Explain and discuss the main components of the coach/client relationship? I attached a pdf that may be helpful. If not other sources are out there. Remember this is regarding life coaching.

Posit iv e P sy ch olo gy a n d C opin g T ow ard s a B ette r U nders ta n din g o f t h e R ela tio n sh ip in Work a nd W ellb ein g / Reso urc e s, C opin g, a nd C ontr o l fr o m Wellb ein g: A C om ple te R efe re nce G uid e Vie w a rtic le o n Cre do The p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent o ffe rs a n e w d im ensio n to c o pin g r e se arc h . It is p o ssib le to id e ntif y a n um be r o f tr e nds in c o pin g r e se arc h th at have , o ne w ay o r a no th e r, s u gge ste d a r o ute th ro ugh w hic h th e p o sit iv e c a n b e e m phasiz e d, o ffe rin g w hat m ust b e a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e natu re o f c o pin g. T he se tr e nds in clu de fo cu sin g m ore o n b o th p o sit iv e a nd n e gativ e e m otio ns s o a s to c a ptu re w hat b e st e xp re sse s th e w ork exp e rie nce ; a g re ate r e m phasis o n th e a ppra is a l p ro ce ss a nd th e r o le o f p o sit iv e m eanin gs, e m phasiz in g th e im po rta nce o f p o sit iv e e m otio ns a nd th e r o le th e y p la y a s a c o pin g r e so urc e ; a nd d e ve lo pin g a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f p ro activ e c o pin g a nd w hat is m eant b y c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss.

In tro ductio n Sin ce Selig m an a nd C sik sze ntm ih aly i (2 0 00 ) fir s t p ublis h e d th e ir s e m in al p ape r o n p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy “ q uit e a lo t h as h appe ne d in w hat h as be co m e k n o w n a s th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent” ( Gable & H aid t, 2 0 05 , p . 10 3).

Selig m an a nd C sik sze ntm ih aly i (2 0 00 , p . 5 ) d e scrib e p o sit iv e psych o lo gy in te rm s o f th re e th e m es: “ a s cie nce o f p o sit iv e s u bje ctiv e e xp e rie nce , p o sit iv e in div id ual d if fe re nce s a nd p o sit iv e in stit u tio ns.” T oge th e r th e se th re e th e m es r e pre se nt a p sych o lo gy o f p o sit iv e d e ve lo pm ent a nd p o sit iv e in div id ual p e rfo rm ance . T he p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent h as, of c o urs e , a ttr a cte d c o nsid e ra ble a tte ntio n. It s id e as c o ntin ue to b e v ig o ro usly d e bate d a s c o m menta to rs e xp lo re w hat is n e w a bo ut it ( La za ru s, 20 03a ), w hat it m eans in te rm s o f u nde rs ta ndin g th e w ork e xp e rie nce , a nd h o w w ell it c o nfr o nts th e m eth o do lo gic a l d if fic u lt ie s th at a ll r e se arc h e rs fa ce w he n tr y in g to u nra ve l th e c o m ple xit ie s o f in div id ual w ellb e in g ( La za ru s, 2 0 03b ). A t th e h e art o f th is d e bate is th e q ue stio n o f b ala nce , o f ju st ho w m uch th e id e a o f a p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy h as “ p asse d u nre co gniz e d” ( Lin le y e t a l., 2 0 06 , p . 4 ) a nd b e en “ s h o rt c h ange d” ( La za ru s, 2 0 03a , p . 10 5) be ca use p sych o lo gy h as, fo r to o lo ng, a llo w ed it s p re occu patio n w it h in div id ual v u ln e ra bilit y to d o m in ate th e r e se arc h a ge nda. W it h in th is d e bate th e ro le o f p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ay, a s Rand a nd S nyd e r (2 0 03 , p . 14 8) s u gge st, b e to a ct a s a c a ta ly st fo r c h ange ; to r e fo cu s r e se arc h to c o nsid e r n o t only th e d e m andin g a sp e cts o f lif e b ut a ls o th o se a sp e cts th at a llo w in div id uals to flo uris h a nd “ b uild p o sit iv e q ualit ie s.” W hile th e is su e o f b ala nce w ill co ntin ue to b e r o bustly d e bate d, b y p ro vo kin g s u ch a d e bate th e n, a s Csik sze ntm ih aly i (2 0 03 , p . 113 ) s u gge sts , p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy w ill h ave “ s e rv e d a u se fu l e nd.” So if , a s Csik sze ntm ih aly i (2 0 03 , p . 114 ) g o es o n to s u gge st, th e g o al o f p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy is “ to le git im ate th e s tu dy o f p o sit iv e a sp e cts o f h um an exp e rie nce in th e ir o w n r ig ht” th e n w hat h as b e en th e in flu e nce o f th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent o n th e s tu dy o f w ork -r e la te d c o pin g? It is im po rta nt w he n c o nsid e rin g th e q ue stio n o f in flu e nce to a ckn o w le dge th e in te nsit y o f th e d e bate s u rro undin g th e q ue stio n o f b ala nce ( Dew e & Coope r, 2 0 12 ), to a cce pt th at e xp lo rin g th e p o sit iv e a nd th e n e gativ e h as a lw ays b e en w hat p sych o lo gy h as b e en a bo ut ( La za ru s, 2 0 03a ), to co nsid e r h o w m uch w e h ave le arn t a bo ut h o w p e ople flo uris h ( She ld o n & K in g, 2 0 01 ) a nd w hat w e k n o w a bo ut h um an s tr e ngth s ( Snyd e r & L o pe z, 20 05 ), a nd to r e co gniz e th at w hat p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy o ffe rs is a n o ppo rtu nit y to r e dre ss a ny s e nse o f im bala nce in a w ay th at e xp re sse s “ a m ore co m ple te a nd b ala nce d s cie ntif ic u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e h um an e xp e rie nce ” ( Selig m an, S te en, P ark , & P ete rs o n 2 0 05 , p . 4 10 ). N eve rth e le ss it s till re m ain s d if fic u lt to d is tin guis h b e tw een s p he re s o f in flu e nce , a s b o undarie s in e vit a bly b lu r a nd tim in gs d o n o t a lw ays a ppe ar a s c le ar-c u t a s fir s t th o ught. A nd w he n c o pin g r e se arc h is th e fo cu s, th e re is th e a dde d d im ensio n th at th e w ord “ c o pin g” b y it s v e ry n atu re c a rrie s w it h it c o nno ta tio ns o f su cce ss a nd p o sit iv e o utc o m es.

How eve r, d e sp it e th e se c a ve ats it is p o ssib le to id e ntif y a n um be r o f tr e nds in c o pin g r e se arc h th at h ave , o ne w ay o r a no th e r, e m phasiz e d a r o ute th ro ugh w hic h th e p o sit iv e c a n b e e m phasiz e d, o ffe rin g w hat m ust b e a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e n atu re o f c o pin g. T he se th e m es in clu de : (a ) th e move a w ay fr o m th e tr o uble so m e w ord “ s tr e ss” to fo cu sin g m ore o n th o se p o sit iv e a nd n e gativ e e m otio ns th at b e st e xp re ss th e w ork e xp e rie nce ; (b ) a g re ate r e m phasis o n th e p ro ce ss o f a ppra is a ls in th e s tr e ss p ro ce ss a nd, w he n a ppra is a ls a re v ie w ed a s th e c h anne l th ro ugh w hic h th e em otio n flo w s, th e n h o w th is tr a nsa ctio nal v ie w o ffe rs a m ore e xp lic it c a usa l p ath w ay fo r r e se arc h ; (c ) th e a cce pta nce o f th e im po rta nce o f p o sit iv e em otio ns a nd th e r o le th e y p la y a s a c o pin g r e so urc e ; (d ) th e s h if t fr o m r e activ e c o pin g to p ro activ e c o pin g; a nd (e ) th e n e ed to b e tte r u nde rs ta nd what is m eant b y c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss.

A B rie f In te rlu d e o n C opin g R ese arc h Copin g r e se arc h is n o t w it h o ut it s o w n c o ntr o ve rs ie s a nd d e bate s. T he s h e er v o lu m e o f r e se arc h d ir e cte d to w ard u nde rs ta ndin g th e n atu re o f co pin g a nd it s r o le in th e s tr e ss p ro ce ss h as, a s o ur k n o w le dge d e ve lo ps, d ra w n a tte ntio n to n o t ju st th e c o m ple xit y th at s u rro unds s u ch a c o nstr u ct ( Snyd e r, 2 0 01 ), b ut th e d if fic u lt ie s a sso cia te d w it h s tu dyin g it ( Ald w in , 2 0 09 ). It is n o t s u rp ris in g th e n th at c o ntr o ve rs ie s e m erg e ( Dew e, O 'D ris co ll, & Coope r, 2 0 10 ). T his is n o m ore th an y o u w ould e xp e ct fr o m a m atu rin g fie ld w he re tr a dit io nal a ppro ach e s a re q ue stio ne d, a lt e rn ativ e a ppro ach e s pro m ote d, a nd b o undarie s r e de fin e d, a nd a fie ld w he re r e se arc h e rs a re c o nsta ntly p re se nte d w it h n o t ju st o ppo rtu nit ie s fo r r e fle ctin g o n th e s ta te of o ur k n o w le dge b ut a ls o th e p ro gre ss th at n e eds to b e m ade . T w o n o t m utu ally e xclu siv e te nsio ns h ave e m erg e d. T he fir s t c o nce rn s w he th e r th e bo undarie s fo r d e te rm in in g w hat c o nstit u te s c o pin g h ave b e en to o n arro w ly s e t a nd th at d e fin it io ns o f c o pin g n o lo nge r c a ptu re th e r ic h ne ss o f w hat is a ctu ally b e in g d o ne ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ; Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 ). D efin in g c o pin g c a nno t b e s e para te d fr o m h o w it is m easu re d. S o th e m ost in te nse de bate h as b e en a ro und h o w c o pin g s h o uld b e m easu re d. T his d e bate h as n o t s im ply b e en lim it e d to c o nsid e rin g w he re c u rre nt m easu re m ent pra ctic e s a re ta kin g u s a nd w hat a lt e rn ativ e m easu re s c a n p ro vid e , b ut h as, n atu ra lly a nd q uit e c o rre ctly , e xte nde d to d e batin g w he th e r th e a naly sis th at flo w s fr o m s u ch m easu re s lim it s in te rp re ta tio n a nd b y a sso cia tio n o ur k n o w le dge o f th e c o pin g p ro ce ss.

