Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1500 word response in which you address EACH of the following points IN YOUR OWN WORDS: 1) What is the author's main argument? 2) H
What We Have to Lose
Theodore Dalrymple
W henever we learn of events of world -shaking significance, of catastrophes or massacres, we are
inclined not only to feel ashamed (all too briefly) of our querulous preoccupation with our own minor
tribulations but also to question the wider value of all our activities. I do not know whether people who are
faced by death in a few seconds' time see their lives flash before them, as they are said to do, and pass
final judgment upon them; but whenever I read something about the Khmer Rouge, for example, or the
genocide in Rwanda, I reflect for a time upon my own life and dwell a little on the insignificance of my
efforts, the selfishness of my concerns, the narrowness of my sympathies.
So i t was when I first learned of the destruction of the two towers of the World Trade Center. I was settling
down to write a book review: not of a great work, but of a competent, conscientious, slightly dull biography
of a minor historical figure. Could any a ctivity have been less important when set beside the horrible fate
of thousands of people trapped in the then flaming —and soon collapsing —buildings? A book review,
compared to the deaths of over 300 firemen killed in the course of their duty, to say nothin g of the
thousands of others? W hat was the point of finishing so laboriously insignificant a task as mine?
In my work as a doctor in a prison, I save a few lives a year. When I retire, I shall not in my whole career
have saved as many lives as were lost in New York in those few terrible moments, even counting the time
I spent in Africa, where it was only too easy to save human life by the simplest of medical means. As for
my writing, it is hardly dust in the balance: my work amuses a few, enrages some, and is unknown to the
vast majority of people in my immediate vicinity, let alone to wider circles. Impotence and futility are the
two words that spring to mind.
Yet even as I think such self -regarding thoughts, an image recurs in my mind: that of the pianist Myra
Hess playing Mozart in London's National Gallery even as the bombs were falling during the Second
World War. I was born after the war ended, but the quiet heroism of those concerts and recitals,
broadcast to the nation, was still a potent symbol durin g my childhood. It was all the more potent, of
course, because Myra Hess was Jewish, and the enemy's anti -Semitism was central to its depraved view
of the world; and because the music she played, one of the highest peaks of human achievement,
emanated from the very same land as the enemy's leader, who represented the depths of barbarism.
No one asked, "What are these concerts for?" or "What is the point of playing Mozart when the world is
ablaze?" No one thought, "How many divisions has Myra Hess?" or "What is the firepower of a Mozart
rondo?" Everyone understood that these concerts, of no account in the material or military sense, were a
defiant gesture of humanity and culture in the face of unprecedented brutality. They were what the war
was about. They we re a statement of the belief that nothing could or ever can vitiate the value of
civilization; and no historical revisionism, however cynical, will ever subvert this noble message.
I recall as well a story told by the philosopher Sir Karl Popper, an Austri an refugee who made his home in
Britain. Four cultivated men in Berlin, as they awaited their expected arrest by the Gestapo, spent their
last night together —possibly their last night on earth —playing a Beethoven quartet. In the event, they
were not arrest ed; but they too had expressed by their action their faith that civilization transcends
barbarism, that notwithstanding the apparent inability of civilization at the time to resist the onslaught of
the barbarians, civilization was still worth defending. In deed, it is the only thing worth defending, because
it is what gives, or should give, meaning to our lives.
Of course, civilization is not only an attachment to the highest peaks of human achievement. It relies for
its maintenance upon an infinitely comple x and delicate tissue of relations and activities, some humble
and others grand. The man who sweeps the streets plays his part as surely as the great artist or thinker. Civilization is the sum total of all those activities that allow men to transcend mere biological existence
and reach for a richer mental, aesthetic, material, and spiritual life.
An attachment to high cultural achievement is thus a necessary but not sufficient condition of
civilization —for it is said that concentration -camp commandants wept in the evening over Schubert lieder
after a hard day's mass murder —and no one would call such men civilized. On the contrary, they were
more like ancient barbarians who, having overrun and sacked a civilized city, lived in the ruins, because
they were sti ll far better than anything they could build themselves. The first requirement of civilization is
that men should be willing to repress their basest instincts and appetites: failure to do which makes them,
on account of their intelligence, far worse than m ere beasts.
I grew up in secure and comfortable circumstances, give or take an emotional problem or two; but an
awareness of the fragility of civilization was instilled early, though subliminally, by the presence in London
during my childhood of large numb ers of unreconstructed bomb sites that were like the gaps between the
rotting teeth in an old man's mouth. Often I played in small urban wildernesses of weeds and rubble, and
rather regretted their gradual disappearance; but even so, I could hardly fail to see, in the broken
fragments of human artifacts and in the plasterwork with wallpaper still attached, the meaning of the
destruction that had been wrought before I was born.
