Project 2: Observation Journal, which is due on Sunday, June 3 @ 11:59. I have attached the required documents to further assist you with the assignment.

SCS 100 Theme 2: Project 2 Exemplar Article Choice I chose the advertisements that I did because I was interested in how they related gender to food. Each advertisement is marketing a certain food: gelato, candy bars, or ice cream . E ach advertisement depicts eithe r females alone or females in specific gender role s. I was also intrigued by the advertisements because I am female and I enjoy eating chocolate. When I have had a hard day I enjoy coming home and indulging in des sert to comfort myself. Some of the advertisements portray women as having a desire for sweets , which made me question my own tendency to desire sweet foods after a hard day at work. Assumptions and Observation s Au dience. Each advertisement has a specific audience to which it appeals. Each advertisement depicts mostly white actors and actresses . The i ntended audience of the se ad vertisement s are people who use food as reward. The audience for these advertisements wou ld most likely be people from a westernized civilization who have excess food to use for pleasure or reward. For example, people who live in countr ies where there is not easy access to plentiful amount s of food would not have th e same relationship to food as the people depicted in these advertisements. There are other aspects of the advertisements that make me think the intended audience is white and westernized. For example, the marriage in the Milky Way advertisement appears to be a traditional Christian wedding , based on the presence of a priest and the decoration of the church . The Freddo Ice Cream advertisement depicts children, all of them white, and represents a democracy in which people are elected to government positions. The Celebration advertisement is also showing individuals — all of whom are also white — who again are using food as a way of celebrating. Finally, the Antonio Federici advertisement is depictin g a white nun being sinful by eating chocolate, which again seems to be portraying a relationship between indulgence and food. I believe the relationship of food as indulgence is a more westernized and privileged notion. Based on my observations, I believe the intended audience for most of these advertis ements are middle -class, white women. Message. The message the advertisements are sending all seem to be about the relationship between people and food. For the Federici advertisement , the message is that women use rich, sweet food for indulgence and as a “guilty pleasure .” The advertisement even seems to relate the indulgence of this sweet food with sin by showing a nun who is pregnant.

The Freddo Ice Cream advertisement is also showin g a relationship between food and people. In this advertisement , I observ ed that the girls are the ones serving food, while the boy is the one running for office. T his advertisement seems to portray a stereotype of women serving men. It also is showing a r elationship between women being the ones to handle the serving and maybe even the preparation of food. The Celebration advertisement’s message again appears to show a relationship between women celebrating with food. The ad even shows the girls celebrating other’s misfortune, thereby seeming to portray females as selfish. The Milky Way advertisement also depicts a woman as being selfish by indulging in chocolate, which makes her late for her own wedding. A common message is showing gender stereotypes as the y relate to women and food. Relationship between people. I believe that in most of these advertisements , the most important relationship depicted between people is the relationship between sinful females and others. For example, in the Antonio Federici ad vertisement , one thinks of an innocent nun who has sinned. Females are supposed to be innocent and this advertisement taps into the hidden desires of females. I believe these advertisements also show women as weak compared to their desires; for example, the women in the Celebration advertisement care only about winning and do not care about their injured competitor. Although the Freddo Ice Cream advertisement depicts a different type of gender stereotype, it is still important. The Freddo advertisement sh ows females serving males and acting in less important or secondary role s. The relationship between genders is the most important relationship I observe in these advertisements. Relationship with product. In each of the advertisements , the relationship th at I chose to focus on is the relationship between women and food. The Freddo Ice Cream advertisement shows females in the traditional secondary role of serving and preparing food, while the male is in the primary role of running for office. The other thre e advertisements all portray women as being selfish and indulgent when they engage in eating sweet food. The relationship is that a woman cannot help herself and indulges in the guilty pleasure of a sweet food. Effectiveness. For me, the least effective a dvertisement i s the Celebration advertisement, because it depicts females acting in an obviously selfish way by showing them celebrating when their competitor is injured. The Milky Way advertisement also shows a woman acting selfish ly, but the ad does it i n a less obvious way ; the consequence of her selfish behavior is not celebrating another person getting hurt, but that people have to wait for her wedding . Therefore , the Milky Way advertisement is more effective than the Celebration advertisement . I also believe the obviousness of the message impacts the effectiveness of the Antonio Federici advertisement , because if the nun w ere not pregnant , the message of indulging and being sinful would be less obvious , and would therefore be more effective for me . Finally, the Freddo Ice Cream advertisement very obviously depicts stereotypical gender roles ; for me , it is hard to look past that and focus on the product. Overall, the advertisements that make a less obvious attempt at getting their message across seem to be the most effective. Social Science Evidence To back up my observations about the relationship between women and food, which in these advertisements I observed to represent gender stereotypes of women in servi le roles and as being weak and unable to resist their desires, I looked for evidence within the course so far . My interest in the portrayal of the women in these advertisements seem s to fit both within the psychological and sociological fields. In Theme 1, we learned that gender stereotypes can be examined through the idea of the “social construction” of these topics, meaning that society creates and reinforces the category of gender. In Theme 1, we learned that p sychology is the study of the mind and behavior (American Psychological Association, n.d. ) and even though gender roles may be socially constructed, the behavior of engaging in those gender roles is very interesting to me. We learned about perception in Theme 2 . Perception plays a big role in these advertisements because it helps to exp lain why we perceive what we do from these advertisements. The halo effect is described as “a bias in which our overall impression of a person (a figurative halo) colors our judgments of that person’s character” ( Baumann Foundation , 2013). The halo effect comes into play in multiple advertisements. For example, in the Antonio Federici advertisement, we see a nun who has sinned and we start to make assumptions about all the other choices in her life. We also do this with the Celebration and Milky Way adverti sements. The depiction of females choosing to indulge within the advertisements leaves the audience making assumptions about the females ’ overall weaknesses and tendency to give into their desires. Confirmation bias can also be used to describe why we perc eive what we do from these advertisements. Confirmation bias is described as seeking and/or interpreting evidence in a way that is congruent with one’s existing beliefs or expectations (Nickerson, 1998). Gender stereotypes already exist; therefore , we are more likely to interpret the advertisements in line with the gender stereotypes with which we are familiar . According to confirmation bias , we see the Freddo Ice Cream advertisement as confirming societal gender stereotypes that women are secondary to men . Even though these cognitive biases happen automatically, we learned in Theme 2 that they influence our opinions and emotions about situations. Question The Theme 1 overview describes one of the big questions in psychology as “What motivates individuals to act in certain ways?” I used this question, along with the evidence about cognitive biases , to help inform my own question about gender stereotypes. I am also using my own experiences because in my household I do more of the cleaning, while my husband does the lawn work. These behaviors fit into stereotypical gender roles of women doing more of the cleaning and cooking and men doing more of the yard work. Although my experience is different than the gender stereotypes portrayed in the advertisements, th ese behaviors still fit into the theme of gender stereotypes. I created a question a social scientist might ask using both the information from the course and my own experiences. Based o n this information , my social science question is: How do cognitive bi ases influence our behaviors to adhere to gender stereotypes? References American Psychological Association. ( n.d. ). Definition of p sychology. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/ The Baumann Foundation. (2013). The halo effect: Why angels and devils walk the earth . Retrieved from http://www.bei nghuman.org/article/halo -effect Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2 (2), 175 –220.