Turn in g to h o w c o pin g h as b e en d e fin e d, th e d e bate c a n b e n e atly c a ptu re d b y a skin g “ W he re d o th e b o undarie s o f w hat a ctu ally c o nstit u te s c o pin g lie ?” ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 p . 13 5). In a tte m ptin g to a nsw er th is q ue stio n r e se arc h e rs h ave c o nsid e re d w he th e r it is n o w tim e to b ro ade n o ur v ie w o f co pin g b y e xte ndin g th e d e fin it io n fir s t o ffe re d b y Fo lk m an a nd L a za ru s (19 91 ), w ho d e fin e d c o pin g in te rm s o f “ c o gnit iv e a nd b e havio ura l e ffo rts to manage s p e cif ic e xte rn al a nd/o r in te rn al d e m ands th at a re a ppra is e d a s ta xin g o r e xce edin g th e r e so urc e s o f th e p e rs o n” (p . 2 10 ). R ese arc h e rs have d ra w n a tte ntio n to tw o is su e s w it h th is d e fin it io n th at th e y b e lie ve n e ce ssa rily lim it th e a rra y o f c o pin g s tr a te gie s p e ople u se . T he se in clu de th e id e a th at c o pin g s tr a te gie s r e quir e e ffo rt ( Snyd e r, 2 0 01 ) a nd th at s tr a te gie s a re in te ntio nally tr ig ge re d b y a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 ). W he n c o pin g is d e fin e d in th is w ay, w hat d o y o u d o w it h th o se o rd in ary a daptiv e b e havio rs , r o utin e s, a nd h abit s th at s im ply h e lp p e ople g e t h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 alo ng ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 )? W hat r o le d o th e y h ave in h e lp in g to s h ape o ur d e fin it io n o f c o pin g? A s Coyn e a nd G ottlie b (19 96 , p . 9 62) g o o n to arg ue , th is is a “ s e rio us o m is sio n,” b e ca use if th e y a re n o t c o pin g th e n w hat a re th e y? If c o pin g is , a s Fo lk m an a nd L a za ru s (19 91 ) s u gge st, a p artic u la r ty p e o f a dapta tio n, th e n w he re d o y o u d ra w th e lin e w he n a tte m ptin g to d is tin guis h o ne fr o m th e o th e r in o rd e r to c a ptu re th e r ic h ne ss o f w hat co nstit u te s c o pin g? T he d e bate a s to h o w b ro adly c o pin g s h o uld b e d e fin e d w ill c o ntin ue . S uch a d e bate s im ply illu str a te s th e c o m ple xit y o f a co nstr u ct lik e c o pin g a nd c a nno t b e s e para te d fr o m th e is su e o f m easu re m ent. It is to th e se is su e s th at w e n o w tu rn .

Whe n it c o m es to h o w c o pin g is m easu re d th e n th e d e bate r e ach e s it s “ g re ate st in te nsit y w he n s e lf -r e po rt c o pin g q ue stio nnair e s o r c h e cklis ts be co m e th e fo cu s o f a tte ntio n” ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 , p . 3 2). W hat is a t s ta ke is n o t th e u tilit y o f c h e cklis ts b ut th e lim it s th at s u ch a m easu re m ent to ol pla ce s o n th e p o w er to d e scrib e a nd e xp la in ( Oakla nd & O ste ll, 19 96 , p . 15 1). F o r s o m e, lit tle c a n b e g ain e d “ b y d e ve lo pin g b e tte r c h e cklis ts ” ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 , p . 9 61). H ow eve r, th e k e y is su e w he n d ra w in g a tte ntio n to s u ch lim it a tio ns m ust b e to p re ve nt s u ch m easu re s b e in g s e en a s a n easy c o nve nie nce ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 ; Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 ) to b e u se d u ncrit ic a lly ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 ), in se nsit iv e to w he n th e ir u se is appro pria te ( La za ru s, 19 95 ), a nd to r e co gniz e th at if s u ch m easu re s a re to b e im pro ve d th e n th e e ffo rt to d o s o m ust c o m e fr o m u s ( Fo lk m an, 19 92 ).

Takin g u p th e la st o f th e se c h alle nge s, r e se arc h e rs h ave b e en u rg e d to c o nsid e r a r a nge o f is su e s b e fo re c o nsid e rin g th e u se o f c h e cklis ts . A syn th e sis o f th e se is su e s in clu de s, fo r e xa m ple , h o w th e in str u ctio ns a re e xp re sse d, th e w ay it e m s a re d e riv e d a nd w ord e d, th e ir r e le va nce , h o w th e y m ay b e in te rp re te d, th e a m big uit y th e y m ay p ro duce , th e ir n um be r, a nd th e s u it a bilit y o f th e s co rin g k e y (s e e Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 ; Dew e & Coope r, 2 0 12 ; Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ; Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 ; Som erfie ld , 19 97a , 19 97b ). A s th e d e bate c o ntin ue s to s w ir l a ro und th e u se o f ch e cklis ts , it s h o uld n o t b e fo rg o tte n th at r e se arc h e rs a re , a s La za ru s (2 0 00 ) p o in ts o ut, c o ntin ually e ngage d in c re ativ e ly d e ve lo pin g m ore p e rs o n- ce nte re d a nd p ro ce ss-fo cu se d m easu re s to c a ptu re th e n atu re o f c o pin g a nd th e r ic h ne ss o f th e c o pin g p ro ce ss.

The d e bate s u rro undin g m easu re m ent p ra ctic e s c a nno t b e s e para te d fr o m a naly sis a nd in te rp re ta tio n a s e ach r e la te s to th e o th e r, s o “ w he n pre parin g d ata fo r a naly sis r e se arc h e rs n e ed to c o nsid e r th e im pact th at m easu re m ent h as o n in te rp re ta tio n” ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 , p . 14 5).

Whe th e r it is a p rim ary g o al o r n o t, o ne o f th e fir s t s te ps r e se arc h e rs w ill ta ke w he n tr a nsfo rm in g th e ir d ata w ill b e to d e te rm in e w he th e r it is p o ssib le to id e ntif y u nde rly in g p atte rn s o f c o pin g c o m po ne nts . R evie w ers s u gge st th e n e ed fo r p ra gm atis m ( Fo lk m an, 19 92 ), b ut a ls o c a utio n r e se arc h e rs ( Ald w in , 2 0 00 ) to c o nsid e r th e im pact th at d ata r e ductio n p ro ce dure s s u ch a s fa cto r a naly sis h ave o n th e c o m pre he nsiv e ne ss a nd c o m ple te ne ss o f co pin g c o m po ne nts . T he is su e c e nte rs o n th e c o nve ntio ns th at g o ve rn fa cto r lo adin gs. R ese arc h e rs a re a dvis e d to fir s t c o nsid e r th e v a rie ty o f w ays in w hic h c o pin g s tr a te gie s a re u se d, h o w th e y r e la te to e ach o th e r, a nd th e d if fe re nt fu nctio ns th e y p e rfo rm ( Ald w in , 2 0 09 ; Billin gs & M oos, 19 81 ; Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 ; Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 07 ; Sto ne & K e nne dy-M oore , 19 92 ). T he n th e y n e ed to c o nsid e r w he th e r th e c rit e ria th e y u se fo r de te rm in in g w hat it e m lo ads o n a c o m po ne nt b y, fo r e xa m ple , s im ply e xp lo rin g th e s ta tu s o f a n it e m in te rm s o f th e s iz e o f it s fa cto r lo adin g o r it s lo adin g a cro ss fa cto rs ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ; Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 ), w hat im pact th is h as o n c a ptu rin g th e n atu re a nd r ic h ne ss o f a p artic u la r str a te gy a nd th e v a rio us w ays in w hic h it is b e in g u se d.

Makin g d e cis io ns a bo ut w he th e r o r n o t a n it e m lo ads o n a p artic u la r c o pin g c o m po ne nt a nd, b y in fe re nce , th e s tr u ctu re o f th at c o m po ne nt d ra w s atte ntio n to th e d if fic u lt ie s w he n tr y in g to b ala nce s ta tis tic a l r ig o r a gain st h o w a p artic u la r s tr a te gy is b e in g u se d o r “ th e r a nge o f w ays a p e rs o n m ay be th in kin g a nd a ctin g in a p artic u la r e nco unte r” ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 , p . 14 6). C ouple d w it h th is d if fic u lt y is th e q ue stio n o f h o w e xa ctly c o pin g mean s co re s s h o uld b e in te rp re te d. W he n c o pin g it e m s a re a ggre gate d in to m ean s co re s th e n, n o tw it h sta ndin g th at th e y a re “ o fte n v a gue ly word e d” a nd “ th in d e scrip tio ns o f c o pin g” ( Coyn e & G ottlie b, 19 96 , p . 9 76 ), th e re is a ls o th e q ue stio n o f w he th e r, if tw o p e ople s h are th e s a m e sco re , th e y a re a ctu ally u sin g th e s a m e s o rt o f c o pin g s tr a te gie s. T his is n o t to s u gge st th at w e s h o uld a bando n m ean s co re s, b ut it d o es s u gge st th at w e n e ed to d ra w a tte ntio n to th e is su e o f w he th e r a c le are r u nde rs ta ndin g o f h o w a p e rs o n is c o pin g m ay c o m e fr o m e xp lo rin g th e p atte rn s th at lie b e hin d m ean s co re s ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 ). E xte ndin g o ur le ve l o f a naly sis to th e w ay c o pin g it e m s p atte rn m ay w ell b e a m ore s u btle in dic a to r of h o w c o pin g s tr a te gie s a re b e in g u se d a nd p ro vid e a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f h o w d if fe re nt s tr a te gie s r e la te to o ne a no th e r. T he d e bate a s to ho w c o pin g s tr a te gie s s h o uld b e m easu re d a nd th e in te rp re tiv e c o nse que nce s th at fo llo w fr o m s u ch m easu re s w ill c o ntin ue . S uch d e bate s r e fle ct a fie ld m ovin g fo rw ard a nd th e n e ed to d e cid e , a s o ur k n o w le dge a dva nce s, w hat s o rt o f q ue stio ns s h o uld n o w b e a ske d a nd h o w th e y s h o uld b e st b e answ ere d. W e w ill c o ntin ue to r e quir e r e se arc h e rs to r e fle ct o n w hat tr a dit io nal m easu re s a re p ro vid in g, w he re th e y a re le adin g u s, a nd w hat c a n b e gain e d b y u sin g, a s m any r e se arc h e rs a re , a lt e rn ativ e m eth o ds. S om e o f th e se m ay n o w b e b e tte r p la ce d to p ro vid e th e m ore n uance d a nsw ers th at to day's a dva nce s in o ur k n o w le dge r e quir e .

