sectio n 1 .0 7a, w hic h p erta in s to “ exp lo ita tiv e” re la tio nsh ip s w ith su perv is e es.

Alth ough h e d oes n ot c o nsid er h is w ell- m ea nin g g estu re s to b e u neth ic a l, D arla does. H e n eed s t o b e s e n sitiv e t o h er n eed s a nd r e a liz e t h at s o m e p eo ple a re v ery se n sitiv e t o m anip ula tio n a nd v ie w i t a s a f o rm o f e xp lo ita tio n.

Ken sh ould a ls o kn ow a bout S ectio n 1 .0 6. T his se ctio n a ddre sse s m ultip le re la tio nsh ip s. I f K en h as a s u perv is o ry r e la tio nsh ip w ith s ta ff m em bers w ho a re his “ good fr ie n ds,” h e p ote n tia lly h as s o m e m ultip le r e la tio nsh ip o r c o nflic t o f in te re st p ro ble m s a s w ell. K en w ould b e w ell a dvis e d to r e a d th ro ugh th e B AC B Guid elin es c a re fu lly t o s e e w hat e ls e h e i s m is sin g.

CA SE 7 .0 4: S PEA KIN G T R UTH T O P O W ER Pro ble m n um ber o ne is th at th ese tw o a sso cia te s a re n ot s u perv is e d b y a B C BA.

Pro ble m n um ber tw o is th at fr o m th is d esc rip tio n th e p ro gra m h as n o in te g rity and th e B C aB As sh ould re th in k th eir a sso cia tio n w ith th e o rg aniz a tio n. F ir st, th ey s h ould g o to th e m anagem en t a nd p oin t o ut th eir c o ncern s a nd th e e th ic a l is su es c o nnecte d w ith th em . N ext, if th ey g et n o r e sp onse , th ey s h ould c o nsid er quittin g a nd re p ortin g th e o rg aniz a tio n to th e B AC B a nd to th e A sso cia tio n fo r Beh avio r Analy sis In te rn atio nal (A B AI). Fin ally , dep en din g on what th eir re la tio nsh ip i s w ith t h e p are n ts , t h ey m ay c h oose t o s h are s o m e o f t h eir c o ncern s on t h eir w ay o ut.

146 147 B13 The B eh avio r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to C olle ag u es ( G uid elin e 8 ) ehav io r a naly sts h av e, in th eir v ast c ata lo g o f w ork to b e d one, a c le ar s e t o f re sp onsib iliti e s to th eir c o lle agues. If y o u a re a p ra cti ti o ner o r th era p is t, y o u may b e c o ncern ed a b out p ossib le e th ic al v io la ti o ns o f o th er b ehav io r a naly sts . It sh o uld f ir s t b e u nd ers to od th at a tte nd in g to a s itu ati o n l ik e th is d oes n o t m ake y o u a “b usy b ody” o r “ sn itc h.” M ost o f u s h av e b een c ultu ra lly c o nd iti o ned b y p are nts a nd te achers to “ m in d y o ur o w n b usin ess,” a nd i n y o ur p riv ate l ife th is i s a p re tty g o od ru le to fo llo w . H ow o th ers c o nd uct th eir liv es r e ally is th eir o w n b usin ess, u nle ss, of co urs e , it affe cts yo ur life in so m e w ay. T his is b asic ally th e situ ati o n yo u co nfr o nt w hen y o u b elie v e th at a b ehav io ra l c o lle ague h as v io la te d th e B ehav io r Analy st C erti fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) G uid elin es fo r R esp onsib le C ond uct. It beco m es y o ur b usin ess b y v ir tu e o f th e f a ct th at a n u neth ic al c o lle ague c an d am age no t o nly th eir re p uta ti o n b ut a ls o y o urs . It is in th is v ein th at G uid elin e 8 .0 1 is writte n to e nco ura ge y o u, d esp ite h o w u nco m fo rta b le i t m ay m ake y o u f e el, to b rin g th e i s su e i n q uesti o n to th e a tte nti o n o f th e p ers o n a nd s e ek a r e so lu ti o n. I d eally , th e in d iv id ual w ill q uic kly s e e th e e rro r o f h is o r h er w ays, a p olo giz e , a nd c o rre ct th e situ ati o n w ith a p pro pria te a cti o n. I t i s n o t y o ur j o b to d ic ta te th e a cti o n b ut r a th er to se rv e a s a “ tr u ste d c o lle ague” f o r th e p ers o n o n b ehalf o f th e f ie ld a nd p ossib ly th e clie nt w ho m ay h av e b een i n v olv ed * . I n th is r o le y o u s h o uld s e ek a n e th ic al s o lu ti o n to th e p ro ble m a nd th en fa d e fr o m th e p ic tu re a s q uic kly a s p ossib le . T his w ork s most o f th e ti m e. H ow ev er, it m ig ht h ap pen th at th e c o lle ague stu b born ly re sis ts re co gniz in g th e p ro ble m o r re fu se s to d o a nyth in g a b out it. T his w ill p re se nt y o u with a d ile m ma th at th e G uid elin es d o n o t c o ver. If th is h ap pens, y o u m ay w ant to check th e “ D is c ip lin ary S ta nd ard s, P ro ced ure s fo r A ppeals ” s e cti o n o f th e B A CB Web s ite ( B A CB, 1 998–2010) f o r f u rth er d eta ils o n w hat to d o n ext.

Uneth ic al c o lle ag u es c an d am ag e n ot o nly th eir re p uta tio n b ut a ls o y o urs .

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST 'S E T H IC A L RESPO NSIB IL IT Y T O C O LLEA GUES ( 8 .0 ) Behav io r a naly sts h av e a n o blig ati o n to b rin g a tte nti o n to a nd r e so lv e e th ic al 148 vio la ti o ns b y c o lle agues.

