HIST 150: THE WEST IN THE WORLD - Exam #2 Study Guide Exam #2: Due no later than 5 pm on Friday, November 10, 2017 You MUST take exam #2 during week...
HIST 150: THE WEST IN THE WORLD – Exam #2 Study Guide
Exam #2: Due no later than 5 pm on Friday, November 10, 2017
You MUST take exam #2 during week 12 of the course. The exam will open at noon on Monday, November 6, 2017 and close at 5 pm on Friday, November 10, 2017.
The time allotted for the test is 90 minutes. This means you need to come prepared for the exam in order to have enough time to complete all 3 portions.
Material covered: Exam #2 will cover all material since the last exam. This includes the lectures from weeks 5 through 11 and the assigned readings – Chapters 12 through 18 in Ways of the World, and the assigned primary source excerpts from Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, de Busbecq, de León, de las Casas, the US Declaration of Independence, the Haitian Declaration of Independence, and Osei Bonsu.
Format:
25 multiple choice questions focusing on key terms
Timeline/ Chronology: I will give you the dates or date ranges and the events as well as a list of events. All events will have appeared on the lecture slides. You will simply put the events in sequential order. i.e. in column 1 you might get the dates 1517-1648 and column 2 would have The Reformation listed as a choice. You would match the date with the event.
Looking back question: 1 of these 2 questions will be selected for the exam.
Compose your response in well-organized paragraphs that show that you have reflected on the question. You must have at least an introductory sentence and a concluding sentence if not a short paragraph devoted to each. You are being graded on your retention of the material from class as well as how well you exhibit that you critically reflected on the question in a manner that goes beyond the class discussion. You will need to synthesize information from multiple lectures/ chapters in order to adequately answer either question. Show me that your thinking about the issues in class went beyond the time devoted to it in class. Give specific examples to support your opinion. Vagueness and lack of structure make for weak essays. As you prepare your answer, memorize the evidence you want to present to support your claims. Make sure to include dates, events, people, places, etc.
Looking back question 1: Chapter 15 (page 678) Based on Chapters 13 through 15 how might you challenge a Eurocentric understanding of the early modern era while acknowledging the growing role of Europeans on the global stage? Choose to focus on how the history of the Ottoman Empire, the Chinese Empire, Africa and/ or African Americans (broadly construed to include Central and South Americans), indigenous peoples of the Americas challenges a Eurocentric triumphant narrative of the early modern era. ONLY DISCUSS ONE OF THESE EXAMPLES. You must cite specific evidence from the textbook, primary sources, multi-media clips, and/ or lectures that challenges Eurocentric narratives. Be as specific as possible give names, dates, events, etc.
These groups are not a part of Europe they are bringing in their views
Ex; the ottoman empire
A European viewpoint of the ottoman empire may be that they aren’t as advanced as they are. Challenge it by saying the ottoman empire did great things like their military advances and their economic advances.
Make it around 3-4 paragraphs- or longer
One of the longest and largest lasting empires
How did they rise to power?
-
Look back on primary source 4
Looking back question 2: Chapter 16 (page 729) To what extent did the Atlantic revolutions reflect the influence of early modern historical developments (1450-1750)? Draw your examples from the assigned primary source excerpts the US and Haitian Declarations of Independence. Paraphrase evidence from these documents and interpret the evidence that you present to show how it supports your claim.
It did influence it
The Atlantic revolutions were distinctive in that they were closely connected to one another.
American, French and Haitian revolution
Atlantic revolution
Regional rather than global
Closely connected to each other
The Atlantic as a “world of idea”
Democratic revolutions
Comparing Atlantic revolutions
American revolution 1775-1787- what did it do how did it influence it
Expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power
Considered a major source of inspiration to the revolutionists in France
How revolutionary was it?
Did establish democracy with expanding electorate in the coming decade
Was no wholesale social transformation
New taxes and enlightenment ideas
Things changed when England dealing with war debts ruins various imperial conflicts raised taxes and established various tariffs to generate revenue.
Americans saw England as violating their popular sovereignty thus tax resistance and ideas from enlightenment fused together in an anti-English revolt
A revolutionary society before the revolution
Was no radical transformation of society consequently historians say the most revolutionary thing about it was that it codified the social political and economic developments that had occurred in north America before the revolution itself
Founding fathers believed their revolution charterd a new course for humanity and many people agreed, the US constitution which put enlightenment ideas into practice which serve as an inspiration for would be revolutionaries especially in Atlantic.
French1789-1799- 5:30 political social and economical
Can be seen as a consequence of the American revolution since thousands of French soldiers have served in the American war
They wanted to reform feudal france along those lines
Driven by sharp conflicts within French society
Divided into 3 social states clergy and nobility - this hierarchy was being questioned by enlightenment- a movement of intellectuals that promoted the use of reason and science.