Fro m S tre ss t o E m otio ns Copin g r e se arc h is n o t, h o w eve r, a ll a bo ut d e fin it io nal d e bate s o r s tr u gglin g w it h th e d if fic u lt ie s o f m easu re m ent, a lt h o ugh th e se a re is su e s th at m ust be c o nfr o nte d ( Suls & D avid , 19 96 ). It is c le ar th at fo r s o m e tim e c o pin g r e se arc h h as b e en h e adin g in n e w d ir e ctio ns, a ckn o w le dgin g th e d e pth a nd rig o r o f w hat it h as to b uild o n, r e co gniz in g w he re s tr e ngth s a nd w eakn e sse s lie , a cce ptin g th e n e ed fo r c h ange , w it n e ssin g th e e bb a nd flo w o f id e as, th e ir in flu e nce , a nd th e ir r o le in r e sh apin g th e orie s a nd p ra ctic e , a nd in stillin g in r e se arc h e rs th e n e ed to b e in no va tiv e a nd c re ativ e in w ays th at b e st e xp re ss th e n atu re o f th e w ork e xp e rie nce . W hat e m erg e s a re a n um be r o f th e m es th at r e fle ct th is e nte rp ris e . W e tu rn n o w to th e fir s t o f th e se a nd e xp lo re h o w th e tr o uble so m e w ord “ s tr e ss” is n o w lo sin g g ro und, if n o t b e in g a bando ne d c o m ple te ly , a s r e se arc h e rs r e co gniz e th e sig nif ic a nce o f th o se c a usa l p ath w ays th at s h if t a tte ntio n to th e e xp la nato ry p o te ntia l th at r e sid e s in d is cre te e m otio ns.

It is a lm ost a tr a dit io n fo r th o se w ho w rit e in th is fie ld to d ra w a tte ntio n to th e a m big uit y a nd a rg um ents s u rro undin g th e te rm s tr e ss. D esp it e th e warn in gs th at th e c o ntin ual fa ilu re o f th e te rm to c a ptu re th e e sse nce o f w hat it is th at is b e in g e xp e rie nce d w ould tr iv ia liz e th e n atu re o f th o se enco unte rs ( Brie f & G eorg e , 19 91 ) th e te rm s tr e ss h as s u rv iv e d ( Jo ne s & B rig ht, 2 0 01 ). B ut d o ubts a s to th e w ord 's m eanin g h ave , o f c o urs e , re m ain e d. F o r s o m e tim e, c o nce rn s w it h tr a dit io nal s tr e ss d e fin it io ns th at s im ply d e scrib e s tr e ss in te rm s o f it s s tr u ctu ra l c o m po ne nts (s tim ulu s, re sp o nse , o r a n in te ra ctio n b e tw een th e tw o) h ave le d to r e se arc h e rs q ue stio nin g h o w s u ch d e fin it io ns a dva nce o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e s tr e ss pro ce ss ( La za ru s, 19 90 ) a nd m ore p artic u la rly th o se u nde rly in g p ro ce sse s th at lin k th e in div id ual to th e e nvir o nm ent. P erh aps, a s r e vie w ers s u gge st, it is n o w tim e to s h if t a tte ntio n b ack to “ s tr e ss th e c o nce pt” a nd a w ay fr o m “ s tr e ss th e w ord ,” in th is w ay g iv in g g re ate r c la rit y to w hat is b e in g d e fin e d and “ h o w th at d e fin it io n in fo rm s r e se arc h ” ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 , p . 7 5) a nd c a ptu re s th e e sse nce o f w hat is b e in g e xp e rie nce d.

Whe n th e fo cu s tu rn s a w ay fr o m th e m ore tr a dit io nal s tr u ctu ra l a ppro ach e s to a d e fin it io n o f s tr e ss to w ard d e fin in g it in p ro ce ss te rm s, th e n it is c le ar th at th e “ tr a nsa ctio nal, p ro ce ss, c o nte xtu al a nd m eanin g-c e ntr e d a ppro ach ” th at h as lo ng b e en a sso cia te d w it h th e w ork o f La za ru s (19 66 , 19 90 , 19 91 ) ne eds to b e m ore c lo se ly a lig ne d w it h w ork s tr e ss r e se arc h .

La za ru s (19 90 , p . 3 ) m ake s tw o p o in ts c le ar. T he fir s t is th at “ s tr e ss m easu re m ent h as alm ost n e ve r b e en tr u ly th e ory d riv e n” a nd th e s e co nd is th at th ro ugh c o nsid e rin g s tr e ss in te rm s o f th e w ay th e in div id ual tr a nsa cts w it h th e h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 envir o nm ent p ro vid e s th e th e ore tic a l b asis fo r fo cu sin g o n th e “ q ualit y o f th e e m otio ns o f d aily liv in g … g re atly e xp andin g o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f h o w in div id uals h andle b o th p o sit iv e a nd n e gativ e e xp e rie nce s.” R ese arc h e rs h ave d e bate d L a za ru s' tr a nsa ctio nal th e ory o f s tr e ss w it h it s “ re quir e m ent” th at a s s tr e ss “ e sse ntia lly o ccu rs a t th e in div id ual le ve l” it is th is “ in tr a in div id ual” le ve l th at n e eds to b e co m e th e fo cu s o f a naly sis . W hat is q ue stio ne d is th e u tilit y o f th is a ppro ach w he n s e t a gain st th e d uty th at w ork s tr e ss r e se arc h e rs h ave to m ore g e ne ra lly “ d is co ve r w ork in g c o ndit io ns w hic h a re lik e ly to a dve rs e ly a ffe ct most w ork e rs e xp o se d to th e m ” ( Brie f & G eorg e , 19 91 , p . 16 ). W hile th is d e bate c o ntin ue s, r e vie w ers a gre e th at “ th e occu patio nal s tr e ss fie ld w ill b e ne fit fr o m th e th o ughtfu l a pplic a tio n o f th e tr a nsa ctio nal p ro ce ss m ode l” ( Harris , 19 91 , p . 2 8) a nd r a th e r th an a n “ e it h e r or” d e bate “ w e c a n s tu dy all o f th e r e le va nt is su e s o f th e s tr e ss p ro ce ss” ( Fre se & Z apf, 19 99 , p . 7 6 4).

So, w hat is it a bo ut tr a nsa ctio nal th e ory th at le ads r e se arc h e rs a w ay fr o m th in kin g in te rm s o f s tr e ss to th in kin g in te rm s o f e m otio ns? T he p o w er o f La za ru s' th e ory in s u ppo rtin g th is s h if t lie s n o t ju st in th e id e a th at tr a nsa ctio n im plie s p ro ce ss, r e fle cte d in th e “ c o nsta ntly c h angin g in te rp la y be tw een th e p e rs o n a nd th e e nvir o nm ent” ( La za ru s, 19 90 , p . 4 ), b ut in th e w ay th at a ppra is a ls o pe ra te b o th a s th e p ro ce ss th at lin ks th e p e rs o n to th e e nvir o nm ent a nd, m ore s ig nif ic a ntly , b y p ro vid in g th e th e ore tic a l r o ute th ro ugh w hic h th e e m otio nal r e sp o nse is c a ptu re d ( La za ru s, 2 0 01 ). It is th e appra is a l p ro ce ss th at o ffe rs a “ ric h a nd im po rta nt” ( Park & F o lk m an, 19 97 , p . 13 2) c a usa l p ath w ay fo r u nde rs ta ndin g w ork -r e la te d e m otio ns. If , a s is made c le ar, “ s tr e ss a lw ays im plie s e m otio ns” a nd “ a n e m otio nal r e actio n d e pe nds o n a n appra is a l ” ( La za ru s & C ohe n-C hara sh , 2 0 01 , p . 5 3), th e n b y in ve stig atin g th o se d is cre te e m otio ns th at a re tr ig ge re d b y th e a ppra is a l p ro ce ss a m ore fo cu se d u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e n atu re o f th e e xp e rie nce em erg e s, m akin g r e se arc h e rs b e tte r a ble to lo ose n th e ir g rip o n th e b o th e rs o m e a m big uit y a nd b lu ntn e ss th at s u rro unds th e te rm s tr e ss ( Kasl, 19 83 ; La za ru s, 19 99 ).

La za ru s (19 99 ) d is cu sse s tw o ty p e s o f a ppra is a l:

prim ary a ppra is a l w he re a n in div id ual a ppra is e s w hat “ is a t s ta ke ,” w he re m eanin g is giv e n to a p artic u la r e nco unte r, a nd se co ndary a ppra is a l w he re th e fo cu s is o n “ w hat c a n b e d o ne a bo ut it ” a nd w he re “ c o pin g p ro ce sse s a re bro ught in to p la y to m anage th e tr o uble d p e rs o n–e nvir o nm enta l r e la tio nsh ip ” ( La za ru s, 19 90 , p . 3 ). A t th is s ta ge it is th e w ay in w hic h a p e rs o n appra is e s a n e nco unte r th at is o f in te re st. “ It is e sse ntia l,” a s L a za ru s p o in ts o ut, “ to c o nsid e r h o w th e in div id ual p e rs o n a ppra is e s w hat is h appe nin g to u nde rs ta nd h is o r h e r e m otio nal r e actio ns” ( La za ru s, 19 91 , p . 4 ).

La za ru s (2 0 01 ) r e fe rs to p rim ary a ppra is a ls in te rm s o f w he th e r th e y a re n e gativ e ly o r p o sit iv e ly to ne d. N egativ e ly to ne d a ppra is a ls a re th o se in vo lv in g h arm , lo ss o r th e th re at o f h arm o r lo ss a nd p ro duce n e gativ e e m otio ns. P osit iv e ly to ne d a ppra is a ls a nd b y in fe re nce p o sit iv e e m otio ns a re th o se th at L a za ru s d e scrib e s u nde r th e r u bric o f c h alle nge a nd in vo lv e “ a p o sit iv e , o ptim is tic , m obiliz e d a nd e age r a ttit u de a bo ut o ve rc o m in g obsta cle s” ( La za ru s, 19 90 , p . 3 ). L a te r in h is w rit in gs, La za ru s (2 0 01 ) r e fe rs to a no th e r k in d o f p o sit iv e a ppra is a l th at h e d e scrib e s a s benefit , in vo lv in g th e s e arc h fo r o r th e r e co gnit io n o f s o m e s o rt o f b e ne fit flo w in g fr o m a n e nco unte r.

La za ru s (2 0 01 ) ta ke s th e r e la tio nsh ip b e tw een a ppra is a ls a nd em otio ns o ne s ta ge fu rth e r th ro ugh h is c o nce pt o f “ c o re r e la tio nal m eanin gs,” a rg uin g th at to u nde rs ta nd n e gativ e ly a nd p o sit iv e ly to ne d e m otio ns it is im po rta nt to th in k o f d if fe re nt e m otio ns a s h avin g, o r b e in g c o nne cte d to , th e ir o w n d is cre te p atte rn o f a ppra is in g, p ro vid in g e ve n m ore r e aso n fo r La za ru s to m ars h al h is e ffo rts to “ tr a nsp o se h is s tr e ss th e ory to th e e m otio ns” ( La za ru s, 2 0 01 , p . 5 4 ).