In g enera l, p eo ple d on't lik e c o nflic t, a nd b ehav io r a naly sts a re n o e xcep ti o n. F or th is re aso n, G uid elin e 8 .0 can m ake ev en a str o ng b ehav io r analy st so m ew hat sq ueam is h . M ost o f th e ti m e, th e f ir s t r e acti o n to a n a p pare ntl y u neth ic al a ct i s to b e in cense d esp ecia lly if th e uneth ic al b ehav io r o f ano th er p ro fe ssio nal affe cte d a clie nt's rig ht to tr e atm ent, c o nfid enti a lity , o r s a fe ty . B ut w hen c o nfr o nte d w ith a n eth ic s v io la ti o n c alm a nd c auti o n m ust r u le th e d ay. F ir s t, y o u h av e to b e s u re th at yo u a re o pera ti n g w ith fir s th and e v id ence. F or e xam ple , h earin g a r u m or a b out a n alle ged ab use su ch as, “S he yelle d at him and th en sp it in his fa ce!” is no t so m eth in g y o u c an o pera te o n y o urs e lf. I f y o u h eard th is f r o m a te acher, y o u s h o uld te ll th e te acher it is h is o r h er d uty to r e p ort th e in cid ent b ut y o u c anno t. If y o u s e e an a b use , y o u m ust r e p ort it. If y o u o verh ear a c o nv ers a ti o n w here a c o lle ague is ta lk in g a b out a c lie nt a nd u sin g th e c lie nt's n am e, y o u a re ju sti fie d in a p pro achin g th e c o lle ague, n o t to c o nfr o nt o r a ccuse b ut to c la rify a nd tr y to u nd ers ta nd w hat hap pened . If y o ur o bse rv ati o n w as c o rre ct a nd th e p ers o n a d m its th e a cti o n, y o u hav e a n o blig ati o n to tr y to e d ucate th e i n d iv id ual a b out th e r e le v ant g uid elin es.

When b eh av io r a n aly sts b eco m e a w are o f e th ic al vio la tio ns, d oin g n oth in g to c o rre ct th e p ro ble m s c an se rv e n o g o od p urp ose .

CA SE 8 .0 : W HAT I S T H E H ARM ?

Ta nya is a n e xp erie n ced B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st ( B C BA) w ho is a n in dep en den t c o ntr a cto r. S he pro vid es b eh avio ra l se rv ic es fo r 4 h ours p er w eek w ith R BC A gen cy. D r. T ., th e o w ner o f th e R BC co nsu ltin g f ir m , is a ls o a B C BA. M rs. W ells , o ne o f T a nya 's c lie n ts , r e cen tly r e p orte d to T a nya th at D r. T .

ca lle d h er a nd in a v ery fr ie n dly v o ic e a sk ed if s h e w ould b e w illin g to w rite a le tte r o f s u pport to th e sc h ool b oard d esc rib in g h ow g re a t R BC 's s e rv ic es a re . D r. T . a dded th at if s h e c o uld n't c o lle ct a lo t o f le tte rs th at s h e w ould n o lo nger h ave a c o ntr a ct w ith th e s c h ool d is tr ic t a nd M rs. W ells m ig ht lo se th e beh avio ra l s e rv ic es fo r h er c h ild . T a nya w as ir a te s in ce a P hD -le vel B C BA s h ould k now b ette r th an to so lic it te stim onia ls f ro m c lie n ts .

What is T a nya 's n ext s te p ?

ET H IC A L V IO LAT IO NS B Y B EH AV IO RA L A ND NO NBEH AV IO RA L C O LLEA GUES ( 8 .0 1) When b ehav io r a naly sts b elie v e th at th ere m ay h av e b een a n e th ic al v io la ti o n by ano th er behav io r analy st, or no n behav io ra l co lle ague, th ey atte m pt to re so lv e th e i s su e b y b rin gin g i t to th e a tte nti o n o f th at i n d iv id ual i f a n i n fo rm al re so lu ti o n ap pears ap pro pria te and th e in te rv enti o n does no t vio la te any co nfid enti a lity rig hts th at m ay b e in v olv ed . If re so lu ti o n is n o t o bta in ed , a nd 149 th e b ehav io r a naly st b elie v es a c lie nt's r ig hts a re b ein g v io la te d , th e b ehav io r analy st m ay ta ke a d diti o nal s te p s a s n ecessa ry f o r th e p ro te cti o n o f th e c lie nt.

When y o u a re p ro vid in g b ehav io r a naly sis s e rv ic es, th ere c o uld b e c ir c um sta nces und er w hic h yo u dete rm in e th at ano th er behav io r analy st or no nb ehav io ra l co lle ague h as e ngaged i n w hat y o u c o nsid er to b e u neth ic al c o nd uct. I t i s y o ur d uty to tr y to r e so lv e th e is su e b y b rin gin g it to th e a tte nti o n o f th e in d iv id ual if ( 1 ) y o u belie v e th at th e is su e c an b e h and le d u no ffic ia lly , a nd (2 ) y o ur a cti o n w ill n o t vio la te a ny c lie nt's r ig ht to c o nfid enti a lity .