Then there were the bomb shelters, in which I passed a surprising number of child hood hours. They were
ubiquitous in my little world: in the school playgrounds and the parks, for example. That entry to them was
forbidden made them irresistibly attractive, of course. Their darkness and fungal dampness added to their
attraction: they wer e pleasantly frightening; one never quite knew who or what one might find in them.
Had I been inclined to smoke, instead of being instantly sickened by nicotine, that is where —like so many
of my friends — I would have learned to do so. And many a first sexua l exploration took place in those
inauspicious surroundings.
Despite the uses to which we put them, however, we were always aware of the purpose for which they
had been built. Somehow, the shades of those who had sheltered in them, not so very long before , were
still present. The Blitz was within every adult's living memory: my mother's apartment building had been
bombed, and she woke one morning with half of it gone, one of her rooms now open directly to the air. In
my house, as in many other households, there was a multivolume pictorial history of the war, over which I
pored for entire mornings or afternoons, until I knew every picture by heart. One of them was ever present
in my mind when I entered a bomb shelter with my friends: that of two young childr en, both blind, in just
such a shelter, their sightless eyes turned upward to the sound of the explosions above them, a
heartrending look of incomprehension on their faces.
More than anything else, however, the fact that my mother was herself a refugee fr om Nazi Germany
contributed to my awareness that security — the feeling that nothing could change seriously for the worse,
and that the life that you had was invulnerable — was illusory and even dangerous. She showed us, my
brother and me, photographs (some of them sepia) of her life in pre -Nazi Germany: a prosperously
bourgeois existence of that time, from the look of it, with chauffeurs and large cars, patriarchs in winged
collars conspicuously smoking cigars, women in feather boas, picnics by lakes, winter i n the mountains,
and so forth. There were photos of my grandfather, a doctor decorated for his military service during the
Great War, in his military uniform, a loyal subject of the Kaiser. And then —suddenly — nothing: a
prolonged pictorial silence, until my mother emerged into a new, less luxurious but more ordinary
(because familiar), life.
She had left Germany when she was 17 and never saw her parents again. If it could happen to her, why
not to me or indeed to anyone? I didn't believe it would, but then n either had she or anyone else. The
world, or that little part of it that I inhabited, that appeared so stable, calm, solid, and dependable —dull
even —had shakier foundations than most people most of the time were willing to suppose. As soon as I was able, I began to travel. Boredom, curiosity, dissatisfaction, a taste for the exotic and for
philosophical inquiry drove me. It seemed to me that comparison was the only way to know the value of
things, including political arrangements. But travel is like good fo rtune in the famous remark of Louis
Pasteur: it favors only the mind prepared. To an extent, one brings back from it only what one takes to it:
and I chose my countries with unconscious care and thereby received many object lessons in the fragility
of the human order, especially when it is undermined in the abstract name of justice. It is often much
easier to bring about total disaster than modest improvement.
Many of the countries I visited —Iran, Afghanistan, Mozambique —soon descended into the most terrible
chaos. Their peace had always been flawed, of course: as which is not? I learned that the passion to
destroy, far from being "also" a constructive one, as the famous but foolish remark of the Russian
anarchist Bakunin would have it, soon becomes autonomous, unattached to any other purpose but
indulged in purely for the pleasure that destruction itself brings. I remember watching rioters in Panama,
for example, smashing shop windows, allegedly in the name of freedom and democracy, but laughing as
they did so, searching for new fields of glass to conquer. Many of the rioters were obviously bourgeois,
the scions of privileged families, as have been the leaders of so many destructive movements in modern
history. That same evening, I dined in an expensive restaurant and saw there a fellow diner whom I had
observed a few hours before joyfully heaving a brick through a window. How much destruction did he
think his country could bear before his own life might be affected, his own existence comp romised?
As I watched the rioters at play, I remembered an episode from my childhood. My brother and I took a
radio out onto the lawn and there smashed it into a thousand pieces with croquet mallets. W ith a
pleasantly vengeful fury, as if performing a valu able task, we pursued every last component with our
mallets until we had pulverized it into unrecognizability. The joy we felt was indescribable; but where it
came from or what it meant, we knew not. W ithin our small souls, civilization struggled with barb arism:
and had we suffered no retribution, I suspect that barbarism's temporary victory would have been more
lasting.
But why did we feel the need to revolt in this fashion? At such a remove in time, I cannot reconstruct my
own thoughts or feelings with a ny certainty: but I suspect that we rebelled against our own powerlessness
and lack of freedom, which we felt as a wound, by comparison with what we saw as the omnipotence and
complete freedom of action of the grown -ups in our lives. How we longed to grow up, so that we might be
like them, free to do as we liked and give orders to others, as they gave orders to us! We never
suspected that adulthood would bring its own frustrations, responsibilities, and restrictions: we looked
forward to the time when our o wn whim would be law, when our egos would be free to soar wherever they
chose. Until then, the best we could do was to rebel against a symbol of our subjection to others. If we
could not be as adults were, we could at least destroy a little of the adults' world.