Vie w in g a ppra is in g a s “ b e in g th e c o nce ptu al k e y to o ur e m otio ns” ( La za ru s & C ohe n-C hara sh , 2 0 01 , p . 5 3) m eans, a cco rd in g to La za ru s a nd C ohe n- Chara sh (2 0 01 , p . 4 5), th at e m otio ns a re b e st p la ce d to r e ve al th e n atu re o f w hat it is a p e rs o n is e xp e rie ncin g a t w ork a nd s o “ c o nstit u te th e c o in o f th e r e alm ” in a dva ncin g o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f w ork in g liv e s. E m otio ns a nd a ppra is a ls a re in tim ate ly lin ke d. F o r r e se arc h e rs in te re ste d in th e w ork exp e rie nce th e m essa ge a nd th e e m phasis a re a bso lu te ly c le ar. In ve stig atin g a ppra is a ls is n o t “ s im ply im porta nt ” b ut “ esse ntia l ” ( Perre w e & Z ella rs , 19 99 , p . 7 4 9) if w e a re to a ckn o w le dge th e s ig nif ic a nce o f e m otio ns in o rg aniz a tio nal lif e , c a ptu re b o th th e n e gativ e a nd p o sit iv e q ualit ie s o f th e w ork exp e rie nce , a nd r e co gniz e th e lim it a tio ns im po se d o n o ur u nde rs ta ndin g if w e p e rs is t w it h th e te rm s tr e ss. T o fa il to ta ke u p th e c h alle nge w ould b e to fa il to r e co gniz e th e e xp la nato ry p o te ntia l th at r e sid e s in a c o nce pt lik e p rim ary a ppra is a l, th e u nde rs ta ndin g it o ffe rs a nd it s r o le a s a n o rg aniz in g co nce pt ( Lid dle , 19 94 ) a ro und w hic h fu tu re r e se arc h m ay w is h to u nit e ( Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 ).

The R ole o f P osit iv e E m otio ns The re is , d e sp it e th e fa ct th at m ore a nd m ore r e se arc h e rs a re e ngage d in e xp lo rin g th e r o le o f e m otio ns a t w ork , a fe elin g th at m ore n e eds to b e do ne to p ro m ote th e r o le o f p o sit iv e e m otio ns. In de ed, in h e r s e m in al a rtic le Fre dric kso n (19 98 , p . 3 0 0) p o in ts to o ur u nde rs ta ndin g r e gard in g po sit iv e e m otio ns a s b e in g “ s o th in th at s a tis fy in g a nsw ers to th e q ue stio n ‘W hat g o od a re p o sit iv e e m otio ns?’ h ave y e t to b e a rtic u la te d.” T his , a s Fre dric kso n g o es o n to a rg ue , is r e gre tta ble , a s p o sit iv e e m otio ns h ave a q ualit y th at g re atly e nric h e s p e ople 's liv e s. U nde rly in g th is a rg um ent is , o f co urs e , th e b e lie f th at o ur d is cip lin e h as b e en d ra w n, s o m ew hat b y n e ce ssit y p e rh aps, m ore a nd m ore in to a p ro ble m -s o lv in g m ode . A s a r e su lt a gre ate r e m phasis h as b e en g iv e n to e xp lo rin g th e c o nse que nce s o f n e gativ e e m otio ns, le avin g a n “ u ne ve n k n o w le dge b ase ” ( Fre dric kso n, 19 98 , p .

30 0) th at n o w n e eds r e alig nin g. W hy? S o th at o ur w ork c a n o ffe r a r ic h e r, m ore b ala nce d d e scrip tio n o f th e e xp e rie nce o f w ork , b uild a nd d e ve lo p an u nde rs ta ndin g o f in div id ual flo uris h in g ( Fre dric kso n, 19 98 , 20 01 ) a nd a ckn o w le dge th e c a pacit y -b uild in g c h ara cte ris tic s o f th e p o sit iv e ( Fre dric kso n, 20 00 ).

Fre dric kso n's w ork c e rta in ly e xp re sse s a nd is c o nsis te nt w it h th e a sp ir a tio ns o f th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent a nd th e r o le th at p o sit iv e em otio ns c a n p la y in s u ch a m ove m ent w it h th e ir fo cu s o n “ flo uris h in g, o r o ptim al w ell- b e in g” ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 01 , p . 2 18 ). T he p o w er o f F re dric kso n's work lie s a s m uch in h e r th e ore tic a l d e ve lo pm ent o f th e id e a a s to h o w p o sit iv e e m otio ns “ bro aden a nd b uild ” a s it d o es in h o w s u ch e m otio ns “ b uild endurin g p e rs o nal r e so urc e s” (p . 2 19 ). T he m essa ge is c le ar: “ p o sit iv e e m otio ns a re w orth c u lt iv a tin g” (p . 2 18 ) a nd p ro vid e a no th e r le ns th ro ugh whic h r e se arc h e rs c a n b e st e xp lo re th e w ork e xp e rie nce . It is c le ar th at p o sit iv e e m otio ns s h o uld b e v ie w ed a s d is tin ct fr o m n e gativ e e m otio ns.

The y e m erg e fr o m a m in dse t th at p ro m pts in div id uals to e ngage in a b ro ade r r a nge o f th o ughts a nd a ctio ns th at h ave , in a ll p ro babilit y , a n a daptiv e qualit y , a re m ore fle xib le a nd g ro w th s u sta in in g, a nd th at b uild m ore lo ng-te rm r e so urc e s “ lik e s o cia l c o nne ctio ns, c o pin g s tr a te gie s a nd envir o nm enta l k n o w le dge ” (p . 2 19 ) th at c a n b e d ra w n o n to m anage . T he y a re , in s h o rt, a n e sse ntia l e le m ent in p ro vid in g w ellb e in g, g ro w th , a nd he alt h ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 05 ). T he e vid e nce , w he n it c o m es to c o pin g, s u gge sts th at e xp e rie ncin g p o sit iv e e m otio ns is a sso cia te d w it h a “ b ro ad- min de d” c o pin g s ty le th at in vo lv e s b e in g a ble to s ta nd b ack a nd v ie w a n e nco unte r fr o m a r a nge o f p e rs p e ctiv e s ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 01 ; Fre dric kso n & Bra nig an, 2 0 05 ).

Oth e r r e vie w ers s u gge st th at fo cu sin g o n p o sit iv e e m otio ns “ h as o pe ne d u p a n e w a ve nue fo r c o pin g r e se arc h ” ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 , p .

76 4). C om mentin g o n th e r o le th e se b ro ad-m in de d q ualit ie s m ay p la y le d Fo lk m an a nd M osko w it z (2 0 04 , p . 7 6 6) to s u gge st th at s u ch q ualit ie s m ay als o lie b e hin d p o sit iv e r e appra is a ls , “ g o al- d ir e cte d p ro ble m -fo cu se d c o pin g,” a nd “ p e rc e iv in g b e ne fit a s a c o pin g s tr a te gy.” T he u se fu ln e ss o f po sit iv e e m otio ns to c o pin g h as a ls o b e en r e vie w ed b y Tugade (2 0 11 ). H er r e vie w p o in te d to p o sit iv e e m otio ns h e lp in g to r e gula te n e gativ e em otio ns ( Tugade & F re dric kso n, 2 0 04 ), d is sip atin g th e ir lin ge rin g e ffe cts ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 03 ), e nhancin g “ o ne 's a bilit y to a dapt to s u bse que nt h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 str e sso rs ” ( Tugade , 2 0 11 , p . 19 1), e nco ura gin g m ore “ n o ve l a nd c re ativ e th o ughts a nd a ctio ns” ( Tugade & F re dric kso n, 2 0 04 , p . 3 31), a nd e xp andin g one 's c o pin g r e pe rto ir e ( Tugade & F re dric kso n, 2 0 04 ). W he n lin kin g p o sit iv e e m otio ns w it h c o pin g th e re a re s till m any q ue stio ns th at n e ed to b e exp lo re d, in clu din g w hat p artic u la r c o pin g s tr a te gie s a re a sso cia te d w it h a nd flo w fr o m p o sit iv e e m otio ns ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 06 ), h o w d o th e se str a te gie s d if fe r fr o m o th e r c o pin g s tr a te gie s, a nd is th e ir u se ju st r e la te d to p o sit iv e e m otio ns ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 )? N eve rth e le ss, th e im po rta nce o f p o sit iv e e m otio ns is “ o ne o f th e m ost e xcit in g d e ve lo pm ents in c o pin g th e ory a nd r e se arc h ” ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 , p . 7 6 7).

Couple th e se d e ve lo pm ents w it h th e m ore g e ne ra l c a ll fo r r e se arc h e rs to fo cu s th e ir w ork o n d is cre te e m otio ns, e xp lo rin g th e m w it h in th e c o nte xt of a ppra is a ls , is fu rth e r e vid e nce , if e vid e nce is n e ede d, th at th is is th e d ir e ctio n c o pin g r e se arc h s h o uld n o w b e h e ade d if w e w is h to c a ptu re th e ric h ne ss a nd u nra ve l th e c o m ple xit y o f th e c o pin g p ro ce ss.

Copin g S tra te gie s Alt h o ugh th o se in te re ste d in c o pin g r e se arc h w ill h ave a r a nge o f r e se arc h o bje ctiv e s, a ll w ill n e ed to e ngage a t th e p re lim in ary d ata a naly sis s ta ge in c la ssif y in g d if fe re nt c o pin g s tr a te gie s ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ; Dew e & C oope r, 2 0 12 . In a ppro ach in g th is ta sk r e se arc h e rs h ave b e en d ra w n to th e sch e m a fir s t d e ve lo pe d b y Fo lk m an a nd L a za ru s (19 84 ). T he se a uth o rs d is tin guis h e d b e tw een “ tw o th e ory -b ase d fu nctio ns” o f c o pin g: p ro ble m - fo cu se d a nd e m otio n-fo cu se d. T his d is tin ctio n p ro vid e d a h e lp fu l “ b ro ad-b ru sh str o ke s” a ppro ach a nd p ro vid e d “ a g o od s ta rtin g p o in t” ( Fo lk m an & Mosko w it z , 2 0 04 , p p. 7 51– 752) w he n c o nsid e rin g th e r a nge o f d if fe re nt s tr a te gie s. O th e r r e se arc h e rs h ave b uilt o n th is s ch e m a, c o ntin uin g to exp lo re n o t ju st th e q ue stio n o f fu nctio n ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 ; Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 ) b ut w he th e r, w he n d e ve lo pin g a c o m pre he nsiv e s ch e m e fo r cla ssif y in g c o pin g, s u ch a s ch e m e s h o uld a ls o ta ke in to a cco unt is su e s o f m ode ( La ta ck & H avlo vic , 19 92 ; La za ru s, 19 99 ) a nd tim in g ( Gre engla ss, 20 02 ; Sch w arz e r, 2 0 01 , 20 04 ). It is w he n o ne c o pin g s tr a te gy is d is tin guis h e d fr o m a no th e r o n th e b asis o f tim in g th at h as le d r e se arc h e rs to co nsid e r th e d if fe re nce b e tw een r e activ e a nd p ro activ e c o pin g ( Sch w arz e r, 2 0 01 , 20 04 ) a nd w he th e r, w he n s u ch a d is tin ctio n is m ade , p ro activ e co pin g r e pre se nts n o t ju st “ a n im po rta nt a ddit io n to th e s tr e ss a nd c o pin g m ode l” ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 , p . 4 58) b ut a ls o a ll th o se q ualit ie s th at a re r e fle cte d in th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent.