It is b est to s ta rt th e c o nv ers a ti o n w ith a c asu al, n o t c o nfr o nta ti o nal to ne, a nd sim ply a sk q uesti o ns to c la rify w hat y o u b elie v e to b e tr u e. Y ou m ay d is c o ver th at yo u a re m is ta ken a nd th at y o u c an b ack o ut o f th e in te ra cti o n w ith a p olo gie s fo r ta kin g u p th e p ers o n's ti m e. I f th e p ers o n c o nfir m s y o ur o bse rv ati o ns ( re m em ber y o u canno t o pera te b ase d o n h ears a y, y o u m ust h av e fir s th and e v id ence), th en y o u c an pro ceed to p oin t o ut s p ecific ite m s in th e g uid elin es th at a re p erti n ent. Y ou m ay b e ab le to r e so lv e th e i s su e a t th is p oin t. I n th e c ase o f a n o nb ehav io ra l c o lle ague, y o u can r e p eat th is s a m e s tr a te gy a nd p oin t to o ur G uid elin es a s a n e xam ple o f a w orth y sta nd ard f o r p ro te cti n g c lie nt r ig hts . K eep i n m in d th at o th er p ro fe ssio ns h av e th eir ow n C odes o f E th ic s, a nd it m ig ht b e w orth w hile fo r y o u to re v ie w th o se b efo re hav in g a c o nv ers a ti o n w ith a n o nb ehav io ra l c o lle ague.

For b oth b ehav io ra l a nd n o nb ehav io ra l c o lle agues, i f y o u a re n o t a b le to a chie v e sa ti s fa cti o n it m ay b e necessa ry fo r yo u to ta ke fu rth er ste p s d ep end in g o n th e se v erity o f th e b re ach o f e th ic al c o nd uct. T his m ig ht in v olv e c o nta cti n g th e B A CB if th e p ers o n is B oard C erti fie d o r th e a p pro pria te p ro fe ssio nal a sso cia ti o n if th e pro fe ssio nal i s n o t a b ehav io r a naly st.

CA SE 8 .0 1: T H E S LE EPY D OCTO R Mir a nda r o utin ely w en t w ith h er c lie n t o n d octo r v is its . O n a r e cen t tr ip to s e e th e p sy ch ia tr is t, M ir a nda was a sto nis h ed to d is c o ver th at 5 m in ute s in to th e a ppoin tm en t h is h ea d f e ll f o rw ard , a nd h e a ppea re d to be a sle ep . A fte r a m in ute o r s o , th e p sy ch ia tr is t s a t u p s tr a ig ht a nd c o ntin ued th e c o nversa tio n. T hen it happen ed a gain , a nd th is tim e h e w as o ut fo r n ea rly 2 m in ute s. T he c lie n t w as u naw are o f w hat w as goin g o n, b ut M ir a nda w as c o nflic te d . S hould s h e s a y s o m eth in g? T ry to w ake h im u p? N ot k now in g what w as a ppro pria te , s h e s a id n oth in g, a nd th e n orm al 2 0-m in ute a ppoin tm en t to ok n ea rly 4 5 m in ute s to co m ple te .

What s h ould M ir a nda d o?

RESPO NSE S T O C A SE S CA SE 8 .0 : W HAT I S T H E H A RM ?

Alth ough M rs. W ells w as v ery c le a r a bout t h e c o nversa tio n a nd T a nya h ad e very re a so n to b elie ve h er, th is w as se co ndhand in fo rm atio n. Ta nya h ad n o d ir e ct 150 kn ow le d ge o f t h e c o nversa tio n. T a nya c o nsu lte d a t r u ste d c o lle a gue w ho a dvis e d her th at s h e c o uld n ot a ppro ach th e o w ner d ir e ctly b ut th at s h e c o uld e d uca te Mrs. W ells a bout o ur C ode o f E th ic s. S in ce M rs. W ells h ad n ot y et w ritte n th e te stim onia l le tte r, Ta nya to ld her th at w ritin g th e le tte r w as certa in ly not re q uir e d . F urth er, T a nya to ld M rs. W ells th at if D r. T . c o nta cte d h er a gain s h e sh ould t e ll D r. T . t h at s h e w as a w are o f t h e B AC B G uid elin es a nd C ode I te m 9 .0 7.

CA SE 8 .0 1: T H E S LEEPY D O CTO R Mir a nda c h ecked w ith h er s u perv is o r w hen s h e g ot b ack to th e fa cility a nd to ld her a bout th e d octo r v is it. H er s u perv is o r s a id , “ I c a n't d o a nyth in g. I w asn 't th ere ; i t's u p t o y o u.” A fte r s te w in g o n t h e i n cid en t f o r a c o uple o f d ays, M ir a nda decid ed to c a ll th e p sy ch ia tr is t's o ffic e a nd sp ea k to h is n urse . S he e xp la in ed what h appen ed , a nd th e n urse a polo giz e d p ro fu se ly . “ W e n orm ally h ave o ne o f th e n urse s s it in o n th e m eetin gs. T hey w ill nudge h im if h e s ta rts to d oze o ff.

He's h ad t h is p ro ble m f o r a w hile , b ut h e i s n ot a ccep tin g i t a t a ll. W e d on't k n ow what t o d o.” M ir a nda d ro pped t h e m atte r f o r t h e t im e b ein g. S he f e lt t h at ( 1 ) s h e was o n re co rd a s h avin g re p orte d th e p ro ble m , a nd (2 ) sh e h ad re p orte d th e pro ble m t o s o m eo ne w ho m ig ht b e a ble t o d o s o m eth in g i f t h e p ro ble m c o ntin ued .

* N ote th at th is guid elin e d oes no t co ver any acts th at co nsti tu te actu al ille gal behav io r. In th is c ase , y o u w ould n eed to c o nta ct th e p ro per a uth o riti e s a nd le t th em h and le th e m atte r.