The national assembly came in to change things
Revolutionary ideas began to spread to the public
14th of july 1789 revolutionist stormed the Bastille fortress- symbol of royal power
Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen -1793- “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” radical change
The Guillotine beheaded lots of people known as the terror
1799 the revolution ended when military commander named Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of French legislature- eventually making himself emperor
although it began and ended with a monarchy it had a crucial impact on Europe and world history and laid the foundation for modern state government by the people.
The French Tricolor was formed during the revolution blue- liberty, white- equality, red- fraternity
Delt more with social inequality- French gave birth to the national concept of nationalism and citizenship- led everyone to point to them as an inspiration
Ended with a dictator- kept equality but no liberty
Haitian 1791-1804- 10;56
the Haitian Revolution was the speediest and most successful abolitionist movement in history: it took a mere two years to go from revolt to universal and immediate emancipation.
Produced a lot of sugar and coffee
Social hierarchy was developed
As rumors of the French revolution went around slave revolt erupted with 1,000 plantations burned and hundreds of whites killed by slaves
European powers attempted to invade in order to gain some advantage in their imperial struggles
Toussaint Louverture got slaves together that defeated napolenons forces however he was taken prisoner and died in a French jail
Jean Jacque dessaline took over and became nations first head of state this was a radical revolution because slaves were victorious and established a republic in which they were majority of
The debt Haiti had to pay to france was a burden to them for over a century
To this day political social and economic remain elusive in Haiti
What was reflected in the Atlantic revolution: enlightenment ideals, humans having fundamental rights, The quality based on race
Were liberty and equality compatible?
The ideals that animated these Atlantic revolutions inspired efforts in many countries to abolish slavery, to extend the right to vote, to develop constitutions, and to secure greater equality for women.
Nationalism – nurtured in this and shaped much of 19th and 20th century
Video 16:40
Weeks 5-11: Reading and Study Guide
NOTE: Chapters 13-15 are all unfolding at the same time. Certain materials from my lectures will be drawn from chapters other than the assigned one for that week. Sometimes some of the terms may bleed over into the next week.
Week 5 & 6/ Chapter 13:
Renaissance- Rebirth of classical Greco-Roman culture and the birth or early Modern Europe.
Early Modern Era (c. 1450 to c. 1750)-
Modernity- The quality of being modern.
Being modern means of or relating to the historical period following the middle ages
The west (ex Western Europe at the time) defines the criteria of being modern
Johannes Gutenberg- Invented the printing press
The Printing Press
A Renaissance Invention, c.1440. Bible first printed book. Mass production= Vernacular, popular literacy.
Challenged religious and political authorities
the Pope and the papacy
Renaissance man
A man of many and diverse talents; ex. Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance woman
Isabella of Castile (Spain) (1451-1504)
Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603)
Isabella I of Castile
Piety- religious alliance with the pope
Established the inquisition in Spain to root out heretics
Reconquista
the Reconquista
1492
Ages of Exploration- 15th through 19th centuries
C. 1400 to c. 1750
Chinas age of exploration
Zheng He (1405-1433) Chinese diaspora in Asian
European age of exploration
Portugal (1418)
Spain (1492)
Netherlands (17th century)
Zheng He
15th century voyages of discovery
China
Voyages of Zheng He (1405-1433)
Sought neither conquests nor colonies, just and expansion of tributary system
No religious mission
No regional or continental rival
Christopher Columbus
the Iberian century
C. 1490-1600
Portugal
Prince Henry the navigator and his school
Development of seafaring technology and cartography
Vasco de Gama
Enclave empires: West Africa, Indian Ocean, Indian Subcontinent, China
Vasco de Gama
Portugal
Enclave empire/trading post empire
Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494
Divided the world between the Iberian Catholic powers
Spain
Portugal
the Ottomans- 14th century – 1922
Islamic Empire
Turkic Peoples
1453- Defeats Byzantium and takes Constantinople
end of the eastern roman empire
1529- Suleiman the Magnificent lays siege to Vienna
Extreme patrimonialism= Power flows directly from the leader
the Hapsburgs- 1516-1918
Dynastic family created by war and marriage
Destroyed by WW1
The Reformation- 1517-1548
Birth of Protestantism
Elizabeth I of England
Crowned 1558
the Columbian Exchange
Territories claimed
1st wave: Spain and Portugal
2nd wave: Netherlands, great Britain, france, Denmark, russia
European empires in the Americas
racism and imperialism
Racism is a key premise to imperialism (empire building) during the modern era. - Contemporary, systemic socio-economic inequality is a direct consequence of the foundations laid during the Early Modern era.