It is o ne th in g to d is tin guis h r e activ e fr o m p ro activ e c o pin g a t th e th e ore tic a l le ve l, b ut q uit e a no th e r w he n c la rif y in g th e n atu re o f th is d is tin ctio n to ackn o w le dge th e d if fic u lt ie s th at a re in vo lv e d w he n c o pin g s tr a te gie s a re e xa m in e d w it h in th e c o nte xt o f a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r, p artic u la rly in de cid in g e xa ctly h o w a c o pin g s tr a te gy is b e in g u se d, w he th e r a ll c o pin g s tr a te gie s h ave a p ro activ e e le m ent, a nd w hat m otiv a te s th e u se o f a partic u la r c o pin g s tr a te gy ( Dew e, 2 0 08 ; Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ). N eve rth e le ss, th e fa ct th at s u ch a d is tin ctio n h as b e en p ro po se d, h as g e ne ra te d a co nsid e ra ble a m ount o f in te re st, is c le arly a sso cia te d w it h th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent, a nd r e so nate s w it h th e id e a o f r e so urc e a ccu m ula tio n ( Hobfo ll, 2 0 01 , 20 11 ) in dic a te s th at s u ch a d is tin ctio n w arra nts c lo se r a tte ntio n. It is w he n a tim e d im ensio n is in tr o duce d, a rg ue s Sch w arz e r (2 0 01 , 20 04 ), th at it is p o ssib le to d is tin guis h fo ur ty p e s o f c o pin g. S ch w arz e r d e scrib e s th e se in te rm s o f w he th e r th e y a re r e activ e (d e alin g w it h o ngo in g o r an e nco unte r th at h as a lr e ady h appe ne d), a ntic ip ato ry (d e alin g w it h a p e rc e iv e d im pe ndin g d e m and), p re ve ntiv e (b uild in g u p r e so urc e s to d e al w it h a po ssib le u nce rta in d e m and in th e fu tu re ), o r p ro activ e (b uild in g u p r e so urc e s th at fa cilit a te o ppo rtu nit ie s fo r in div id ual g ro w th ) ( Sch w arz e r, 2 0 04 , p p.

34 8–34 9).

What m ake s p ro activ e c o pin g d if fe re nt fr o m th e o th e r th re e is th at it is fu tu re o rie nte d, w he re e ffo rt is e xp e nde d to “ b uild u p g e ne ra l r e so urc e s th at fa cilit a te p ro m otio n to w ard c h alle ngin g g o als a nd p e rs o nal g ro w th ” ( Sch w arz e r, 2 0 01 , p . 4 06), it is m ore a lig ne d to g o al m anage m ent r a th e r th an r is k manage m ent ( Gre engla ss, 2 0 01 , 20 02 ), a nd it is d riv e n b y a m otiv a tio n to m eet c h alle nge s a nd a c o m mit m ent to a ch ie vin g h ig h p e rs o nal s ta ndard s ( Sch w arz e r, 2 0 01 , 20 04 ). A t th e h e art o f “ w hat m ake s a d if fe re nce ” is th at p ro activ e c o pin g s p rin gs fr o m c h alle nge a ppra is a ls , w he re as th e o th e rs co m e fr o m a ppra is a ls o f th re at o r h arm ( Gre engla ss, 2 0 02 ). T he p ro activ e c o pe r is d e scrib e d b y Sch w arz e r (2 0 01 , p . 4 06) a s a p e rs o n w ho “s triv e s f o r im pro ve m ent o f w ork o r lif e a nd b uild s u p r e so urc e s t h at a ssu re p ro gre ss a nd q ualit y o f f u nctio nin g.” P ro activ e c o pin g is “ th e p ro to ty p e” o f p osit iv e co pin g a nd “ in lin e w it h t h e c o nte m pora ry t re nd t o w ard a ‘p osit iv e p sych olo gy’” ( Sch w arz e r, 2 004 , p . 3 5 4).

So w hat d o es p ro activ e c o pin g in vo lv e ? T he P ro activ e C opin g S ca le ( Gre engla ss, 2 0 01 , 20 02 ), d e ve lo pe d fr o m th e w ork o f Sch w arz e r (19 99 ), measu re s 14 it e m s th at to ge th e r e xp re ss “ a uto no m ous g o al s e ttin g w it h s e lf -r e gula to ry g o al a tta in m ent c o gnit io ns a nd b e havio urs ” ( Gre engla ss, Fik se nbaum , & E ato n, 2 0 06 , p . 19 ). E xa m ple s o f in div id ual s tr a te gie s th at r e fle ct th is p ro activ it y in clu de “ A fte r a tta in in g a g o al, I lo ok fo r a m ore ch alle ngin g o ne ,” “ I tu rn o bsta cle s in to p o sit iv e e xp e rie nce s,” “ I tr y to p in po in t w hat I n e ed to s u cce ed,” a nd “ I v is u aliz e m y d re am s a nd tr y to a ch ie ve th e m ” ( Gre engla ss e t a l., 2 0 06 , p . 3 1).

Rese arc h e rs c o ntin ue to e xp lo re a nd r e fin e th e d im ensio ns o f th e P ro activ e C opin g In ve nto ry , d ra w in g d is tin ctio ns b e tw een p ro activ e a nd r e activ e co pin g ( Roesch e t a l., 2 0 09 ), a nd p o in t to ho w p o sit iv e c o nstr u cts lik e p ro activ e c o pin g c o ntr ib ute to im pro ve d p sych o lo gic a l fu nctio nin g ( Gre engla ss & F ik se nbaum , 2 0 09 ); ho w r e so urc e s lik e s o cia l s u ppo rt le ad to th e d e ve lo pm ent o f p ro activ e c o pin g ( Gre engla ss e t a l., 2 0 06 ); ho w p ro activ e c o pin g c a n b e p ro m ote d b y d e sig nin g in te rv e ntio ns th at fo cu s o n a ccu m ula tin g r e so urc e s a nd g o al s e ttin g ( Sohl & M oye r, 20 09 ); ho w in div id uals w ho lo ok to , m ake p la ns fo r, a nd s e e p o ssib ilit ie s in th e fu tu re , a nd s e t th e m se lv e s g o als m ake m ore u se o f p ro activ e c o pin g ( Ouw ehand, d e R id de r, & B ensin g, 2 0 08 ); ho w p ro activ e c o pin g e nable s in div id uals to a ppra is e d e m andin g s it u atio ns m ore in te rm s o f c h alle nge ( Gan, Y ang, Z ho u, & Z hang, 2 0 07 ); ho w o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f p ro activ e c o pin g w ould b e ne fit fr o m e xp lo rin g it in r e la tio n to o th e r fo rm s o f fu tu re -o rie nte d a ctio ns a nd b e havio rs in clu din g h o w p o sit iv e e m otio ns m ay in flu e nce h o w in div id uals th in k a bo ut th e fu tu re a nd th e ir r e actio ns to fu tu re e ve nts ( Asp in w all, 2 0 05 ); a nd ho w fu tu re r e se arc h m ay w is h to e xp lo re th e w ay in w hic h in div id uals d e cid e to u se p ro activ e c o pin g, u se p ro activ e b e havio rs m ore effe ctiv e ly , a nd h o w s u ch b e havio rs r e la te to o rg aniz a tio nal o utc o m es ( Cra nt, 2 0 00 ).

h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 What lie s a t th e h e art o f m uch o f th is w ork is th at it is n o w tim e “ fo r b ro ade nin g th e fo cu s in s tr e ss a nd c o pin g r e se arc h to in clu de p o sit iv e e m otio ns and c o gnit io ns a s w ell a s th e ir p ro m otio n b y c o pin g s tr a te gie s” ( Zie ge lm ann & L ip pke , 2 0 09 , p . 3 ). B ro ade nin g o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f c o pin g r a is e s th e q ue stio n o f w he th e r s o m eth in g is c o pin g if it fa lls o uts id e a d e m andin g e ve nt o r w he th e r “ c o pin g c a n o ccu r in th e a bse nce o f a s tr e ss a ppra is a l” ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 09 , p . 7 3). W hile th is q ue stio n w ill c o ntin ue to b e d e bate d, Fo lk m an (2 0 09 , p . 7 3) g o es o n to s u gge st th at “ th e re s e em s to b e g o od re aso n to a ssu m e th at p ro activ e c o pin g is a r e sp o nse to a ntic ip ate d s tr e ss o f s o m e s o rt, e ve n if th e in te nsit y o f th e a ppra is a l is lo w .” S im ila rly Sch w arz e r a nd T aube rt (2 0 02 , p . 2 4 ) s u gge st th at p ro activ e c o pin g a dds to th e tr a nsa ctio nal a ppra is a l a ppro ach o f L a za ru s b y b ro ade nin g a nd exte ndin g th e c o nce pt o f c o pin g b y in clu din g “ o th e r d im ensio ns” lik e “ p e rs o nal s tr iv in gs.” R ese arc h e rs w ould a gre e th at th e re is s till m uch to d o in de ve lo pin g o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f p ro activ e c o pin g. W hile p ro activ it y is b o und u p in h o w in div id uals a ctiv e ly c re ate , s h ape , a nd m odif y th e w ork th e y do , th e w ay th e y s h ape a nd d e ve lo p in te rp e rs o nal r e la tio nsh ip s a nd s o cia l in te ra ctio ns, th e im pact th e y h ave , a nd th e g o als th e y s e t ( Gra nt & Ash fo rd , 2 0 08 ), d e fin it io ns o f p ro activ it y s till d if fe r in te rm s o f “ th e n atu re a nd tim in gs o f th e b e havio urs d e scrib e d a s w ell a s in th e ir fu ndam enta l go al” ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 , p . 3 35).

Asp in w all (2 0 11 ) g o es o n to illu str a te h o w , fr o m tim e to tim e, r e se arc h e rs h ave u se d a r a nge o f w ays o f d e scrib in g pro activ it y u sin g te rm s lik e p ro activ e c o pin g, p ro activ e a dapta tio ns, c o rre ctiv e a dapta tio ns, p re ve ntiv e c o pin g, p e rs o nal in it ia tiv e , a nd th e p ro activ e in div id ual ( Gre engla ss & F ik se nbaum , 2 0 09 ). Y et d e sp it e a ll th e se d if fe re nt te rm s a n um be r o f th e m es e m erg e th at h e lp to c a ptu re th e c h ara cte r o f pro activ e c o pin g.