151 152 B14 The B eh avio r A naly st's E th ic al R esp onsib ility to S ocie ty ( G uid elin e 9 ) ehav io r a naly sts , lik e a ll g o od c iti z e ns, a re in te re ste d in p ro m oti n g th e g enera l welfa re of our so cie ty . W ith our exp erti s e in analy zin g co nti n gencie s of re in fo rc em ent, w e h av e a p arti c ula r in te re st in e nco ura gin g th e c ultu re to m ake bette r u se o f th e k no w le d ge w e h av e g ain ed o ver th e p ast 6 0 y ears a b out th e b asic prin cip le s o f b ehav io r. A ll aro und us w e se e o th er m eth o ds use d to d eal w ith pro ble m ati c b ehav io r. M any o f th ese m eth o ds a re i n effe cti v e o r c o unte rp ro ducti v e.

The p ris o n s y ste m in carc era te s th e g uilty a nd c alls it “ p unis h m ent,” b ut th ere is n o re al ev id ence th at p utti n g p eo ple b ehin d b ars is actu ally fu ncti o nal in re d ucin g fu tu re in cid ents o f th e ta rg ete d b ehav io rs . T here is e v id ence th at so -c alle d b oot cam ps f o r d elin q uents a re i n effe cti v e, b ut th ey a re p oliti c ally p opula r a nd s o p ers is t in m any c o m muniti e s. S cho ols o pera te p rim arily o n th e b asis o f a v ers iv e c o ntr o l (e .g ., l o ss o f r e cess, d ete nti o n, p ad dlin g, s u sp ensio n), a lth o ugh w e n o w h av e n early 30 y ears o f d ata s h o w in g h o w p ositi v e r e in fo rc em ent c an b e u se d i n th e c la ssro om to p ro duce tr u ly e xtr a o rd in ary p erfo rm ance g ain s. M any c hild re n w ith a uti s m , if giv en th e o pportu nity fo r b ehav io ra l tr e atm ent, can m ake gre at str id es in th eir so cia liz a ti o n a nd la nguage s k ills w ith a s ig nific ant n um ber jo in in g th e m ain str e am ed ucati o nal s y ste m .

Beh av io r a n aly sts h av e a p artic u la r in te re st in en co ura g in g th e c u ltu re to m ak e g o od u se o f th e know le d ge w e h av e g ain ed a b out th e b asic p rin cip le s of b eh av io r.

How ev er, m yth s p ers is t ab out th e use o f sp ecia l d ie ts , in je cti o ns o f str a nge su b sta nces, a nd c le arly d is c re d ite d p ro ced ure s s u ch a s fa cilita te d c o m munic ati o n (S in ger & L alic h, 1 996). I n c lin ic al p sy cho lo gy, B eutl e r ( 2 000, p . 1 –2) s u m mariz e d th e re cent fin d in gs th is w ay: “ A ccum ula ti n g e v id ence in d ic ate s th at m ost o f th e th eo rie s a nd a p pro aches th at a re u se d w ith in th e c o m munity o f p ra cti ti o ners a re unsu p porte d b y e m pir ic al e v id ence o f e ffe cts .” Most o f th e a p pro ach es th at a re u se d w ith in th e 153 co m munity o f p ra ctitio ners a re u nsu pporte d b y em pir ic al e v id en ce.

For all th ese re aso ns and m ore , th e B ehav io r A naly st C erti fic ati o n B oard (B A CB) G uid elin es p ro m pt b ehav io r a naly sts to d o w hat th ey c an to p ro m ote th e ap plic ati o n of behav io r prin cip le s in so cie ty as “an alte rn ati v e ap pro ach to tr e atm ent a nd in te rv enti o n” ( G uid elin es 9 .0 a nd 9 .0 1). B eyo nd p ro m oti n g b ehav io r prin cip le s, w e enco ura ge co nsu m ers to th in k in te rm s of em pir ic ally base d tr e atm ents and d ata -b ase d d ecis io n m akin g. W e w ould tr u ly lik e o ur cultu re to beco m e m ore sc ie nti fic ally orie nte d w hen it co m es to und ers ta nd in g hum an behav io r. O pportu niti e s to m ake th is poin t m ay co m e up in hab ilita ti o n te am meeti n gs w here so m e decis io n is ab out to be m ad e ab out tr e atm ent or in co nv ers a ti o n w ith a c lie nt a b out o pti o ns th at a re a v aila b le . O ur e th ic al g uid elin es su ggest th at w e l o ok f o r th ese o pportu niti e s a nd tr y to m ake th e b est o f th em w ith o ut makin g e nem ie s i n th e p ro cess.

Guid elin e 9 .0 2 in sp ir e s b eh av io r a n aly sts to k eep th e fo cu s o n “ b eh av io r p er s e ” a s a f o cu s o f o ur s c ie n tif ic re se arc h a n d th era p y.

There is a lo ng tr a d iti o n in p sy cho lo gy o f d iv erti n g a tte nti o n fr o m o bse rv ab le behav io r to s o m e o th er le v el o f a naly sis . A p ers o n w ho s m okes is s a id to h av e a “need ” to s m oke, o r a n e m plo yee w ho is n o np ro ducti v e m ig ht b e s a id to h av e a “p oor atti tu d e.” our G uid elin e 9.0 2, in very sim ple te rm s, in sp ir e s behav io r analy sts to k eep th e f o cus o n “ b ehav io r p er s e ” a s a f o cus o f o ur s c ie nti fic r e se arc h and p re su m ab ly o ur th era p y a s w ell. A s in p ro m oti n g th e a p plic ati o n o f b ehav io r prin cip le s, th is guid elin e su ggests th at w e lo ok fo r opportu niti e s to brin g th e dis c ussio n back to actu al behav io r, unv arn is h ed w ith exp la nato ry th eo rie s or pse ud o sc ie nti fic , p oliti c ally co rre ct “p sy cho bab ble .” R ath er th an la b el a child who is “o ff- ta sk ” a gre at deal of th e ti m e w ith atte nti o n defic it hyp era cti v ity dis o rd er (A DHD) a nd re fe r h im to a p ed ia tr ic ia n fo r m ed ic ati o n to c o ntr o l h is behav io r, th is guid elin e su ggests th at th e behav io r analy st sh o uld su ggest an analy sis of th e actu al off- ta sk behav io r be co nd ucte d . T he go al w ould be to dete rm in e th e fu ncti o nal a nte ced ents , to e xp lo re th e v aria ti o ns in to pogra p hy, r a te , and fu ncti o n, and to se ek a pra cti c al env ir o nm enta l in te rv enti o n th at can be im ple m ente d i n th e c la ssro om b y a c o m pete nt te acher.

