After I post this I will need to responses that I will post. I am unable to access other post until I post mine. Attached is the instuctions and the other attachment is what the question will be about

Kristen Gomez

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One title that Lombroso and Tarde hold today is being the fathers of introducing methods of criminology and psychology. Tarde "arrived at his own theory, [which was] a happy marriage of psychology and sociology," (Wilson, 1954, p. 4). Both Lombroso and Tarde were the founding fathers that introduced the relationships that are present between psychology and criminology. Their work has substantially effected the theories that are present today.

Biblically, criminological theory should focus on both the person as well as the action. Throughout my life I have learned that Jesus is willing to forgive any "crime"/"sin" unconditionally. The criminal justice system today does go by this teaching to an extent with current theories because of the criminological beliefs that are in place. Criminology theories have gone farther in to studying the mentalities of criminals and criminal behavior, which was a step forward in regards to the earlier beliefs of Lombroso and Tarde.

Lombroso had a monumental foundation when it comes to the research of the criminal individual and not just the crime, (Ellwood, 1912). Although Lombroso's theoretical criminology has been disproven over time; psychologically-oriented theories have compounded since the findings of Lombroso and Tarde by enforcing the studies of individuals within the criminal justice system.

References

Wilson, M. S. (1954). Pioneers in Criminology I--Gabriel Tarde. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 45(1), 2nd ser., 3-11. Retrieved from https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=4218&context=jclc.

Ellwood, C. A. (1912). Lombroso's Theory of Crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2(5), 6th ser., 716-723. Retrieved from https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1128&context=jclc

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The criminology theories of Tarde and Lombroso were quite different. Gabriel Tarde focused on the behavioral side of delinquency while Cesare Lomboros focused on biological factors that contributed to one’s delinquency (Linebach & Kovacsiss, 2016, p. 5-6). In summary, Tarde’s theory was comprised of three laws. 1) the degree of imitation was directly related to the amount of time that the imitator was exposed to the individual he/she was imitating, 2) those that were superior members of the group were imitated by inferior members of the group, and 3) an individual’s old habits or ways of doing things were replaced by newer ways due to the change in the behaviors being imitated. (Linebach & Kovacsiss, 2016, p. 6-7). On the other hand, a summary of Lombroso’s theory was based on four parts. 1) people prone to criminal behavior were said to have a physical type that was noticeable at the person’s birth, 2) those individuals prone to crime could be recognized by those physical attributes, 3) an emphasis was placed on the fact that causality could not be drawn from those characteristics but rather that those physical characteristics would help one aid in identifying a person who was more likely to commit criminal activity and 4) the method of intervening to assist these individuals was socialization.

As times have changed since the theories of Tarde and Lombroso, so have some of the ideals behind criminal activity. Aside from theories on imitation and biological characteristics came the idea of economic conditions as being a cause of crime. “One issue that stands out in literature of at least the early 19th Century is that poverty was widely seen as a main driver of crime” (Burney, 2012, p.161). In the early 1800s people were starving and the rise of the crime of theft occurred as people stole food to feed their families. “People literally starving 200 years ago could be driven to theft” (Burney, 2012, p.161). Additionally, as time have changed, even with the advent of the internet, there are more crimes that are created such as cyberstalking or identify theft. However, from a psychology oriented perspective, there has been further discussion on criminal theory that focuses on other aspects of a person, collectively referred to as social psychology. “Adler was a proponent of examining the self's relationship to society,

as indicated by the individual's response to the demands of the three main tasks of life: work, friendship, and love. One could be autonomous and flexible, and devise socially useful ways to solve problems, or one could lean on others, become fearful, or adhere to a rigid way of binary thinking and become socially useless. Thus, in IP, a person has two principal ways of responding to the question of how he or she will contribute to society: in socially useful or in socially useless ways” (Barton-Bellessa, Jihee Lee, & Shon, 2015, p.37).

Criminological theory helps one to understand crime and criminal justice. Considering a biblical substitute for this, I think one of the first understandings that is given in the bible of crime and criminal justice occurred in the Garden of Eden when Adam and Eve disobeyed God’s rule not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. Furthermore, when I I look to various passages of the bible, it helps to gauge an understanding of God’s view on criminal justice and the treatment of those who commit crimes. There are several passages that come to mind.

“He hath shewed thee, o man, what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?” Micah 6:8 (King James Version).

“Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are obtained of God. Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God : and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. For rules are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt though then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same. For hs is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon his that doth evil. Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake, For this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God’s ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. ender therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom customer; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor” Romans 13:1-7 (King James Version).

I serve a God who expects us to know the rules and laws that He has outlined in the Ten Commandments as well as what our local and federal authorities declare. In Romans, we are told that we are to submit to those individuals as they are the ones that have been appointed through God. This is one of many examples that we have to help us understand criminological theory.

References

Burney, E. (2012), Crime and Criminology in the Eye of the Novelist: Trends in Nineteenth Century Literature. Howard J Crim Justice, 51: 160-172. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00703.x

Barton-Bellessa, S. M., Jihee Lee, & Shon, P. (2015). Correcting Misconceptions About Alfred Adler’s Psychological Theory of Crime in Introductory Criminology Textbooks: Moving Adler’s Theory of Crime Forward. Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(1), 34–57. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a2h&AN=102257145&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Linebach & Kovacsiss, (2016) Psychology in the Justice System.

Micah 6:8 (King James Version).

Romans 13: 1-7 (King James Version).

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