The se th e m es w ould in clu de th e id e a th at p ro activ e c o pin g is b uilt a ro und in div id uals a ctiv e ly s h apin g th e ir e nvir o nm ent, h avin g r e la tiv e ly s tr o ng be lie fs in th e ir o w n c o m pe te nce , in h o w c h ange h as th e p o te ntia l to im pro ve o ne se lf ( Gre engla ss e t a l., 2 0 06 ), c o m bin e d w it h a s e nse o f o ptim is m , se lf -d e te rm in is m , a nd g o al a tta in m ent ( Roesch e t a l., 2 0 09 ). T he n th e re a re th e th e m es o f tim e a nd m otiv a tio n. A lt h o ugh te rm s lik e “ a ntic ip ato ry ” ( Sch w arz e r, 19 99 ) a nd “ p re ve ntio n” ( Asp in w all & T aylo r, 19 97 ) c re ep in to d if fe re nt d e fin it io ns w he n d e fin in g p ro activ e c o pin g, it is w orth a skin g whe th e r s u ch te rm s b lu r th e d is tin ctio n a s to w hat p ro activ e c o pin g is a nd w he th e r a ll fo rm s o f c o pin g h ave s o m e p ro activ e e le m ent ( Dew e, 2 0 08 ).

To d e al w it h th e se q ue stio ns r e se arc h e rs h ave tu rn e d fir s t to th e is su e o f tim e.

Gra nt a nd A sh fo rd (2 0 08 , p . 9 ), fo r e xa m ple , s u gge st th at th e “d is tin ctiv e c h ara cte ris tic o f p ro activ e b e havio ur is actin g in a dva nce .” S o tim in g b e co m es a k e y d is crim in ato r. W hat d e te rm in e s w he th e r b e havio r is pro activ e “ is it s tim in g r a th e r th an it s s p e cif ic fo rm ” ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 , p . 3 36 ). In te re stin gly , th is s u gge sts th at r e activ e a nd p ro activ e c o pin g m ay b o th in vo lv e th e s a m e b e havio r b ut th at th e d if fe re nce lie s in th e ir tim in g ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 ; Roesch e t a l., 2 0 09 ). A s Asp in w all (2 0 11 ) p o in ts o ut, th is su gge stio n n e eds to b e c o nsid e re d c a re fu lly s o th at it d o es n o t lim it th e s e arc h fo r th o se fu tu re -o rie nte d fo rw ard -lo okin g b e havio rs a nd m ode s o f th in kin g th at h e lp to c a ptu re th e e sse nce o f p ro activ it y .

The th e m e o f m otiv a tio n h as a ls o b e en u se d to d is tin guis h p ro activ e c o pin g fr o m o th e r fo rm s o f c o pin g ( Sch w arz e r & T aube rt, 2 0 02 ). T his th e m e ca ptu re s b o th th e m otiv a tio nal e ffo rts to m eet th e c h alle nge a nd a ch ie ve a p o sit iv e o utc o m e ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 ) a nd th e r e co gnit io n o f th e de ve lo pm enta l p o te ntia l th at lie s in a ccu m ula tin g r e so urc e s a nd m obiliz in g th e m to m eet c h alle nge s ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 ; Hobfo ll, 19 89 ; Roesch e t a l., 20 09 ).

Asp in w all (2 0 11 ) d is tin guis h e s b e tw een p ro activ e c o pin g a s p re ve ntio n-fo cu se d c o pin g a nd a s p ro m otio n-fo cu se d c o pin g. P re ve ntiv e -fo cu se d pro activ e c o pin g r e fe rs to th e a ccu m ula tio n o f r e so urc e s a nd “ g e ne ra l r e sis ta nce ” th at d im in is h th e d e m andin g p o te ntia l o f p o ssib le fu tu re e ve nts , whe re as p ro m otio n-fo cu se d p ro activ e c o pin g is w he re e ffo rt is d ir e cte d to w ard th e a ccu m ula tio n o f r e so urc e s th at p ro m ote g o al a tta in m ent a nd in div id ual d e ve lo pm ent ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 , p . 3 36 ). It is in te re stin g to s p e cu la te ( Dew e, 2 0 08 ) w he th e r p re ve ntiv e -fo cu se d p ro activ e c o pin g w ould in clu de e xe rc is e , r e la xa tio n, m edit a tio n, b io fe edback, a nd a b ala nce d a ppro ach to lif e , w hic h a re a ll s tr a te gie s d e sig ne d to d e ve lo p o ne 's c a pacit y to de al w it h a d e m andin g e ve nt s h o uld a d e m andin g e ve nt o ccu r. W he n th e e m phasis is o n th e id e a o f p ro m otio n-fo cu se d a ctiv it ie s it is c le ar th at co pin g b y s tim ula tin g p o sit iv e e m otio ns p ro duce s a c ycle in w hic h s u ch e m otio ns th e m se lv e s c o ntr ib ute to b uild in g “ e ndurin g p e rs o nal r e so urc e s” th at “ fu e l r e silie nce ” ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 01 , p . 2 19 ). O n th e o th e r h and, A sp in w all s u gge sts th at p re ve ntiv e -fo cu se d b e havio rs m ay r e pre se nt m ore “c le arly c o pin g” a s th e ir fo cu s is o n r e ducin g th e p o te ntia l h arm o f fu tu re e ve nts . B eca use p ro m otio nal a ctiv it ie s d o n o t “ n e ce ssa rily c a rry th e id e a” of d e alin g w it h a d e m andin g e ve nt, th e ir fit w it h th e s tr e ss a nd c o pin g lit e ra tu re n e eds c a re fu l c o nsid e ra tio n ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 , p . 3 36 ). C le arly th is de bate w ill c o ntin ue .

Deve lo pin g th e se d if fe re nt th e m es m ay r e quir e fu tu re r e se arc h to e xp lo re ho w in div id uals d e cid e w he th e r a nd w hat p rio rit y th e y g iv e to e ngage m ent in p ro activ e c o pin g; what a re th e b o undarie s to u sin g p ro activ e c o pin g a nd w hat lim it s th e ir u se ; th e im pact o f c u lt u re a nd s o cia liz a tio n p ro ce sse s o n d e ve lo pin g a nd u sin g p ro activ e c o pin g; th e im po rta nce o f c o m munal c o pin g a nd h o w , in u nde rs ta ndin g th is ty p e o f c o pin g, w e c a n b ro ade n th e id e a o f p ro activ e c o pin g a nd c h alle nge it s in div id ualis tic q ualit ie s ( Asp in w all, 2 0 11 , p . 3 6 0).

Oth e r d ir e ctio ns m ay in clu de : c o ntin uin g to e xp lo re th e im pact o f in div id ual d if fe re nce s a nd d is p o sit io nal fa cto rs o n p ro activ e c o pin g a s th e y a ppe ar to b e in tim ate ly lin ke d to h o w p ro activ e c o pin g is d e fin e d, p ro file s th at m ay c h ara cte riz e p ro activ e c o pin g, s it u atio nal a nte ce de nts o f p ro activ it y , th e co sts a sso cia te d w it h p ro activ e c o pin g, a nd th e in flu e nce o f p ast e xp e rie nce s, s u cce sse s, a nd s e tb acks a nd h o w th e y fe ed b ack in to th e u se a nd in it ia tio n o f p ro activ e c o pin g ( Gra nt & A sh fo rd , 2 0 08 , p p. 2 1– 25). T he n, a s in c o pin g r e se arc h m ore g e ne ra lly , w e s till n e ed to c o ntin ue to le arn m ore abo ut w hy a nd in w hat w ay a c o pin g s tr a te gy is b e in g u se d, h o w it is b e in g u se d, th e e xp e cta tio n o f w hat s h o uld b e a ch ie ve d a nd h o w c o pin g str a te gie s s h o uld b e e va lu ate d b y w ho m a nd in w hat w ay ( Dew e, 2 0 08 , p . 9 6).

Dete rm in in g th e n atu re o f a c o pin g s tr a te gy is c o m ple x a nd n o t a lw ays a s s tr a ig htfo rw ard w he n s tr a te gie s a re c o nsid e re d in r e la tio n to th e c o nte xt wit h in w hic h th e y a re b e in g u se d. F u tu re r e se arc h e rs m ay a ls o lik e to c o nsid e r h o w b e st c o pin g s h o uld b e m easu re d a nd th e c re ativ e p e rs o n- ce nte re d te ch niq ue s a va ila ble to c a ptu re th e r ic h ne ss o f s u ch a p ro ce ss ( Dew e, 2 0 08 ). If , a s R oesch a nd h is c o lle ague s s u gge st, “ p ro activ e c o pin g is a u niq ue p o sit iv e p sych o lo gic a l c o nstr u ct” th at “ is a c o nse que nce o f o th e r p o sit iv e p sych o lo gic a l c o nstr u cts ,” th e n r e se arc h in th e fu tu re m ay “n e ed to e xp lo re p ro activ e c o pin g e m phasiz in g it s u niq ue ly p o sit iv e q ualit ie s th at in clu de it s a bilit y to a ccu m ula te r e so urc e s, it s p o te ntia l fo r in div id ual de ve lo pm ent a nd th e o ppo rtu nit ie s it c re ate s fo r u nde rs ta ndin g th e r o le , im pact a nd s ig nif ic a nce o f o th e r p o sit iv e c o nstr u cts ” ( Roesch e t a l., 2 0 09 , p .