Concern s w ith p riv acy a n d c o nfid en tia lity a b ound 154 when th ere is th e p ote n tia l f o r in -h om e v id eo to e n d up o n th e I n te rn et.

Recent a d vances in c o m pute r te chno lo gy h av e c o m ple te ly c hanged th e w orld .

Once o nly a v aila b le fo r lim ite d a p plic ati o ns a nd to c o m panie s th at c o uld s p end in th e h und re d s o f th o usa nd s o f d olla rs , c o m pute rs a nd e le ctr o nic e q uip m ent a re n o w pric ed so affo rd ab ly th at th ey can be use d in th e av era ge ho m e. O ne new pheno m eno n in behav io r analy sis tr e atm ent is th e use of in te ra cti v e vid eo co nfe re ncin g b y s o m e c o nsu lta nts . L ap to p c o m pute rs a nd W eb c am era s p la ced in th e h o m e o f a c lie nt p ro vid e a w ay fo r th e b ehav io ra l p ro fe ssio nal to p ro vid e se rv ic es to a clie nt w ho m ig ht liv e se v era l hund re d m ile s aw ay. S om e o f th e ad vanta ges o f “ te le co nsu lti n g” a re th at (1 ) liv e su p port c an b e p ro vid ed in th e clie nt's h o m e ( th e c hild 's p are nts c an s im ply tu rn o n th e c o m pute r a nd i n te ra ct w ith th e b ehav io r a naly st) , ( 2 ) w hen c lie nts l iv e i n g eo gra p hic ally r e m ote l o cati o ns, th ey can sti ll re ceiv e vid eo behav io r analy sis se rv ic es ev en th o ugh th ere are no behav io r a naly sts c lo se b y, a nd (3 ) th ere m ay b e su b sta nti a l c o st sa v in gs w hen te le co nsu lti n g i s c o m pare d w ith a m odel i n w hic h th e c o nsu lta nt n eed s to tr a v el b y air a nd b ill f o r m ile age a nd tr a v el ti m e.

There a re c le ar d is a d vanta ges to te le co nsu lti n g th at r a is e e th ic al c o ncern s:

1 .

Som e c o nsu lta nts m ig ht u se th is m odel a s a “ q uic k-a nd -d ir ty ” s o lu ti o n, n o t bein g a s th o ro ugh a s th ey s h o uld b e w hen d esig nin g b ehav io r p ro gra m s a nd tr a in in g f a m ilie s.

2 .

Som e behav io ra l pro ced ure s are bette r dem onstr a te d by actu ally bein g pre se nt w ith th e clie nt and fa m ily (o r oth er pro fe ssio nal) . This is parti c ula rly th e case w here th e sk ill b ein g ta ught re lie s o n m odelin g o r physic al p ro m pti n g.

3 .

Tele co nsu lti n g c o uld b e so e ffic ie nt fo r so m e b ehav io r a naly sts th at th ey would tr y to p ro vid e s e rv ic es v ia th is m eth o d e xclu siv ely , th us n ev er r e ally hav in g f a ce-to -fa ce a ccess w ith a c lie nt.

4 .

If te le co nsu lti n g i s a d opte d a s th e c o nsu lta nt's m ain w ay o f w ork , th is c o uld re su lt in th e b uild in g o f a c ase lo ad th at is to o la rg e to d o q uality b ehav io r analy sis c o nsu lti n g.

5 .

If th ere are child re n o r te enagers in th e ho m e and th e eq uip m ent is no t pro te cte d o r w ell s u p erv is e d , i t c o uld b e m is u se d o r d am aged .

6 .

If a c o m pute r g o es d ow n o n e ith er e nd o r th e p ho ne o r c ab le lin es a re o ut, th e c lie nt w ill n o t r e ceiv e s e rv ic es.

Fin ally , c lie nts m ust b e a ssu re d th at p riv acy i s p ro te cte d . I n a r e cent c ase , c o m pute r te chnic ia ns a t a P ennsy lv ania h ig h sc ho ol tu rn ed o n W eb c am s in sc ho ol- is su ed 155 la p to ps to sp y o n th e stu d ents . P ra cti c es su ch a s th is ra is e v ery se rio us p riv acy co ncern s f o r th is n ew te chno lo gy.

If y o u a re c o nsid erin g u sin g te le co nsu lti n g, r e m em ber th at a s s p ecifie d in 9 .0 6b, our e th ic al sta nd ard s sti ll a p ply in th e In te rn et a ge. C oncern s w ith p riv acy a nd co nfid enti a lity a b ound w henev er th ere is th e p ote nti a l fo r in -h o m e v id eo in v olv in g a c lie nt to e nd u p o n th e I n te rn et.

Oth er r e sp onsib iliti e s th at b ehav io r a naly sts h av e to s o cie ty i n clu d e b ein g h o nest in th eir p ub lic s ta te m ents a nd a d verti s in g a nd b ein g v ig ila nt in p re v enti n g o th ers fr o m m is re p re se nti n g b ehav io r a naly sis p ra cti c es (G uid elin e 9 .0 4). W e a ls o h av e an o blig ati o n to a v oid m akin g fa ls e c la im s a b out o ur e ffe cti v eness a nd to e nsu re th at a ny p ub lic s ta te m ents a re f a ctu al ( G uid elin e 9 .0 5).

