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Child Labor Annotated Bibliography

Hannah Evans

Chamberlain University

ETHC 445

November 25, 2018

Child labor now becomes a complicated problem, which affects all regions of the world. Child labor can be defined as the employment of children under the age of 18 years, it is considered by many people as the exploitation of children, and it is also considered to violate universal schooling and children rights. Children perform duties in factories, agriculture, domestic work, tourist guides, businesses and restaurants as waiters, and the extreme forms are the child soldiers and child prostitution. The worst forms of child labor still rampantly exists in our country despite the continuous fights against it because the implementation of child labor laws by our government, according to RA 9231 Section 12-D, is ineffective since they are hampered by enforcement problems. This paper will discuss why “Child labor is unethical and totally denies the children from their childhood, their pride, their potential and like in these cases places them in mischief's way” (Anker 2000).

Apple (2014). Supplier Responsibility; Labor & Human Rights. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/labor-and-human-rights/

This source is utilized as a reference to the corporate stand and policies on underage labor as well as fair labor. This source focuses primarily on the corporate responsibility toward the suppliers Apple, Inc. uses, and what steps they have taken to combat previous issues the company has seen when dealing with ethical issues with their suppliers. This resource will be utilized for some statistics, as well as the ideas Apple, Inc. has about how to combat child labor while remaining profitable and diverse.

Grootaert, Christiaan and Kanbur, Ravi: “Child labour: An economic perspective”, in

International Labor Review, Vol 2, No.134, 1995, pp.187-203.

Survey of the empirical evidence on the determinants of child labor finds that child labor is ascertained by a variety of factors both internal and external to the household. The internal factors include the size of the family, parents’ education, family culture, fertility and household risk. Factors external to the household include the educational system and other social infrastructure available to the household, the structure of the labor market and the level of technological development. Policy interventions suggested include poverty alleviation policies aimed at reducing income risk for poor households, fertility interventions, the adoption of technology, and improvements in employment opportunities for adults and other labor market policies. However, the long-term objective of the eradication of child labor needs to be approached through a package of legislative action and economic and social incentives, which vary according to the types of child labor arrangements present in a country, as well as the country’s institutional and administrative capacity.

ILO: A future without child labor: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration

on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. International Labor Conference, 90th Session 2002, Geneva, 138 p., 2002. ISBN: 92-2-112416-9.

This article discusses how the abolition of child labor has become a global cause for the new millennium. Explores the ever-changing manifestations of child labor throughout the world and the ways in which girls and boys are affected differently. Presents new data on the scale of child labor and examines its complex, interlinked causes. Charts the growth of a global movement against child labor and reviews the various types of action taken. Concludes with proposals for a three-pillared approach to strengthen the action of the ILO in the field, building upon the wealth of experience gained by IPEC in the decade since its establishment

Barboza, D. (2008, May 10). Chinese factories, flouting labor laws, hire children from poor, distant villages. New York Times Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/433851455?accountid=32521

This article is written by a reporter from the NY Times, outlining the struggles China has been having with buckling down on labor laws, and how the existence of these laws did not stop the act of child labor from continuing. This source is applicable to how companies that employ labor in foreign countries may not be as guilty as they seem, given that a black market type of child labor occurrences were happening without knowledge of the government. Since multinational companies work closely with the government, the knowledge of the government is all these companies have to draw from.

Anker, R. (2000). The economics of child labour: A framework for measurement. International Labour Review, 139(3), 257-280.

This article provides a conceptual framework within which to measure the economic aspects of the phenomenon. Contending that so far policy approaches have been too basic, the author outlines the reasons for concern about child labor, before explaining how the various forms should be defined and be measured, and indicating pitfalls to avoid. Exploring these complexities raises questions such as school quality, whether child laborers take adults' jobs, and positive aspects of certain non-hazardous forms of child labor. Finally, he draws out policy and program implications.

Reczek, D. Z. (2016, January 28). Why Companies Are Blind to Child Labor. Retrieved September 24, 2017, from https://hbr.org/2016/01/why-companies-are-blind-to-child-labor

In this article, the researcher describes how contractors use children for their gains. The little children come with their mothers to stay on machines and are paid very little to feed themselves. The research has shown that willful ignorance is prevalent in consumer contexts. For example, one if consumers have a product’s ethical information right in front of them whether it was made using child labor, they will factor the information into their decision making. The article continues to say that people remain willfully ignorant because information about ethical attributes can be laden with negative emotion and difficult to process and choosing to remain blind is a very human coping mechanism. Also talks about protecting the priceless asset at all and not endangering the children lives.

Nisen, M. (2013). How Nike solved its sweatshop problem. Business Insider, 9.

This article describes how in the early 1990’s Jeff Ballinger exposed Nike as a company that had been exploiting abusive labor. Nike’s business model was, “based on outsourcing manufacturing, and using the money saved on aggressive marketing campaigns.” In Ballinger’s discovery he exposed Nike’s subcontracted employees in Indonesia were earning 14 cents per hour. These accusations led to bad publicity for Nike, which was heightened at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games when athletes were criticized for wearing Nike’s brand. This led to a decrease in total profit. Nike exhibited poor business ethics in order to maximize profit, while doing so promoted: child labor, forced labor, sweatshop production, violation of basic rights, and ignored the health and the safety of its workforce as well as children.

I am against the motion that Child labor should be banned because children should be able to go to school and become useful citizens instead of working for little money that can feed themselves. Children are at greater risk of dying or losing parts of their bodies. We should provide them with their rights and not deprive them of it.