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CMJ 3308, Mental Illness and Crime 1 Cou rse Learning Outcomes for Unit IV Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Explain the correlation between crime and mental illness. 5. Distinguish the major categories of mental disorders . 5.1 Compare and contrast anxiety disorders. Reading Assignment Chapter 7 : Anxiety Disorders Unit Lesson It is likely safe to say that we have all, at some time or another, felt fearful, worried, or anxious . These emotions are not exactly welcomed. Typically, they are associated with negative situations or events. But imagine if you constantly felt that way. People with anxiety disorders experience these feelings daily and often feel as if they are unable to control their lives. This unit explores the realm of anxiety disorders. It will be different from previous units in that we will not be looking at all the diagnostic criteria specifically. That is because there are so many anxi ety disorders with many diagnostic criteria for each. Instead of discussing them individually , we will discuss them as a class of disorders and note what makes them different from other categories of diso rders we have discussed so far. Anxiety is commonl y defined as “a diffuse, vague, and extremely unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension” (Schug & Fradella, 2015 , p. 274 ). Many of the feelings experienced when anxious are physiological, such as rapid heart rate , loss of appetite, faint ness , dizziness, or sweating. Thi nk of a time you felt anxious. Did you experience some of these symptoms ? Another common area of anxiety disorders is phobias. Phobia is derived from the Greek word “ phobos ,” which means panic, fear , or terror. Many psychologists relate o ur phobias to a conditioned fear, meaning that likely something happened in our childhood. Think of something you are afraid of, and then try to relate it to an event or experience that happened to you. The most reported phobias are heights, spiders, snake s, enclosed spaces, elevators , and storms. Obsessive -compulsive disorder (OCD) is another common anxiety disorder . It is marked by obsessions (persistent ideas, thoughts , or images) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts that diminish anxiety). Sometimes , compulsions are linked to obsessive thoughts. For example, someone may be fearful the stove is on, despite turning it off, yet will keep checking a certain number of times. The act of checking a specific number of times eases the anxiety. Next is post -traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often diagnosed in the military when returning from deployment. PTSD can be related to abuse and to stressful , upse tting , or traumatic events. PTSD victims often report unexplainable anxiety, memory loss, shock, helplessness , and terror, among other symptoms. PTSD aggression stems from triggers locked within th e offender’s mind , and the environment, including all of the senses, can trigger uncontrollable actions in the offender. Because people can be diagnosed with PTSD for different reasons, symptoms may vary from person to per son, just like other disorders. Now that you have some background in the anxiety disorders, how might they be related to or lead to crime? Review Table 7.3 on pages 284 -289 of the textbook . D o any studies stand out to you? UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE Anxiety Disorders CMJ 3308, Mental Illness and Crime 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Most of the material has focused on OCD (Schug & Fradella , 2015). What are your thoughts on anxiety causing crime? Many of the obsessions with OCD have been linked to ideations, such as touching people (often for reassurance). Could the images or thoughts that OCD people experience feel real enough that they wou ld act on them and commit a crime? A large area of research is starting to focus on the potential for violent crimes with anxiety disorders. People with anxiety disorder are reportedly four times more likely to engage in violent behavior (Schug & Fradell a, 2015). Those with OCD have been most likely to commit violence against family members, which is related to the symptoms experienced. What symptoms could cause this violence? Review the symptoms and formulate your opinion. The research is still very new , and this area will continue to be a focus of researchers, as more people with OCD are fo und in the criminal population. Other areas that are becoming focal points for criminologists include the following :  PTSD and suicidality  OCD and serial murder  PT SD and homicide and violent crime  anxiety disorder and shoplifting  anxiety disorder and sexual crimes By the end of this unit, you should be thinking about the above areas and their potential causes. Some of these potential origins can be explained by psy choanalytic factors and neurobiological factors , but is the disorder necessarily to blame (Schug & Fradella, 2015) ? Did the disorder provoke the crime , o r was it a combination of other factors in the person’s life? Could it be things he or she has seen his or her family or friends do? Where he or she grew up? The makeup of his or her family? His or her socioeconomic status? The part of the country he or she live s in? Often , people are quick to blame a person’s mental state, but many other factors could contribute to the decision to commit crime. This class of disorders is different from the ones we have previously covered. They are some of the first recognized, historicall y (Schug & Fradella, 2015). Yet, their links to criminal activity have not been as researched as some other disorders. Despite the lack of research, many are pointing to anxiety as a potential cause of crime. Reference Schug, R., & Fradella, H. (2015). Mental illness and crime . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Suggested Reading The supplemental reading article can assist you in learning about anxiety disorders in relation to criminal justice . In order to access the resource below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the Academic Search Complete database within the CSU Online Library. Hodgins, S., De Brito, S. A., Chhabra, P., & Côté, G. (2010). Anxiety disorders among offenders with antisocial personality disorders: A distinct subtype? Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry , 55 (12), 784 -791 .