TH E B EH AV IO R A NALY ST 'S E T H IC A L R ESPO NSIB IL IT Y TO S O CIE T Y ( 9 .0 ) The behav io r analy st pro m ote s th e genera l w elfa re of so cie ty th ro ugh th e ap plic ati o n o f th e p rin cip le s o f b ehav io r.

There a re m any w ays th e b ehav io r a naly st c an w ork to i m pro ve o ur s o cie ty th ro ugh th e eth ic al ap plic ati o n of basic prin cip le s of behav io r, and th ese G uid elin es enco ura ge y o u to d o s o .

PR O M OTIO N I N S O CIE T Y ( 9 .0 1) The b ehav io r a naly st s h o uld p ro m ote th e a p plic ati o n o f b ehav io r p rin cip le s i n so cie ty b y p re se nti n g a b ehav io ra l a lte rn ati v e to o th er p ro ced ure s o r m eth o ds.

One w ay o f m akin g a d iffe re nce i n s o cie ty a nd a t th e s a m e ti m e p ro m oti n g th e f ie ld of behav io r analy sis is to offe r behav io ra l alte rn ati v es to co m monly accep te d pro ced ure s.

CA SE 9 .0 1: C O VER A GE C A NCELE D Dr. J u dy N . is a B oard C ertif ie d B eh avio r A naly st (B C BA) w ho c o nsu lts in d evelo pm en ta l d is a bilitie s (D D) fa cilitie s.

Dr. N . h as b een a lif e lo ng d og lo ver. D r. N . g ot a G erm an sh ep herd , a b re ed sh e h as alw ays lo ved , a nd s h ortly th ere a fte r s h e p urc h ase d a n ew h ouse . D r. N . w as v ery d is m ayed to h ave h er hom eo w ner's in su ra nce c o m pany te ll h er c erta in b re ed s o f d ogs w ere n ot in su ra ble b y th is c o m pany a nd th at s h e w ould h ave to f in d a n ew h om e f o r h er d og. W hen s h e a sk ed w hy, s h e w as to ld th at th e c o m pany had a p olic y o f n ot in su rin g c erta in b re ed s b eca use o f th eir “ aggre ssiv e b eh avio r.” Are th ere a ny b eh avio r a naly tic so lu tio ns th at D r. N . ca n su ggest to h er in su ra nce a gen t a nd, if necessa ry, h is s u perv is o rs?

There are m any oth er exam ple s of ho w behav io r analy sts can pro m ote th e ap plic ati o n o f b ehav io ra l p rin cip le s i n s o cie ty . R ela te d to e d ucati o nal s e tti n gs, o ne 156 gro w in g tr e nd i s to h av e p hysic ally a cti v e c hild re n p la ced o n p re sc rip ti o n d ru gs b y th eir p ed ia tr ic ia ns b ecause o f th eir b ehav io r i n s c ho ol. A b ehav io r a naly st w ork in g in th e sc ho ols m ig ht h av e a n o pportu nity to a sk if th e p are nts h ad c o nsid ere d a behav io ra l a lte rn ati v e.

SC IE N TIF IC I N Q UIR Y ( 9 .0 2) The b ehav io r analy st sh o uld p ro m ote th e analy sis o f b ehav io r p er se as a le giti m ate f ie ld o f s c ie nti fic i n q uir y .

If y o u a re g iv en a n o pportu nity to sp eak o r w rite a b out b ehav io r a naly sis , y o u sh o uld ta ke th at o ccasio n to p oin t o ut th at b ehav io r a naly sis is a re aso nab le a nd valid a p pro ach to u nd ers ta nd in g h um an b ehav io r.

CA SE 9 .0 2: S TA TS A ND T H E C IT Y Dr. S co tt J . is a B C BA w ho is a n e xp erie n ced r e se a rc h er. D r. J . is a ctiv e in h is n eig hborh ood a sso cia tio n, and a s a n eig hborh ood lia is o n to lo ca l g overn m en t a gen cie s, h e a tte n ds c ity a nd co unty co m mis sio n meetin gs. T he c ity c o m mis sio n w ants to e va lu ate th e e ffe ctiv en ess o f its c o m munity p ro gra m s. C ity s ta ff mem bers a re s u ggestin g s u rv ey a nd s ta tis tic a l r e se a rc h .

In th is s e ttin g, w ould it b e a ppro pria te f o r D r. J . to s u ggest th e u se o f b eh avio r a naly sis ?

PU BLIC S TA T EM EN TS ( 9 .0 3) Behav io r a naly sts c o m ply w ith th ese G uid elin es in p ub lic s ta te m ents re la ti n g to th eir p ro fe ssio nal se rv ic es, p ro ducts , o r p ub lic ati o ns o r to th e fie ld o f behav io r a naly sis .

It is im porta nt to re m em ber th at th ese G uid elin es a re re le v ant a ny ti m e y o u a re co m munic ati n g w ith th e pub lic ab out yo ur pro ducts , se rv ic es, or th e fie ld of behav io r a naly sis ; fo r e xam ple , y o u m ust u p ho ld h ig h sta nd ard s o f p ro fe ssio nal behav io r (1 .0 ), m ain ta in c o nfid enti a lity (2 .0 7), n o t e xaggera te y o ur e ffe cti v eness (1 0.0 (a ), a nd a ckno w le d ge th e c o ntr ib uti o n o f o th ers ( 1 0.2 1).