328). N otw it h sta ndin g a ll th e se c h alle nge s, th e a ddit io n o f p ro activ e c o pin g to “ th e p urv ie w o f c o pin g r e se arc h ” d o es a dva nce o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f ho w p e ople m anage th e s tr e ss in th e ir liv e s ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 , p . 7 3).

h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 Copin g E ffe ctiv e ne ss How d o w e k n o w , Fo lk m an (2 0 11 ) a sks, w he n c o pin g h as a n e ffe ct? M ore im po rta ntly , w hat p ro gre ss h as b e en m ade in u nde rs ta ndin g w hat is m eant by c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss a nd d o es a skin g s u ch a q ue stio n s im ply r e m in d u s o f th e w ork th at s till n e eds to b e d o ne if w e a re to a nsw er th e q ue stio n ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 09 ; Zie ge lm ann & L ip pke , 2 0 09 )? T w o th e orie s h ave g uid e d h o w w e a ppro ach c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 00 , 20 04 ). T he fir s t fo cu se s o n th e r e la tio nsh ip b e tw een o utc o m es a nd c o pin g, w he re as th e s e co nd p ro po se s th at c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss c a n b e de te rm in e d in te rm s o f th e “ g o odne ss o f fit ” b e tw een th e c h ara cte ris tic s o f th e e ve nt a nd th e c o pin g s tr a te gie s u se d. W he n it c o m es to e xp lo rin g outc o m es, th e r e se arc h h as p ro m pte d r e vie w ers to c o nsid e r w hat is m eant b y a n a ppro pria te o utc o m e, p artic u la rly w he n s e t a gain st th e d ic tu m o f “e ffe ctiv e ne ss fo r w ho m a nd w hat c o st” ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ), w ho is m akin g th e ju dgm ent ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 ), w he th e r th e re is a n e ed to b e more d is crim in atin g b e tw een o utc o m es s h if tin g to w ard a m ore fo cu se d a ppro ach th at e m bra ce s d is cre te e m otio ns ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ), w he th e r th e re is a n e ed to d is tin guis h b e tw een c o pin g e ffo rt a nd/o r u se a nd c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss ( Ald w in , 2 0 00 ; Bar-T al & S pit z e r, 19 94 ), a nd h o w c o pin g a ctu ally re so lv e s a n e nco unte r ( Ko eske , K ir k , & K o eske , 19 93 ). R ese arc h e rs a re a ls o u rg e d to c o nsid e r w he th e r th e re is a n e ed to d is tin guis h b e tw een re so lu tio n a nd c o nclu sio n ( Fo lk m an & M osko w it z , 2 0 04 ), w he th e r a s a n a lt e rn ativ e to o utc o m es a g re ate r e m phasis s h o uld b e g iv e n to unde rs ta ndin g th e g o als in div id uals h ave in m in d w he n c o pin g w it h a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r ( Ald w in , 2 0 00 ), a nd w hat n e eds to b e d o ne in te rm s o f measu re m ent to c a ptu re h o w c h ange s in c o pin g r e la te to c h ange s in o utc o m es ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 ). P erh aps, a s Fo lk m an (2 0 11 , p . 4 59 ) s u gge sts , w hat is no w n e ede d is fo r r e se arc h to fo cu s o n id e ntif y in g “ p la usib le p ath w ays o f e ffe ct fr o m s tr e ss th ro ugh c o pin g to h e alt h o utc o m es,” a ddin g th at to g e t th e fu ll p ic tu re a tte ntio n m ust b e g iv e n to p o sit iv e a s w ell a s n e gativ e e ffe ct.

Dete rm in in g w he th e r o r n o t c o pin g is e ffe ctiv e is a ls o h e avily d e pe nde nt o n th e c o nte xt, a nd s o w he n th e e m phasis s h if ts to “ g o odne ss o f fit ” re vie w ers h ave p o in te d to a n um be r o f is su e s th at n e ed to b e e xp lo re d. T he se in clu de , fo r e xa m ple , th e r o le o f a ppra is a ls in te rm s o f th e m eanin g giv e n to e ve nts , a s w ell a s th e p e rc e iv e d a va ila bilit y o f r e so urc e s ( La za ru s, 2 0 01 ), th e n atu re a nd in flu e nce o f th e s it u atio n ( O'B rie n & D eLo ngis , 19 96 ), th e in flu e nce o f in div id ual d if fe re nce s n o t ju st in te rm s o f p re dis p o sit io ns to w ard p artic u la r ty p e s o f c o pin g, b ut a ls o g o als a nd v a lu e s ( Coyn e & Racio ppo , 2 0 00 ; Suls , D avid , & H arv e y, 19 96 ), a s w ell a s th e r a nge o f s tr a te gie s u se d ( Suls & D avid , 19 96 ), h o w c o m pe te nt in div id uals a re w he n u sin g a p artic u la r s tr a te gy ( Suls e t a l., 19 96 ), a nd th e c o nsis te ncy w it h w hic h th e y a re u se d ( Suls e t a l., 19 96 ). It is a ls o in te re stin g to n o te th at in 19 96 S uls and h is c o lle ague s w ere p o in tin g to th e “ p o sit iv e a sp e cts o f a dve rs it y ” a nd h o w c o pin g s h o uld b e v ie w ed in te rm s o f it s p o te ntia l fo r b uild in g re so urc e s a nd e nhancin g m aste ry a nd s e lf -e ste em (p . 7 28). A lt h o ugh th e se is su e s d ra w a tte ntio n to a sp e cts o f c o nte xt, th e y a re n o t to b e th o ught o f as m utu ally e xclu siv e fr o m o r n o t a ddin g to o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f w hat is n e ede d w he n r e se arc h in g c o pin g o utc o m es. Ir re sp e ctiv e o f th e r e se arc h fo cu s, c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss c a nno t b e u nde rs to od in de pe nde ntly o f th e c o nte xt w it h in w hic h it o ccu rs , e ve n th o ugh c u sto m a nd p ra ctic e h as, fr o m tim e to tim e, le d to th e b e lie f th at e m otio n-fo cu se d c o pin g s h o uld b e r e gard e d a s s o m ew hat le ss e ffe ctiv e th an p ro ble m -fo cu se d c o pin g. T his , a s La za ru s m ake s c le ar, is a n “ e rro ne ous c o nclu sio n” (2 0 01, p . 4 9). A s c o nte xt a lw ays m atte rs , th e n, d e te rm in in g th e e ffe ctiv e ne ss o f a ny p artic u la r co pin g s tr a te gy s h o uld n o t b e m ade in te rm s o f it s in he re nt q ualit ie s b ut o n th e b asis o f th e c o nte xt in w hic h it is b e in g u se d. In th is w ay r e se arc h e rs sh o uld b e le ft to d e cid e th e b e st w ay fo rw ard , a cce ptin g th at ir re sp e ctiv e o f w he th e r a n o utc o m e o r fit fo cu s is a do pte d b o th d e pe nd o n is su e s o f co nte xt.

How in div id uals e va lu ate th e ir c o pin g e ffo rts is c ru cia l to o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e s tr e ss p ro ce ss. P erh aps in e nde avo rin g to u nde rs ta nd e ffe ctiv e co pin g, r e se arc h b e ca m e s o m ew hat p re occu pie d b y th e s e arc h fo r u niv e rs a lly e ffe ctiv e s tr a te gie s ( La za ru s, 19 99 ), s e t u nre alis tic e xp e cta tio ns a s to ju st h o w e ffe ctiv e d if fe re nt c o pin g s tr a te gie s m ay b e ( Som erfie ld & M cC ra e , 2 0 00 ), fa ile d to b uild o n th e k n o w le dge th at c o uld b e g ain e d b y exp lo rin g o th e r a re as o f p sych o lo gy ( Som erfie ld & M cC ra e , 2 0 00 ), a nd p la ce d to o m uch e m phasis o n w hat c o uld b e in fe rre d fr o m a r e la tio nsh ip whe re c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss w as th e fo cu s ( Dew e e t a l., 2 0 10 ). D esp it e th e m ode ls fo r r e se arc h in g c o pin g e ffe ctiv e ne ss, w e s till d o n o t k n o w h o w in div id uals e va lu ate th e e ffe ctiv e ne ss o f th e ir c o pin g, w hat c rit e ria th e y u se , h o w c o nsis te nt th o se c rit e ria a re , w hat s ta ke s a re in vo lv e d, th e v a lu e s th e y a im to p re se rv e a nd th e im age s o f s e lf , w hat c o m pro m is e s th e y m ake , h o w id e al th e y ju dge th e ir c o pin g to b e , w hat a lt e rn ativ e c o pin g str a te gie s w ere a va ila ble , h o w th e y e xp re ss a nd g auge w hat th e y s e e a s th e c o sts to th e m se lv e s, o th e rs , a nd th e o rg aniz a tio n, w hat b e ne fit s th e y pe rc e iv e e m erg in g fr o m th e ir c o pin g, w he th e r th e y e ngage in th e p ro ce ss o f r e appra is a l a nd w he n, w he th e r o th e rs b e lie ve th e y a re c o pin g effe ctiv e ly , w hat e th ic a l is su e s m ay b e in vo lv e d, a nd h o w a nd w he n th e y d e te rm in e th at c lo su re h as b e en r e ach e d.

Oth e r D eve lo pm ents Whe th e r it w as th e in flu e nce o f th e p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent w it h it s p o w erfu l m essa ge e m phasiz in g in div id ual flo uris h in g, o r w he th e r in te re stin g n e w fin din gs in c o pin g r e se arc h h ad a lr e ady n udge d r e se arc h e rs to w ard th e p o sit iv e a sp e cts o f in div id ual fu nctio nin g r e m ain s a m oot po in t. W hate ve r th e c a ta ly st a nd w he ne ve r it b e gan a nd w hate ve r it c a n b e tr a ce d b ack to , th is “ h is to ric s h if t o pe ne d u p n e w h o riz o ns” ( Zautr a & Reic h , 2 0 11 , p . 17 3) a nd in it ia te d w hat is n o w a w ell- e sta blis h e d th e m e in c o pin g r e se arc h . T his th e m e is p re se nt in c o pin g r e se arc h in a n um be r o f guis e s. S om e w e h ave a lr e ady m entio ne d, lik e , fo r e xa m ple , th e p o sit iv e a ppra is a ls o f c h alle nge a nd b e ne fit ( La za ru s, 2 0 01 ), th e r o le o f p o sit iv e em otio ns w it h th e ir b ro ade nin g a nd b uild in g q ualit ie s ( Fre dric kso n, 2 0 00 ), a ccu m ula tio n o f r e so urc e s ( Hobfo ll, 2 0 01 , 20 11 ), a nd, o f c o urs e , p ro activ e co pin g ( Gre engla ss e t a l., 2 0 06 ; Sch w arz e r, 19 99 ). D esp it e th e d if fic u lt y , a s Zautr a a nd R eic h (2 0 11 , p . 18 2) s u gge st, in p re dic tin g th e d ir e ctio n th at a “n e w s e t o f th o ughts w ill ta ke ,” a n um be r o f c le ar tr e nds a re e m erg in g fr o m c o pin g r e se arc h . T he la st d e ca de h as s e en a “ s u rg e o f in te re st” in meanin g-m akin g c o pin g, w he re in div id uals s e arc h fo r s o m e p o sit iv e m eanin g fr o m s tr e ssfu l e ve nts ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 , p . 4 57).