Aztecs
Incas
Bartolome de las Casas
Dominican friar
Humanitarian activist
Historian of Spanish exploration of the americas
settler colonies
mestizo / mestiza castas
plantation agriculture
siege of Constantinople
Devshirme
From 14th century to 16th century
A “tax” in Christian children aged 8 to 20 years old
Supported patrimonialism
Converted to Islam
Selected boys reached highest echelons of government administration and served in the army
Atlantic slavery
Trans-Atlantic slave trade
1501-1650:
945,399 Africans embarked
726,993 disembarked (23% mortality)
1651-1800
7,702,359 Africans embarked
6,604,839 disembarked (14% mortality)
1801-1866
3,873,579
3,370,825 (13%)
Dahomey
Kingdom of Dahomey, 1640s-1890s
Cradle of vodun
Integral partner in the trans-
Atlantic slave trade
Inland kingdom
Infamous for human sacrifice and “Amazons”
The age of Atlantic Revolutions
1776-1804
Please note, I have incorporated the material on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade into this week’s lecture. If you are confused, this material is in chapter 14 pages 620-630. We will continue talking about it in upcoming weeks as well.
Week 7/ Chapter 14:
Enclave/ trading post empire
the Philippines
the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1602- join stock company formed
the British East India Company
Chartered in 1599
the Dutch Empire
the British Empire
mercantilism 1650-1800
Predominant European economic theory of the 16th through 18th centuries
Belief that European governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (gold or silver) (page 563)
needed colonies as closed markets for exports of “mother country”, protectionism through tariffs or restricted flow of other empires’ goods
Calculated in zero sum gain (one country’s gain is the loss of all other countries)
Extremely competitive environment for favorable trade terms
French Empire
Canada- claims contested by the British
Mississippi river valley
Ports of New Orleans
Sugar
Saint Domingue (Haiti)
Taino = Indigenous population
Western 1/3 of island of Hispaniola (where Columbus landed in 1492)
1687 Treaty of Ryswik ceded St. Domingue to France
Racialized social hierarchy
White Europeans
Mulattoes
Freed blacks
maroons
African born slaves (800,000 imported) Most “brutally efficient” slave system
Highest demographic imbalance (slave outnumbered free men 10 to 1)
Week 8/ Chapter 15:
Global Christianity
the Reformation
1517-1548
The birth of Protestantism (1517)
Ended 1000 years of religious unity in Western Europe
Questioned traditional authorities
Encouraged religious individualism
Martin Luther
Believed that faith alone would get you to heaven
Edict of Nantes
Thirty Years’ War
1618-1648
Holy roman emperor Ferdinand II vs Protestant Princes
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Council of Trent
religious syncretism
Counter Reformation
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Scientific Revolution
1543 to end of 18th century
Copernicus
Kepler
Gallileo
Newton
Dissection
the Enlightenment
Weeks 9 & 10 / Chapter 16:
Atlantic Revolutions
the American Revolution
1775-1783
the US Declaration of Independence
essentially it’s a list of grievances against king George
the French Revolution
1789-1795
Absolutist monarch
Three estates: clergymen, nobles, and commoners
the Three Estates
the National Assembly
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
the Women’s March on Versailles
regicide
the guillotine
the Haitian Revolution
1791-1804
Jean Jacques Dessalines
Nationalism
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769-1821
the Napoleonic Wars
1799-1815
Fr. Miguel Hidalgo
Simon Bolivar
Latin American Independence
1811-1828
Brazil, Portuguese royal family
informal colonialism (neo-colonialism)
abolition
Osei Bonsu
anti-slavery
*Note: We did not talk about feminism, but we will incorporate this into a subsequent week.
AFTER THE RENAISSANCE: EARLY MODERN TRANSFORMATIONS
Age of Exploration
c. 1400 to c. 1750
The Reformation
1517 -1548
The Scientific Revolution
1543 to end of 18th century
The Enlightenment
mid 17th - 18th century
The Age of Atlantic Revolutions
1776 to 1804
TIME LINE- 10 events don’t have to know specific dates
AGE OF EXPLORATION -1400 to 1750
the Ottomans- 14th century – 1922
Zheng He (1405-1433)
the Iberian century C. 1490-1600
the Reconquista 1492
Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494
Trans-Atlantic slave trade1501-1650
The Hapsburg 1516-1918
THE REFORMATION- 1517- 1648
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION- 1543 end of the 18th
Elizabeth I of England Crowned 1558
Thirty Years’ War- 1618-1648
THE ENLIGHTENMENT mid 17th-18th century
THE AGE OF ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS- 1776-1804
the American Revolution- 1776
the French Revolution- 1789-1795
Read section 522 and 526
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Quiz 14
Which of the following distinguished the Atlantic slave trade in the America from past instances of slavery in world history
Slave status was associated with race
Which of the following was a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade
The African Dispora
Quiz 15
Scholars have identified which of the following as a key factor that contributed to the Scientific Revolution in Europe?
The relative independence of European universities
In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences depart from Enlightenment principles?
They emphasized conflict and struggle as the motors of progress.
Quiz 16
Why have the Atlantic revolutions been described as democratic revolutions?
Their overall thrust was to extend political rights further than ever before.
The Atlantic revolutions were inspired by the Enlightenment belief that political and social arrangements
could be improved by human action.
The Atlantic revolutions challenged the absolute and divine authority of
Monarchies
Quiz 18
Which of the following was a consequence of nineteenth-century European imperialism on colonized societies?
The integration of colonial economies into a global network of exchange centered in Europe