(b ) P ub lic s ta te m ents i n clu d e b ut a re n o t l im ite d to p aid o r u np aid a d verti s in g, bro chure s, p rin te d m atte r, d ir e cto ry lis ti n gs, p ers o nal re su m es o r c urric ulu m vita e, in te rv ie w s or co m ments fo r use in med ia , sta te m ents in le gal pro ceed in gs, l e ctu re s a nd p ub lic o ra l p re se nta ti o ns, a nd p ub lis h ed m ate ria ls .

Pub lic sta te m ents a re u nd ers to od to in clu d e a ny fo rm o f a d verti s in g, lis ti n gs in pro fe ssio nal d ir e cto rie s, p ub lic ati o n o f y o ur v ita , o r a ny fo rm o f o ra l p re se nta ti o n wheth er i n a c o urtr o om , p ub lic p re se nta ti o n, o r i n a ny f o rm o f p ub lic ati o n.

CA SE 9 .0 3: M IR A CLE I N T H E M ED IA 157 Ren ee w as a B C BA w ho w ork ed in e a rly c h ild hood se ttin gs w ith c h ild re n b orn to m oth ers w ho w ere addic te d to d ru gs. A n um ber o f th e c h ild re n in th e p ro gra m h ad a ls o b een d ia gnose d w ith fe ta l a lc o hol sy n dro m e. R en ee b elie ved v ery m uch in u sin g b eh avio r a naly sis to h elp c h ild re n . W hen th e m ed ia c a lle d or c a m e to v is it th e p ro gra m , th ey w ere u su ally re fe rre d to R en ee. R en ee w as a n a rtic u la te p erso n w ho had m ed ia c o nta cts , a nd s h e w as “ ca m era fr ie n dly .” F ro m s o m e p ast tr a in in g in m ark etin g a nd p ublic re la tio ns, R en ee a ls o k new a bout p uttin g th e s p in a nd h yp e o n a m ed ia m essa ge to g et m ore c o vera ge. I n one te le vis io n in te rv ie w , to g et a lo t o f a tte n tio n fo r th e p ro gra m a nd fo r b eh avio r a naly sis , R en ee w as quote d a s s a yin g, “ F or th ese c h ild re n , b eh avio r a naly sis o ffe rs a m ir a cle . T here is n o o th er m eth od o f ea rly c h ild hood e d uca tio n th at w ill d o w hat b eh avio r a naly sis d oes f o r th ese c h ild re n — it is a p ro ven f a ct th at th is p opula tio n w ill b e s u ccessfu l a dults if th ey h ave a b eh avio r a naly sis p re k in derg arte n p ro gra m .” For m ed ia p urp ose s, w as R en ee j u stif ie d in a ddin g s o m e h yp e to h er m essa ge?

STA T EM EN TS B Y O TH ER S ( 9 .0 4) (a ) B ehav io r a naly sts w ho e ngage o th ers to c re ate o r p la ce p ub lic s ta te m ents th at pro m ote th eir pro fe ssio nal pra cti c e, pro ducts , or acti v iti e s re ta in pro fe ssio nal r e sp onsib ility f o r s u ch s ta te m ents .

If y o u h ir e s o m eo ne to c re ate p ub lic s ta te m ents , y o u a re r e sp onsib le fo r w hat th ey genera te ; th at i s , y o u a re a cco unta b le f o r e rro rs o r m is sta te m ents .

(b ) B ehav io r a naly sts m ake r e aso nab le e ffo rts to p re v ent o th ers w ho m th ey d o no t c o ntr o l (s u ch a s e m plo yers , p ub lis h ers , sp onso rs , o rg aniz a ti o nal c lie nts , and re p re se nta ti v es o f th e p rin t o r b ro ad cast m ed ia ) fr o m m akin g d ecep ti v e sta te m ents c o ncern in g b ehav io r a naly sts ’ p ra cti c es o r p ro fe ssio nal o r s c ie nti fic acti v iti e s.

In y o ur p ro fe ssio nal life , y o u m ay fin d th at o th ers , o ver w ho m y o u h av e n o a ctu al in flu ence, m ay m ake m is le ad in g o r d is h o nest c o m ments a b out th e fie ld o f b ehav io r analy sis ; s h o uld th is h ap pen, y o u a re r e q uir e d to m ake s e nsib le e ffo rt to p re v ent o r at l e ast m anage th ese r e m ark s o r w riti n gs.

CA SE 9 .0 4: T H E E N TH USIA ST IC J O URN ALIS T In C ase 9 .0 3, th e e a rly c h ild hood p ro gra m in w hic h R en ee w ork ed c o ntin ued to re ceiv e a lo t o f m ed ia atte n tio n. A n e n th usia stic w rite r f o r a w om en 's m agazin e in te rv ie w ed R en ee o ver th e p hone. A t th e e n d o f th e in te rv ie w th e w rite r to ld h er, “ I h ave a g re a t id ea f o r p itc h in g y o ur s to ry. I s e e th e title o f th e a rtic le as b ein g s o m eth in g lik e, ‘ E xcitin g N ew P ro gra m C ure s C ra ck B abie s.’ ” It is c le a r to R en ee th at th e p ro gra m m ay g et d onatio ns a nd f u ndin g a s a r e su lt o f m ed ia a tte n tio n, b ut sh e is n 't s o s u re a bout th is m agazin e's a ngle . S hould s h e s a y s o m eth in g?

(c ) I f b ehav io r a naly sts l e arn o f d ecep ti v e s ta te m ents a b out th eir w ork m ad e b y oth ers , b ehav io r a naly sts m ake r e aso nab le e ffo rts to c o rre ct s u ch s ta te m ents .

As d esc rib ed in 1 0.0 1(f) , if y o u le arn o f m is le ad in g o r in accura te s ta te m ents m ad e ab out y o ur w ork y o u h av e a n o blig ati o n to tr y a nd c o rre ct th em .

