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Tissue and Organ Structure in Immunity

Tissue and Organ Structure in Immunity

In innate and adaptive immunity, T lymphocytes and leukocytes work together in what is called immune response. Adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells called lymphocytes. T lymphocytes arise from bone marrow and provide cell-mediated immunity. T and B lymphocytes are known for being the only cells in the body for recognizing antigens. Macrophages are leukocytes involved in innate immune response. Macrophages are responsible for processing complex antigens into epitopes to be recognized by lymphocytes. Mature lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, skin, and mucosal tissues of the body and have all processes for an adaptive immune response. The antigen-producing cells play an important role in adaptive and innate immune systems coming together through cytokine-driven up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC-11) molecules. Once an exposure to an antigen occurs, the immune system is activated which starts the activation of T lymphocytes to destroy the invading antigen.

“Humoral Immunity requires the presences of mature B lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigens and which can ultimately mature into antibody secreting plasma cells (Grossman & Porth, p297 )”. There are two responses that occur in the development of humoral immunity and that includes a primary and secondary response. The primary immune response is the identification of the antigen to illicit an immune process. This identification process can take 1 to 2 weeks to proliferate to build up enough antibodies against the infection. The secondary phase which is also called the memory phase occurs when the antigen tries to attack your body again. Antibodies are quicker to fight the infection in the secondary phase. To sum humoral immunity up, it is the replicating and differentiating process of immunity and reoccurrence of infections.

When being diagnosed with Mononucleosis, a person will present with fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands in the neck. Mononucleosis can be caused by Epstein-Barr virus or other viruses but is spread by bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, and semen. Mononucleosis may start as a rash, sore throat, or fatigue at first and can progress into worsening symptoms such as white patches to tonsils, loss of appetite, muscle aches or stiffness, fever, drowsiness, chest pain, nosebleeds, jaundice, and shortness of breath if not treated promptly. There is no vaccine available against this infectious disease, but you can avoid exposure by not drinking behind others, not kissing an infected person, or do not use an infected person’s personal items such as washcloths or toothbrushes. Mononucleosis is normally diagnosed by symptoms and blood tests but there is no definitive test that determines exposure to the disease. The goal of treatment for mononucleosis is to relieve symptoms, gives steroids to decrease inflammatory responses, increase fluid intake, get plenty of rest, and take ibuprofen or Tylenol for pain. Prognosis for mononucleosis is normally good and symptoms may linger for about 2 to 3 months relating to tiredness. Some possible complications of mononucleosis can include:

1. Anemia: when red blood cells in the blood die sooner than normal

2. Hepatitis with jaundice

3. Swollen or inflamed testicles

4. Nervous system problems (seizures, meningitis, muscle twitches)

5. Spleen rupture (rare, avoid pressure on spleen)

6. Skin rash

If any of the above symptoms occur contact your doctor immediately or go to your nearest emergency room.

Early symptoms of mononucleosis are very much like any other viral illness and do not need to be reported to a medical provider unless symptoms last longer than ten days. If you are to develop any of the following symptoms, please call your doctor:

• Abdominal pain

• Breathing difficulty

• Persistent high fevers (more than 101.5 or 38.6C)

• Severe headache

• Severe sore throat or swollen tonsils

• Weakness in your arms or legs

• Yellow color in your eyes or skin

Call 911 or go to an emergency room if you develop

• Sharp, sudden, severe abdominal pain

• Stiff neck or severe weakness

• Trouble swallowing or breathing

In conclusion, mononucleosis is a very serious disease and can lead to death, so it is important to follow up with your doctor even after treatment.

Outlines in the paper do not contribute to the analytic requirement. This paper reads as though it is forpatient instruction. Please carefully review the weekly instructions. The paper should be a graduate level medical analysis of the selected condition

References

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Chapter 24, The Adaptive Immune System. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21070/

Ebell MH, Call M, Shinholser J., Gardner J. Does this patient have infectious mononucleosis? the rational examination systematic review. JAMA. 2016; 315(14): 1502-1509. PMID: 2711526 www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/27115266 [http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/27115266].

Grossman, Sheila C. & Porth, Carol Mattson. Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 9th edition. Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.

Jenson HB. Epstein Barr virus. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 254.

Katz BZ. Infectious mononucleosis. In: Kellerman RD, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2018; 551-552.

Schooley RT. Epstein-Barr virus infection. In: Goldman L, Schafer Al, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: chap 377.