I saw the revolt against civilization and the restraints and frustrations it entails in many countries, but
nowhere more starkly than in Liberia in the midst of the civil war there. I arrived in Monrovia when there
was no longer any electricity or r unning water; no shops, no banks, no telephones, no post office; no
schools, no transport, no clinics, no hospitals. Almost every building had been destroyed in whole or in
part: and what had not been destroyed had been looted.
I inspected the remains of t he public institutions. They had been destroyed with a thoroughness that could
not have been the result of mere military conflict. Every last piece of equipment in the hospitals (which
had long since been emptied of staff and patients) had been laboriously disassembled beyond hope of
repair or use. Every wheel had been severed by metal cutters from every trolley, cut at the cost of what
must have been a very considerable effort. It was as if a horde of people with terrible experiences of
hospitals, doctors, and medicine had passed through to exact their revenge.
But this was not the explanation, because every other institution had undergone similar destruction. The
books in the university library had been one and all — without exception —pulled from the shelves and
piled into contemptuous heaps, many with pages torn from them or their spines deliberately broken. It was the revenge of barbarians upon civilization, and of the powerless upon the powerful, or at least upon
what they perceived as the source of their power. Ignorance revolted against knowledge, for the same
reasons that my brother and I smashed the radio all those years before. Could there have been a clearer
indication of hatred of the lower for the higher?
In fact there was — and not very far away, in a building called the Centennial Hall, where the inauguration
ceremonies of the presidents of Liberia took place. The hall was empty now, except for the busts of
former presidents, some of them overturned, around the walls — and a Steinway grand piano, proba bly the
only instrument of its kind in the entire country, two -thirds of the way into the hall. The piano, however,
was not intact: its legs had been sawed off (though they were by design removable) and the body of the
piano laid on the ground, like a stra nded whale. Around it were disposed not only the sawed -off legs, but
little piles of human feces.
I had never seen a more graphic rejection of human refinement. I tried to imagine other possible
meanings of the scene but could not. Of course, the piano rep resented a culture that was not fully
Liberia's own and had not been assimilated fully by everyone in the country: but that the piano
represented not just a particular culture but the very idea of civilization itself was obvious in the very
coarseness of t he gesture of contempt.
Appalled as I was by the scene in the Centennial Hall, I was yet more appalled by the reaction of two
young British journalists, also visiting Monrovia, to whom I described it, assuming that they would want to
see for themselves. Bu t they could see nothing significant in the vandalizing of the piano — only an
inanimate object, when all is said and done — in the context of a civil war in which scores of thousands of
people had been killed and many more had been displaced from their homes. They saw no connection
whatever between the impulse to destroy the piano and the impulse to kill, no connection between
respect for human life and for the finer productions of human labor, no connection between civilization
and the inhibition against the random killing of fellow beings, no connection between the book burnings in
Nazi Germany and all the subsequent barbarities of that regime. Likewise, the fact that the Red Guards
during the Cultural Revolution in China had destroyed thousands of pianos whi le also killing 1 million
people conveyed no meaning or message to them.
If anything, they "understood" the destruction of the piano in the Centennial Hall and even sympathized
with it. The "root cause" of Liberia's civil war, they said, had been the long dominance of an elite —in the
same way, presumably, that poverty is often said to be the "root cause" of crime. The piano was an
instrument, both musical and political, of that elite, and therefore its destruction was itself a step in the
direction of democ racy, an expression of the general will.
This way of thinking about culture and civilization — possible only for people who believe that the comforts
and benefits they enjoy are immortal and indestructible —has become almost standard among the
intelligentsia of Western societies. The word civilization itself now rarely appears in academic texts or in
journalism without the use of ironical quotation marks, as if civilization were a mythical creature, like the
Loch Ness monster or the Abominable Snowman, and to believe in it were a sign of philosophical naïveté.
Brutal episodes, such as are all too frequent in history, are treated as demonstrations that civilization and
culture are a sham, a mere mask for crassly material interests —as if there were any protection from
man's permanent temptation to brutality except his striving after civilization and culture. At the same time,
achievements are taken for granted, as always having been there, as if man's natural state were
knowledge rather than ignorance, wealth rath er than poverty, tranquillity rather than anarchy. It follows
that nothing is worthy of, or requires, protection and preservation, because all that is good comes about
as a free gift of Nature.
