need 1000 words very fast 14.1 describe what is meant by the human factors , why is it important to consider human factors in the design ? when in the system of life cycle it is considered and why
CS672 – System Engineering and Analysis
Discussion 7 - 11/16/2018
Samson kamal Victor
Chapter 14, Question 1:
Human factor:
Human factor (ergonomics) is a study of human’s general behavior in physical and psychological. Its plays major role in development, deployment and disposal, to understand the full system characteristics we need to focus on human factors and their involvement in development, deployment and disposal. It is a study of how the people react of size and style in generic way that available to end user, the next step of human activities job description, duty, task, subtask and task elements (Samaras, 2006, page 1)
System design:
The micro and macro ergonomics in design and management tools for human use and human organization literally critical to control and this is influenced and controlled in system design. The system engineering is a well analyzed and designed in a disciplinary manner to accommodate both ergonomics. It gives reliability, maintainability, less probability of error, proper guidance to complete the task easily (Samaras, 2006, page 1)
System lifecycle:
The human factor is carried in almost all the parts of system lifecycle. Conceptual design phase, preliminary and detail design, development, production and support. The human factor clearly delineates verification and validation loops like if requirement verification is not satisfied then reconsider the needs, if specification verification is not satisfied then reconsider the requirements, if implementation/product verification is not satisfied then reconsider the specifications (Samaras, 2006, page 3)
Chapter 14, Question 2:
Human functional requirements:
The identification of human functional requirement is based on the function analysis of human like job description, duty, task, sub task and task elements. Once the top level function analysis is understood properly then the next step is to Identifying the functional behavior that is completed with uniquely by human, the hardware / software system that can be only operated by the human, and the human combined with the some other system. This process might be effectively done by using operator task analysis (OTA), development of operational sequence diagram (OSD), Maintenance task analysis (MTA)
Chapter 14, Question 3:
Anthropometric:
It is a overt physical measurement of the human being like height, harm length, thigh length, weight to institute the basic design for the each system that used by the human. For example, the computer table height and chair height and door handle height, power plug height are decided based on the anthropometric. The factors measurement can be taken as average of 95% and 5% for both men and woman (Samaras, 2006, page 2)
Human sensory factor:-
It is a covert physical biomechanical measurement of the human in system design.
Vision: human sight depend on the distance of each letters and horizontal and vertical distance, based on the average sight the system is designed to further make easy to maximum of human in real world
Hearing: usually human can max hear the 120db if goes to 130db the cause pain, so the system is designed base on the average decibel to hear
Smell: odor make more suffocation to survey for human, so the system is designed to handle the air circulation with proper filtering
Touch: the system design in touch system like special key controls, shape and design of workstation
Physiological Factors:-
The system must be designed in avoiding the physical stress for personnel. The stress must be measured based on the physical characteristics of human. The all external stress cause the result into individual human
Temperature extremes: the stress occurs when room temperature increase more than 55 degree Fahrenheit to 75 degree Fahrenheit and lesser than 50 degree Fahrenheit
Humidity: the high heat of 90 degree Fahrenheit and high humidity of 90% will create more stree for personnel
Vibration: the vibration system (machine, vehicle) may cause stress to the personnel,
Noise: the system which creates more noise will create stress to human and max hear the 120db if goes to 130db the cause pain, so the system is designed base on the average decibel to hear
Psychological factor:-
It is only based on the individual human personal skills, how the person behave in decision making, there might be lack of some qualities like motivation, communication, decision making, discipline, characteristics.