Meanin g-c e nte re d c o pin g is n o t ju st to b e v ie w ed in th e m ore tr a dit io nal s e nse o f m anagin g d e m andin g c o ndit io ns, b ut m ore in te rm s o f h o w , d urin g su ch a n e nco unte r, th is ty p e o f c o pin g h as th e p o te ntia l to s u sta in in div id uals b y c re atin g, a ctiv e ly c u lt iv a tin g, a nd m ain ta in in g p o sit iv e s ta te s th at h e lp th e m th ro ugh th e e xp e rie nce ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 11 ). T his s e arc h in g fo r s o m eth in g g o od fr o m s o m eth in g b ad, a s Fo lk m an (2 0 11 ) d e scrib e s it , n o w n e eds re se arc h e rs to id e ntif y th o se “ p o sit iv e e ffe ct p ath w ays” a nd e xp lo re h o w th e ir s u sta in in g a nd r e sto rin g q ualit ie s g iv e p o sit iv e b e ne fit s . In th is w ay, su gge sts F o lk m an, r e se arc h e rs c a n “ p urs u e fa scin atin g q ue stio ns” a bo ut h o w s u ch c o pin g fu nctio ns in te rm s o f it s a dapta tio nal s ig nif ic a nce , ju st h o w in flu e nce d it is b y p e rs o nalit y a nd a sp e cts o f th e s it u atio n, w he n d urin g a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r it is m ore lik e ly to b e u se d, w hat im pact s u ch p o sit iv it y has, a nd h o w in te nse a nd la stin g, in c o m paris o n to n e gativ e e m otio ns, s u ch p o sit iv e s ta te s a re ( Fo lk m an, 2 0 09 , p . 7 6 ). E xa m in in g a s im ila r b ut, a s Fo lk m an a nd M osko w it z (2 0 04 ) s u gge st, s lig htly d if fe re nt q ue stio n is th e w ork o f Tenne n a nd A ffle ck (19 99 , 20 05 ), w ho e xte nd th e id e a o f b e ne fit to “b e ne fit fin din g” (a ppra is a l) a nd “ b e ne fit r e m in din g” (c o pin g). B ene fit r e m in din g c o pin g is w he re in div id uals r e m in d th e m se lv e s o f th e p o sit iv e b e ne fit s th at flo w fr o m a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r. B oth “ ta kin g th e tim e to s e arc h fo r e vid e nce o f b e ne fit s ” is c o pin g, a s is “ ta kin g th e tim e to r e m in d o ne se lf o f th e se p e rc e iv e d b e ne fit s ” ( Tenne n & A ffle ck, 2 0 05 , p . 5 89 ). H ow eve r, Tenne n a nd A ffle ck (2 0 05 , p . 5 9 0) m ake it c le ar th at b e ne fit r e m in din g is o nly co pin g w he n a n in div id ual h as, d urin g a s tr e ssfu l e nco unte r, “ d is co ve re d b e ne fit s fr o m th e ir a dve rs it y ” a nd c a n m ake u se o f th at “ d is co ve ry ” to h e lp h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 th e m th ro ugh s u ch d e m andin g tim es. T he re is , a s Tenne n a nd A ffle ck (2 0 05 ) m ake c le ar, s till m uch to b e d o ne in d e ve lo pin g o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f be ne fit r e m in din g c o pin g.

Ano th e r th e m e r u nnin g th ro ugh c o pin g r e se arc h is th e c o nce pt o f s tr e ss-r e la te d g ro w th ( Park , C ohe n, & M urc h , 19 96 ). T his c o nce pt c o uple s th e id e a th at s o m eth in g p o sit iv e c a n c o m e o ut o f s tr e ssfu l e nco unte rs w it h in div id ual d e ve lo pm ent w he re in div id uals h ave th e c a pacit y to g ro w fr o m s u ch enco unte rs . A lt h o ugh th e re is s till c o nsid e ra ble d e bate a nd d is cu ssio n s u rro undin g w hat is m eant b y g ro w th a nd h o w to m easu re it ( Park , 2 0 04 ), gro w th is p e rh aps c a ptu re d b y v ie w in g w he re in div id ual d e ve lo pm ent o ccu rs o ve r a nd a bo ve w hat w as p re se nt b e fo re th e e xp e rie nce o f a s tr e ssfu l enco unte r ( Tede sch i & C alh o un, 2 0 04 ). T his d e ve lo pm ent m ay, fo r e xa m ple s te m fr o m e nhance d c o pin g s kills , a g re ate r s e nse o f s e lf , a nd th e accu m ula tio n o f p e rs o nal a nd s o cia l r e so urc e s, a nd m ay o ve r tim e h e lp to d e ve lo p d if fe re nt w ays o f v ie w in g lif e ( Park e t a l., 19 96 , p p. 7 2–73). If w e are to u nde rs ta nd a nd a ppre cia te th e n atu re o f g ro w th fr o m s tr e ss-r e la te d e nco unte rs th e n th e re is s till a n e ed to a ppro ach th e id e a c a utio usly to ensu re w e a re n o t p la cin g a b urd e n o n in div id uals to e xp e ct th at s o m e s o rt o f g ro w th w ill o ccu r fr o m a dve rs it y ( Wortm an, 2 0 04 ). T he re is m uch s till to be d o ne a nd m uch s till to b e le arn t a bo ut h o w c o pin g id e ntif ie s, s u sta in s, a nd m ain ta in s p o sit iv e s ta te s in th e m id st o f s tr e ssfu l e nco unte rs , a nd th e be ne fit s th at flo w fr o m s u ch c o pin g ( Fo lk m an, 19 97 , p . 12 18 ).

Conclu sio ns This c h apte r h as e xp lo re d th e r o le p o sit iv e p sych o lo gy h as p la ye d in o ur u nde rs ta ndin g o f c o pin g. It is p o ssib le w he n e xp lo rin g c o pin g r e se arc h to arg ue th at th e p o sit iv e h as a lw ays b e en p re se nt n o t ju st th ro ugh th e c o nno ta tio ns o f s u cce ss o r m anagin g th at a cco m pany th e w ord “ c o pe ” b ut th ro ugh c o nce pts lik e a ppra is a l a nd r e so urc e s. R ese arc h e rs w ould a gre e th at th e p re se nce o f th e p o sit iv e h as a lw ays b e en p re se nt in c o pin g re se arc h b ut fo r m any th e is su e is s u m med u p b y L in le y a nd h is c o lle ague s w he n th e y s a y th at “ it h as p asse d u nre co gniz e d” ( Lin le y, J o se ph, Harrin gto n, & W ood, 2 0 06 , p . 4 ). T he a rg um ent n o w lie s le ss in w he n a nd w hat s tim ula te d a n in te re st in th e p o sit iv e , a nd m ore in a cce ptin g th at th e po sit iv e p sych o lo gy m ove m ent, w it h it s p o w erfu l e m phasis o n in div id ual flo uris h in g, r e sto re d th e b ala nce , a llo w in g “ a m ore c o m ple te a nd b ala nce d scie ntif ic u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e h um an e xp e rie nce ” ( Selig m an, S te en, P ark , & P ete rs o n, 2 0 05 , p . 4 10 ). It g ave c re dib ilit y to th e “ o th e r s id e o f th e c o in ” ( Gable & H aid t, 2 0 05 , p . 10 5) a nd th ro ugh it s n e w fo und le git im acy a llo w ed r e se arc h e rs to r e co gniz e th e v a lu e o f r e se arc h in g th e p o sit iv e ( She ld o n & Kin g, 2 0 01 ).

Set a gain st th is b ackd ro p, c o pin g r e se arc h h as a ch ie ve d a n um be r o f im po rta nt m ile sto ne s. It h as r e co gniz e d th e im po rta nce o f s h if tin g a tte ntio n aw ay fr o m th e w ord “ s tr e ss” to w ard d is cre te e m otio ns. It h as p ro vid e d a p ath w ay th ro ugh w hic h th is c a n b e a ch ie ve d. B y fo cu sin g o n th e m eanin gs th at in div id uals g iv e to s tr e ssfu l e nco unte rs (a ppra is a ls ) w e h ave b e gun to id e ntif y p ath w ays th at a llo w u s to b e tte r u nde rs ta nd th e r o le o f e m otio ns, th e n atu re a nd p la ce o f r e so urc e s, a nd th e s u btle tie s o f c o pin g s tr a te gie s. C opin g r e se arc h a ls o o ffe rs a m ore c o m pre he nsiv e a ppro ach th at bala nce s th e n e gativ e a gain st th e p o sit iv e a nd a llo w s th e r o le o f th e p o sit iv e to b e e xp lo re d in w ays th at c a ptu re th e in tim acy w it h w hic h it is lin ke d to s tr e ssfu l e nco unte rs a nd th e m yria d o f w ays in w hic h it e xp re sse s it s e lf . It is n o w tim e to p ut a ppra is a ls a t th e c e nte r o f o ur r e se arc h . T o ig no re th is m ost p o w erfu l e xp la nato ry v a ria ble is to ig no re th e c o nce pt a ro und w hic h th e s tr e ss p ro ce ss is o rg aniz e d, a nd th ro ugh w hic h o ur k n o w le dge and u nde rs ta ndin g g ro w s. If w e a re to fu lf ill o ur m ora l r e sp o nsib ilit y to th o se w ho se w ork in g liv e s w e s tu dy, a nd if w e a re to c a ptu re th e n atu re o f th at exp e rie nce , b o th g o od a nd b ad, a nd if o ur a im is to b e tte r u nde rs ta nd th e r ic h ne ss a nd c o m ple xit y o f c o pin g, th e n th e re is n o b e tte r p la ce to s ta rt th an b y s e ttin g o ur r e se arc h w it h in th e c o nte xt o f a ppra is a l.

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u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 Zie ge lm ann, J . P .

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h ttp s://lo pes.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

u rl= http s://s e arc h .c re dore fe re nce .c o m /c o nte nt/e ntr y /w ile yw /p ositiv e _psych olo gy_ and_co pin g_to w ard s_ a_bette r_ unders ta ndin g_of_ th e_re la tio nsh ip /0 APA Dew e, P . (2 0 14 ). P osit iv e p sych o lo gy a nd c o pin g to w ard s a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e r e la tio nsh ip . In C . L . C oope r (E d.) , Wellb ein g: a c o m ple te re fe re nce g uid e . H obo ke n, N J: W ile y. R etr ie ve d fr o m h ttp s:/ /lo pe s.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

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in stit u tio nId =5 86 5 Chic ag o Dew e, P hilip . " P osit iv e P sych o lo gy a nd C opin g T ow ard s a B ette r U nde rs ta ndin g o f th e R ela tio nsh ip ." In Wellb ein g: A C om ple te R efe re nce G uid e , edit e d b y C ary L . C oope r. W ile y, 2 0 14 . h ttp s:/ /lo pe s.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

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in stit u tio nId =5 86 5 H arv ard Dew e, P . (2 0 14 ). P osit iv e p sych o lo gy a nd c o pin g to w ard s a b e tte r u nde rs ta ndin g o f th e r e la tio nsh ip . In C .L . C oope r (E d.) , Wellb ein g: a c o m ple te re fe re nce g uid e . [O nlin e ]. H obo ke n: W ile y. A va ila ble fr o m : h ttp s:/ /lo pe s.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

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in stit u tio nId =5 86 5 [A cce sse d 5 J u ly 2 0 18 ].

M LA Dew e, P hilip . " P osit iv e P sych o lo gy a nd C opin g T ow ard s a B ette r U nde rs ta ndin g o f th e R ela tio nsh ip ." Wellb ein g: A C om ple te R efe re nce G uid e , e dit e d by C ary L . C oope r, W ile y, 1s t e dit io n, 2 0 14 .

Cre do R efe re nce , h ttp s:/ /lo pe s.id m .o clc .o rg /lo gin ?

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