Your literature review has helped you to refine your contemporary global issue problem statement and learn where the themes and disagreements lie. Now, you will zero in on some aspect of that issue th

JOURNAL NAME, ARTICLE NAME, DATE, PERMALINK

AUTHOR(S)

FOCUS/PURPOSE OF STUDY

RESULTS

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IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH & PRACTICE

Europe-Asia Studies. Public opinion in Russia on the politics of human trafficking, 2009. doi: 10.1080/0966813802630847

Buckley, M.

Research into the public opinions of people in the states that have human trafficking. It examines Russians’ thoughts about the causes and scale of human trafficking and beliefs about what should be done to tackle it, by whom and how.

From this data, it shows that citizens who disapprove of human trafficking will not necessarily act to challenge it.The citizen feels powerless in the face of organized crime or human trafficking. The overwhelming view is that the government should be responsible for legislation, convictions and rehabilitations of returnees. They also think the government should direct and coordinate a knowledgeable program with the media with society playing as big a role as can be. Both the nationwide opinion poll and the focus groups revealed extremely low expectations of state/government delivery.

Data reveals pessimism about state capacity to address human trafficking effectively.

This research study is more public opinion about the topic and what to do about it, then most who are trying to show statistical data, research into why trafficking is happening, to whom, etc.

This is a good study into the significance of public opinion within 2 different focus groups about Human trafficking in Russia. I think this is a very valuable study because it reaches down to the everyday population for feedback of their own country and what is happening.

Journal of Intercultural Communication Research,Negotiating narratives of human trafficking: NGO’s, communication and the power of culture, 2013, doi: 10.1080/17475759.2012.728147.

Kamler, E.

The present research tries to assess how anti-trafficking NGO employees in Thailand construct narratives, or ‘‘stories,’’ about human trafficking. NGOs often narrate human trafficking in the form of short stories about the kidnapping, luring, or deception of vulnerable young women into the sex trade.

The narrative frameworks of international organizations have the ability to influence an audience’s understanding of development problems within human trafficking.

More needs to be done to open up the dialog and plight of victims of human trafficking for worldwide knowledge. narratives to explain what has happened, what the countries the victims are in and from are doing, and how police are desensitized to this situation in some cultures.

When you have NGO workers speaking for victims of human trafficking who aren't from their same cultural background their tends to be different narrative outcomes that come to pass. A lot of what NGO's have said isn't as accurate as what has happened to the victims. They are narrating to gain more funding at times, and not stating fully the factual events.

There tends to be a lot of cultural issues even with the NGO realm when it comes to studying, discussing, and distribution of facts of human trafficking. There are definite differences in western culture and non-Western culture and this tends to lend a somewhat biased view when narrating for the victims. Narratives should be sought from workers within the same or similar culture for a more honest approach.

International Sociology, The global development of contemporary anti-human trafficking advocacy, 2017, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0268580917729986

Limoncelli, S. A.

Using data of anti-trafficking NGOs worldwide as well as secondary sources to analyze the historical development of contemporary anti-trafficking advocacy. Two studies, World polity theory and Coercion were done to assess and analyze.

We do not see the spread of anti-trafficking advocacy from the West to the rest, as either world polity or coercion perspectives would predict. We instead see a response in Asian countries first due to it being a main hub for the origination and distribution of trafficking victims within the Asian populace. Due to the vague understanding of human trafficking and the interpretation of it, a worldwide "norm" has not developed. Countries of higher means have been unable to use "coercion" to elicit the same rules in underdeveloped ones where human trafficking is the norm.

Widespread acknowledgment of the ongoing difficulties of finding victims and collecting even basic information about trafficking incidences and trends. The biggest issue is seen is the very definition of what human trafficking is around the world. The varied meanings of the term human trafficking become evident not only in the wording of domestic anti-trafficking laws, but also in the ways in which laws are implemented.This needs to be the same to instill the same standards globally.

World culture has diffused historically from the West to the rest, leading to more similarities than differences among state policies and practices. While world polity correctly shows the important influence of IGOs and INGOs, it appears to underestimate the role of domestic NGOs and states.

Based on this study, I think using political dominance and coercion to elicit funding, knowledge and a forced crackdown and defeat of human trafficking is what is needed.

Crime, Law &Social Change, Explaining the under-performance of the anti-human trafficking campaign: experience from the United States and Europe, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10611-013-9511-5.

McDonald, W.

The American and the global campaigns against the trafficking of humans for labor and for sexual exploitation have had more than a decade of time and millions of dollars of support in an effort to suppress trafficking and protect its victims. Why has the campaign not had more success with respect to its prosecution goals?Four of the six articles in this issue explore the reasons why the campaign in the United States has not had more instrumental success with respect to its prosecution goals

In the fight against human trafficking, the primary role of the criminal justice system should be discover victims and connect them to the resources that are being provided to help them reclaim their lives. Rebalance campaign goals, double down on efforts.

Sex trafficking cases are difficult to make because the victims are difficult to work with, juries are unsympathetic, and the police, prosecutors, judges have their own priorities.In the United States, federal, state and local governments have made substantial efforts to suppress human trafficking, but still fall short.

A lot of the anti-trafficking responses are from the US and Europe. Much of human trafficking originates out of impoverished countries such as Asia. Money and knowledge are more prevalent in the US and Europe yet, our overall numbers of human trafficking crimes has not diminished much.

Learning point: even with vast funding, human-trafficking knowledge and the policies fighting it, needs to be disseminated to the lowest level.

Crime, Law & Social Change, Political determinants of efforts to protect victims of human trafficking, 2017, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309922035_Political_determinants_of_efforts_to_protect_victims_of_human_trafficking

Schonhofer, J.