Chapter 14, Question 9:
Operator task analysis (OTA):-
The complete the operation of specific system task and the study of basic human characteristics involved to complete the action is OTA, this can accomplished by implementation of basic operation function analysis of system such as duties, task, sub task, task elements. There must be human decision making for each kind of operation. For each action there must be control information. Identifying the human capabilities like time to completion, decision making for particular action and achieve accuracy. Identifying the impact for environment, human, restriction on personal activities and Identifying the personnel skill to operate the system and identifying the total quality
The purpose is to operate and to identify the solution for generating new activities
The application will provide the warnings of the system operation like tolerance level warnings, failure alert
Information acquire will provide the findings of personnel error in the time period and estimation of task completion
Operational sequence diagram (OSD):-
It is flow diagram which explains the flow of action involved in the system in multi task environment, it describes the control, decision and transferring of the information (Ergonomicsblog, 2014)
Purpose: its describes the operation involved data flow between system and operations
Application: this requirement analysis will provide the flow diagram to specif system in an advance manner like automation, data processing
Information required: to analyze the accuracy between personnel and system
Error analysis:-
Due to human action error which is not acceptable within the limit, it has to predefined and managed, the approaches like error of omission and error of commission done based on the error analysis
Purpose: is to identify the error that was created by the human and operational system error
Application: at the create of OSD the errors are identified with the help of OTA and MTA
Information acquired: root cause analysis to the new error and documenting to avoid in future
Hazard analysis:-
It is similar to FMECA like identifying the issue and find the solution based the previous experience and documentation and solving the issue in the system. The hazard criticality is safety case, technique, diagram, risk factors, and probability of cause
Purpose: it explain the issue, root cause for the issue, effects and probability of the issue
Application: it is implemented in primary design to estimate the safety of the system
Information acquired: it provide the enough information related to the hazard and details to solve the hazard with diagram, technique and cause of hazard with probability
Chapter 14, Question 12:
OTA and MTA relationship:
Both OTA and MTA are link to the quality if the system, which is the combination had related to each other, overall budget is depend on the cost of maintenance. Identifying g the problem, analyzing the root cause and finding the solution for the problem with team members and documenting it and change overall application in proactive manner. To solve the problem Maintainability personnel can be support, extensible and compatible. The operation personnel will judge the skill levels like basic, intermediate, high
Chapter 14, Question 13:
Hazard analysis related with FEMCA:
It is similar to FMECA like identifying the issue and find the solution based the previous experience and documentation and solving the issue in the system. The FEMCA is implemented in the preliminary design phase to identify the all the problems that can occur in the system by using the previous result of facing the problem. The hazard criticality is safety case, technique, diagram, risk factors, and probability of cause
Chapter 17, Question 1:
Lifecycle cost:
The system life cycle will have different phases. Each phases cost is involved to analysis the requirement, design phase, development phase, operation and maintenance phase and disposal phase the system
Requirement and research cost: requirement gathering for the need of new system, check the feasibility, market analysis, documentation, conceptual design , preliminary design, detail design and overall management cost with complete man power analysis and team formation
Development cost: technical specification for development and development effort and testing quality assurance cost and logistic support.
Operation and maintenance cost: operation system cost and regular maintenance of the system cost
Disposal cost: disposal of the system, recycling if the system, logistic for disposal
Chapter 17, Question 2:
Design to cost (DTC):
The design phase is more cost involved up to 70% of the cost is spends if the design phase is not well formed. The DTC is the process of data with the proper analysis which save more cost in design phase and overall system lifecycle cost (Jordan, 2014)
DTC is mainly established in the conceptual design phase earlier stage to save the cost
1. Design to unit acquisition cost: which include the research and development cost, production can construction cost
2. Design to operation and support cost: operation and maintenance support cost
The TPM measure helps to indentify the cost of the production in proactive basis and not in the result basics
Chapter 17, Question 3:
According to UKEssays (n.d.) found the following:
Evaluation of competing options in purchasing:
LLC provide evaluation through the life cycle, of the service cost and technical specification requirement for the process
Improved awareness of total costs:
LLC provide the total cost of the lifecycle, based on the cost the resource required to develop the system within the cost defined. So it identified the major effort require in each and every phases and it minimizes the cost and creates awareness
More accurate forecasting of cost profiles:
LLC procurement provide the accurate information about the cost involved and the clear picture of each steps to keep carefully in investment, so this make the management to take secure risk in investing in new system forecasting
Improve performance trade-off against cost
The other factors fit in to the requirement are quality if the system and level of system provided is upgraded, so the performance of hte product is more to tradeoff against more profit
Chapter 17, Question 5:
Life cycle cost analysis steps:
1. Define system requirements and technical performance measure (TPM) identify the function analysis and functional term with the system level
2. Declare system lifecycle and determine activities by phases, estimate the product cost for the lifecycle
3. Create cost breakdown structure and provide the top-down or bottom-up approach to identify the initial allocation cost and summary cost
4. Data collection, based on the requirement collect all the possible data to indentify the nature of the system behavior
5. Calculate cost involved in each process in the cost break down structure year-by year basic for overall lifecycle
6. Choose the mathematical model to calculate the cost involved in each lifecycle phases
7. Create a cost profile to calculate the cost in the each process of lifecycle and display in percentage wise
8. Identify the high cost involved in the lifecycle phase and research the possible way to reduce the cost in the process
9. Evaluate each process with the output and the initial said requirement that matches or not, make the sensitive analysis to confirm everything is fine in the system
10. Identify the problems using the Pareto diagram and list all the problem and priorities the problem to get the solution based on the high priority wise
11. After completion of the LLCA evaluation approach create alternative solution to handle the analysis in different way
12. Finally evaluate the LCCA report with additional alternatives break event analysis and find better one to proceed
References:
Ergonomicsblog, (Aug 28, 2014), “Operational Sequence Diagrams: A Quick Guide.”, https://www.ergonomicsblog.uk/operational-sequence-diagrams/
Jordan B, (Nov 24, 2014), “What Is Design-to-Cost & Why Does It Matter?”, https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1324754
Samaras G M, (2006), “System Engineering for the Human Factors Engineer”, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d36b/08cc95af397a8ac5d812ee3f9d65406e26f5.pdf
UKEssays, (n.d.), “The Importance Of Life Cycle Costing Information Technology Essay.” https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/the-importance-of-life-cycle-costing-information-technology-essay.php