To paraphrase Burke, all that is necessary for barbarism to tr iumph is for civilized men to do nothing: but
in fact for the past few decades, civilized men have done worse than nothing —they have actively thrown
in their lot with the barbarians. They have denied the distinction between higher and lower, to the
invaria ble advantage of the latter. They have denied the superiority of man's greatest cultural achievements over the most ephemeral and vulgar of entertainments; they have denied that the scientific
labors of brilliant men have resulted in an objective understan ding of Nature, and, like Pilate, they have
treated the question of truth as a jest; above all, they have denied that it matters how people conduct
themselves in their personal lives, provided only that they consent to their own depravity. The ultimate
obj ect of the deconstructionism that has swept the academy like an epidemic has been civilization itself,
as the narcissists within the academy try to find a theoretical justification for their own revolt against
civilized restraint. And thus the obvious trut h—that it is necessary to repress, either by law or by custom,
the permanent possibility in human nature of brutality and barbarism —never finds its way into the press
or other media of mass communication.
For the last decade, I have been observing close -up , from the vantage point of medical practice, the
effects upon a large and susceptible population of the erosion of civilized standards of conduct brought
about by the assault upon them by intellectuals. If Joseph Conrad were to search nowadays for the hea rt
of darkness —the evil of human conduct untrammeled by the fear of legal sanction from without or of
moral censure from within —he would have to look no further than an English city such as mine.
And how can I not be preoccupied with the search for the or igins and ramifications of this evil when every
working day I come upon stories like the one I heard today — the very day I write these words?
It concerns a young man aged 20, who still lived with his mother, and who had tried to kill himself. Not
long befor e, his mother's current boyfriend, a habitual drunkard ten years her junior, had, in a fit of
jealousy, attacked the mother in the young man's presence, grabbing her round the throat and strangling
her. The young man tried to intervene, but the older man w as not only six inches taller but much stronger.
He knocked the young man to the ground and kicked him several times in the head. Then he dragged him
outside and smashed his head on the ground until he was unconscious and blood ran from a deep
wound.
The y oung man regained consciousness in the ambulance, but his mother insisted that he give no
evidence to the police because, had he done so, her lover would have gone to jail: and she was most
reluctant to give up a man who was, in his own words to the young man's 11 -year -old sister, "a better f —k
than your father." A little animal pleasure meant more to the mother than her son's life; and so he was
confronted by the terrifying realization that, in the words of Joseph Conrad, he was born alone, he lived
alone, and would die alone.
Who, in listening to such cases day after day and year after year, as I have, could fail to wonder what
ideas and what social arrangements have favored the spread of conduct so vile that its contemplation
produces almost physical naus ea? How can one avoid driving oneself to distraction by considering who is
more to blame, the man who behaves as I have described, or the woman who accepts such behavior for
the sake of a moment's pleasure?
This brutality is now a mass phenomenon rather t han a sign of individual psychopathology. Recently, I
went to a soccer game in my city on behalf of a newspaper; the fans of the opposing teams had to be
separated by hundreds of policemen, disposed in military fashion. The police allowed no contact
whatev er between the opposing factions, shepherding or corraling the visiting fans into their own area of
the stadium with more security precautions than the most dangerous of criminals ever faces.
In the stadium, I sat next to a man, who appeared perfectly nor mal and decent, and his 11 -year -old son,
who seemed a well -behaved little boy. Suddenly, in the middle of the match, the father leaped up and, in
unison with thousands of others, began to chant: "W ho the f —k do you think you are? Who the f —k do
you think y ou are?" while making, also in common with thousands of others, a threatening gesture in the
direction of the opposing supporters that looked uncommonly like a fascist salute. Was this the example
he wanted to set for his son? Apparently so. The frustratio ns of poverty could hardly explain his conduct:
the cost of the tickets to the game could have fed a family more than adequately for a week. After the game was over, I saw more clearly than ever that the thin blue line is no metaphor. Had it not
been for the presence of the police (whose failures I have never hesitated to criticize), there would have
been real violence and bloodshed, perhaps even death. The difference between an event that passed off
peacefully and one that would end in mayhem, destruction , injury, and death was the presence of a
relative handful of resolute men prepared to do their duty.
D espite the evidence of rising barbarism all around us, no betrayal is too trivial for the Quislings of
civilization to consider worthwhile. Recently, at the airport, I noticed an advertisement for a firm of elegant
and costly shirt - and tie -makers, headquartered in London's most expensive area. The model they chose
to advertise their products was a shaven -headed, tattooed monster, with scars on his scalp f rom bar
brawls —the human type that beats women, carries a knife, and throws punches at soccer games. The
advertisement is not ironical, as academic cultural critics would pretend, but an abject capitulation to and
flattery of the utmost coarseness and brut ality. Savagery is all the rage.
If any good comes of the terrible events in New York, let it be this: that our intellectuals should realize that
civilization is worth defending, and that the adversarial stance to tradition is not the beginning and end of
wisdom and virtue. We have more to lose than they know.