A study in understanding domestic factors that are conducive to the enforcement of policies which protect victims of human trafficking in 33 democratic member countries of the European Union. Also, the need to consider the role of policymakers when trying to understand what drives implementation and enforcement of international treaties that combat organized crime, such as the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, in national policies. Applying a political science framework to a problem that has hitherto been mainly cast in criminological terms.

The results showed that certain characteristics of national cabinets and parliaments are indeed significantly associated with more comprehensive policy efforts to protect victims of human trafficking. Females supporting some of these these roles, contributed to stricter policy in those countries.

A positive relation between the share of parliamentary seats held by women and endeavors to fight human trafficking in regards to prosecution but also concerning prevention and the protection of victims.

While some countries in the EU are doing their part in the eradication of human trafficking, others are not. Some feel its a necessity to the countries welfare (economic growth, less cost in human labor for example, etc), while others feel the need to abolish it completely yet still aren't doing their full part to do so.

The eradication of human trafficking has been promoted as priority issue for over 15 years in European Union countries. As women take more positions, It will be interesting to see if these states actively enforce their self-made international standards of the UN Anti-Trafficking Protocol to protect end empower victims of human trafficking within their national borders 15 years from now.

Corrections Today, The impact of human trafficking, 2017, https://search-proquest-com.vlib.excelsior.edu/docview/1967371453/abstract/8CE9C688A8D54C1APQ/15?accountid=134966

Mohr, G.

The impact of human trafficking on a person, and what can be done after the victim has become a criminal.

Ohio believes effective treatment for survivors of human trafficking requires a holistic approach. Survivors need to feel safe and supported. Training about human trafficking, etc. while incarcerated, and after to to help them understand their victimization, to heal emotional wounds, and help them re-enter society.

Training for victims is something that most others can come to a common consensus on.

The continued issue is most of America and even other countries doesn't look into the depths of the criminal/victim when the show up in court. How did they get there? What is there history? If a correction department/facility really wants to get these victims back into the normal population and turn their lives around, something needs to change prior to being incarcerated, not only after.

I think this is a great step in change for the state and government. Seeing the victim inside the criminal and knowing that there can be change with help.

European Journal on Criminal Policy & Research, Human trafficking for criminal exploitation: the failure to identify victims, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10610-017-9343-4.

Villacampa, C & Torres, N.

A study to determine why the criminal justice system fails to identify victims of this type of human trafficking in order to prevent them from remaining hidden victims.

An overall consensus that more training and information about this type of trafficking needs to happen. Especially for criminal justice professionals who can also be in a situation to identify these victims.

Training and knowledge on all forms of human trafficking to include criminal exploitation. Human trafficking isn't just sexual exploitation as many would like to assume.

Because this is such a hard area to bring to light due to the victims not talking, or the process in the courts never saw or understood signs of trafficking in this area, some still believe these people aren't really victims. A norm stereotype is if you get arrested for stealing your a thief. No one asks the "why".

Expanding knowledge in all types of trafficking of humans is much needed to make change in this crime.

Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Efforts to stop human trafficking, 2018, http://www.harvard-jlpp.com.

Williams, B. A.

Raising awareness and how to stop human trafficking by the US Department of Justice with federal law enforcement tools, partnerships with state and local and even foreign law enforcement, and financial resources.

The DOJ is making great strides in prosecuting criminals in human trafficking and getting more people involved. The US has enacted more policies than ever to fight this.

More needs to be done from the top down in order to annihilate this dehumanizing crime.

While the DOJ and other state entities to include foreign help is working, its not nearly enough to stop Human trafficking at the level it is at. More public knowledge at every level (children to politician, homeless to wealthy), in every country needs to happen.

This is definitely a step in the right direction. The vastness of this crime will take time to control and obliterate.

Public Library of Science (PLoS), Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern, 2017, https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437

Zimmerman, C. & Kiss, L.

To make light of human trafficking as a global health concern.

Global concerns in the widespread health issues of human trafficking victims are a pubic health problem that needs more coverage. The lack in knowledge of health care available to victims keeps them uniformed and in the dark. This is also an ongoing issue with the health care system as they are uninformed in what to look for when treating patients who may be victims also.

Public health care screenings and more knowledge is agreed upon with most. A public health approach that treats victims and intervenes is needed on a larger scale especially in countries where low wages, and hazardous forced labor is being used. Bringing this kind of basic groundwork into medical screenings is similar to what has been done for intimate partner violence and baseline screening in the medical field.

To intervene by efficient and effective ways, evidence is also needed on the factors of human trafficking and on who is most affected, and in what ways. This has not been happening and funds for interventions are not well used.

I definitely see this as a growing area that needs further research. Human trafficking and the correlation with medical issues due to it is another area of growing global importance.

Trends in Organized Crime, Trafficking in persons & transit countries A Canada-U.S. case study in global perspective, 2011, DOI 10.1007/s12117-011-9138-9

Perrin, B.

examines the role of transit countries in international trafficking in persons and seeks to identify legal and policy approaches to improve the abilities of these transit countries to confront this problem

This paper covers results of research into Canada being used as a transit country for trafficking and smuggling victims into the United States.

Canada and other transit countries need to do more to identify victims of human trafficking and smuggling. Protocols are present to help with this, however transit countries have not been a significant part in the fight against human trafficking in the past.

Countries have been looked upon as human trafficking destinations, rarely transit. Countries like Canada are a pivotal point in human trafficking as the traffickers need to go through the country to get to their destination of the United States. Some say they are not necessarily a part of trafficking since they are not the origin or destination country.

This is something that needs more research and the transit countries need higher visibility in order to stop human trafficking. Harsher laws need to be engaged when traffickers are caught.

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