158 (d ) A p aid a d verti s e m ent re la ti n g to th e b ehav io r a naly st's a cti v iti e s m ust b e id enti fie d a s s u ch, u nle ss i t i s a lr e ad y a p pare nt f r o m th e c o nte xt.

If y o u d ev elo p a n a d to p la ce i n th e n ew sp ap er, o n th e I n te rn et, o r o n te le v is io n, y o u must c le arly l a b el i t a s a p aid a d verti s e m ent ( u nle ss i t i s o bvio us).

AV O ID ANCE O F F A LSE O R D EC EPT IV E S TA T EM EN TS ( 9 .0 5) Behav io r analy sts d o no t m ake p ub lic sta te m ents th at are fa ls e , d ecep ti v e, mis le ad in g, o r f r a ud ule nt, e ith er b ecause o f w hat th ey s ta te , c o nv ey, o r s u ggest or b ecause o f w hat th ey o m it, c o ncern in g th eir re se arc h, p ra cti c e, o r o th er work acti v iti e s or th o se of pers o ns or org aniz a ti o ns w ith w hic h th ey are affilia te d .

Behav io r a naly sts c la im a s c re d enti a ls fo r th eir b ehav io ra l w ork , only d egre es th at w ere p rim arily o r e xclu siv ely b ehav io r a naly ti c i n c o nte nt.

Behav io r a naly sts s h o uld a lw ays te ll th e tr u th a b out th eir w ork a nd a b out th e f ie ld .

It is in ap pro pria te to c ite q ualific ati o ns o th er th an th o se in b ehav io r a naly sis w hen desc rib in g th eir q ualific ati o ns i n b ehav io r a naly sis .

CA SE 9 .0 5: E X PE RTIS E I L LU SIO N Dr. L ily O . w as a B C BA w ho h ad w ork ed in D D f a cilitie s a nd g ro up h om es f o r 2 0 y ea rs. A c o m pany th at managed fa cilitie s fo r c lie n ts w ith h ea d in ju rie s w as m ovin g to D r. O .’s s ta te . S he k new th ere w ould b e se vera l j o bs a va ila ble f o r b eh avio r a naly sts in th ese n ew f a cilitie s. D r. O . s ta rte d te llin g p eo ple s h e k new a lo t a bout th e b eh avio ra l tr e a tm en t o f h ea d in ju ry a nd th at s h e w ould b e g ood a t th ese jo bs. In s o m e meetin gs sh e a tte n ded w here sh e sa id th ese th in gs, sta te -le vel a dm in is tr a to rs w ere p re se n t. D r. O . w as doin g a g ood se ll jo b fo r h erse lf , a nd se vera l w ell- re sp ecte d p eo ple h ad a gre ed to w rite le tte rs o f re fe re n ce.

Dr. O . d id n ot re a lly lie . S he h onestly b elie ved sh e k new a lo t a bout h ea d in ju ry. H ow d o th e Guid elin es a ddre ss th is ?

MED IA P R ESEN TA T IO NS A ND E M ER G IN G MED IA -B A SED S ERV IC ES ( 9 .0 6) (a ) W hen b ehav io r a naly sts p ro vid e a d vic e o r c o m ment b y m eans o f p ub lic le ctu re s, dem onstr a ti o ns, ra d io or te le v is io n pro gra m s, pre re co rd ed ta p es, prin te d arti c le s, m aile d m ate ria l, or oth er m ed ia , th ey ta ke re aso nab le pre cauti o ns to e nsu re th at ( 1 ) th e s ta te m ents a re b ase d o n a p pro pria te b ehav io r analy ti c lite ra tu re and p ra cti c e, (2 ) th e sta te m ents are o th erw is e co nsis te nt with th ese G uid elin es, and (3 ) th e re cip ie nts of th e in fo rm ati o n are no t enco ura ged to in fe r th at a re la ti o nsh ip has been esta b lis h ed w ith th em pers o nally .

When y o u a re a sk ed to s p eak p ub lic ly o n b ehav io r a naly sis , it is im pera ti v e th at yo u m ake y o ur c o m ments c o nsis te nt w ith th e re se arc h lite ra tu re a nd a ll o f th ese 159 Guid elin es ( n o t j u st th is s e cti o n). I t i s i m porta nt th at y o u n o t c o nv ey th e i m pre ssio n th at y o u h av e a ny i n d iv id ual r e la ti o nsh ip w ith v ie w ers o r l is te ners w hen i n f a ct y o u do n o t. ( N ote : th is l a tte r p oin t w ould b e r e le v ant i n th e c ase o f a r a d io c all- in s h o w , fo r e xam ple .) CA SE 9 .0 6A : “ D OUG , I 'M L IS T EN IN G… ” Dr. G . w as a v ery w ell- k now n b eh avio r a naly st w ith a g re a t “ ra dio v o ic e.” H e w as o cca sio nally a sk ed to handle q uestio ns a bout b eh avio r p ro ble m s o n a lo ca l r a dio c a ll- in s h ow . T o m ake th e s h ow liv ely a nd in te re stin g, D r. G . to ok g re a t p ain s to re m in d lis te n ers th at w hat h e w as s u ggestin g w as b ack ed u p b y em pir ic a l re se a rc h , and he gave exa m ple s fro m his ow n clin ic a l exp erie n ce. The sh ow 's pro ducer pro m pte d D r. G . to u se th e c a lle r's n am e w hen g iv in g a re p ly a nd to u se a “ w arm to ne” to h is v o ic e.

“Look, a ll I 'm a sk in g y o u to d o is s a y s o m eth in g lik e, ‘ D oug, I k now e xa ctly w hat y o u a re ta lk in g a bout, and I c a n u ndersta nd h ow y o u f e el a nd h ere 's w hat I w