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Some strains of E. coli cause UTI’s. To do so they must resist being flushed out of the body by the flow of urine. Which of the following would help with this?
Hemolysin
Enterotoxin
Adhesin
Collagenase
Which type of vaccine poses any risk of causing a mild version of the disease against which it is formulated?
Toxoid vaccine
Inactivated whole agent vaccine (aka “killed” vaccine)
Attenuated whole agent vaccine
Conjugated vaccine
Which of the following antibody detection tests methods would yield a positive result that looked like cell clumping?
Precipitation
ELISA
Agglutination
Fluorescent-antibody testing
Which of the following are not true regarding viruses?
They are smaller than bacteria
They may not contain DNA
Viruses can cause disease
Viruses can be cultured on TSA plates
The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
Makes DNA from RNA
Makes RNA from DNA
Translates mRNA
Transcribes DNA and RNA
The evolutionary relationship of organisms is called
Taxonomy
Identification
Phylogeny
Classification
Which of the following is found in all three Domains and implies a shared ancestry?
Nucleus
Peptidoglycan
rRNA
mitochondria
To make many copies of a single gene you would use..
Gel electrophoresis
Nucleic acid sequencing
PCR
ELISA
Access the MMWR to determine how many cases of foodborne botulism were reported to the CDC in 2011.
1,324
10,530
53,678
25, 596
Determining phylogeny between the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus by looking at their DNA similarity could be done with
PCR
Nucleic acid hybridization
Observed morphology
Phage typing
If bacteria are multiplying in your bloodstream you have
Sepsis
Bacteremiz
Viremic
Toxemia
The stage of disease during which signs, symptoms, and pathogen are gone is
Prodrome
Incubation period
Convalescence
Period of decline
Chickenpox has a 10-14 day period during which no signs or symptoms appear but the individual is indeed infected and contagious. This is almost a 2-week…
Prodromal period
Incubation period
Latent period
Convalescent period
Bubonic Plague, Lyme Disease and Malaria all have this in common
Droplet transmission
Soil-associated reservoir
Fecal-oral transmission
Biological vectors
Bumblebees carry pollen from flower to flower, but also fungal spores that can kill many species of flowering plants. In this capacity the bee functions as..
A zoonotic vector
A mechanical vector
A biological vector
A fomite
Alicia’s throat cultures are regularly positive for Streptococcus pyogenes but she never develops strep throat because she is
Vector
Carrier
Reservoir
Convalescent
Morbidity rates associated with infant tetanus are prevalent in Nigeria.
This means many infants are sick with tetanus
This means at any time you visit Nigeria you will see a large number of children sick with tetanus
This means that a consistent number of infants succumb to tetanus in Nigeria
This means that the rate of tetanus infection for infants is high right now in Nigeria
Parasitic worm infections are endemic to New Guinea. This means..
you should be watchful if you visit because these parasites are always causing disease in the region
You needn’t be worried about infection during a visit because you don’t live there
Large numbers of locals are suddenly dying of parasitic worm infections
Only people living in New Guinea need to worry about infection
Which option below is in correct sequence (from largest to smallest) regarding public health services?
CDC, WHO, WA state PHD, Seattle PHD, King County PHD
King County PHD, Seattle PHD, WA state PHD, CDC, WHO
WHO, CDC, WA state PHD, King County PHD, Seattle PHD
WHO, CDC, Seattle PHD, King County PHD, WA state PHD
If 87% of 1st graders are vaccinated for measles in Snohomish County which of the following is true? (video)
Herd immunity will not be functioning as effectively as it could
87% of 1st graders will not develop autism
Outbreaks of measles are unlikely
Measles is endemic in Snohomish County
The CDC does all of these except..
Collect data on notifiable diseases
Release publications on the incidence and prevalence of disease in the U.S.
Initiate public campaigns and outreach regarding disease transmission
Provide health care to needy populations
If you want to know whether your chewing tobacco habit will affect your chances of developing gum cancer, researching previously conducted ________________________ studies might help you make the decision to stop!
Ecological
Interventional
Cohort
Cross Sectional
WHO is trying to eradicate polio virus from the planet. Humans are the only reservoir and the virus is transmitted in contaminated water. If polio can be prevented from infecting enough humans, the virus won’t be able to multiply and will disappear entirely. The best way to achieve this goal would be
Initiate a global water sanitization campaign
Initiate a global vaccination campaign
Initiate a campaign to eliminate mosquitos since they breed in stagnant water
Initiate global outreach & education regarding how polio is transmitted
At your neighborhood 4th of July picnic you eat potato salad and begin to feel sick shortly after. After a bout of diarrhea and vomiting you recover and are still able to go to work the next day. You’ve experienced..
Food-borne infection
Food allergy
Viral gastroenteritis
Food poisoning
Bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics is an encouraging possibility for all of the following reasons except.. (video)
There is a very low side effect profile associated with phage therapy, if any
Bacteria do not develop resistance to phage
Phage formulations are inexpensive in comparison to antibiotics
The FDA is comfortable patenting purified compounds vs. biological “cocktails”
Matching: make the correct associations below and record your letter choice on scantron answer sheet (1pt ea)
26) measure of virulence a) mucous membrane
27) #1 portal of entry b) LD50
28) tissue penetration c) coagulase
29) blood clot formation d) collagenase
30) toxin potency e) ID50
31) endotoxin a) disrupt membranes
32) neurotoxin b) Salmonella typhi
33) enterotoxin c) Clostridium difficile
34) leukotoxin d) T-lymphocyte lysis
35) type II exotoxins e) gram (-) cell wall
Fill in the blank: write your answer in the blank provided (1pt ea)
36) When bacteriophage enter a bacterium, immediately reproduce themselves, then burst from and destroy the host cell, we say they are exhibiting a _____________ life cycle.
37) _________________ viral life cycles are associated with chronic diseases that have long periods of latency; i.e. herpes.
38) Viral classification is based on 3 factors: morphology, method of replication, and type of ____________________.
39) The number of cell types that a virus can infect is known as its ________________ range.
40) Understanding the cause, or _______________, of a disease is equally important as understanding its pathogenesis.
41) A deep cut that has led to sepsis results in a disease that can be described as both ______________ and ____________________.
42) Ellen entered the hospital for a hip replacement and contracted pneumonia. The pneumonia is now considered a ______________________________ infection.
43) The relationship between gut-associated normal flora and you is both symbiotic and ________________________________.
44) After having a tooth pulled any gum infection caused by Streptococcus mutans would be considered _______________________________.
45) Five new cases of Pseudomonas infection in the ICU this month, versus only 1 last month, is an increase in _______________________.
Short-answer questions: (5pts ea)
46) Compare and contrast antibiotic and bacteriophage therapies used to treat bacterial infections. Discuss the obstacles you anticipate regarding use of phage therapy in the U.S.
* see video in Module 5 for ideas
47) Your neighbor has an autistic son and has told you that his initial symptoms appeared immediately following a bout of pediatric vaccinations at age 2. Should you avoid vaccinating your children too? Discuss the circulating myth that vaccinations cause autism and explain how this causative relationship has been disproven.
*see videos in Module 4 for ideas
48) Six hospital workers have developed a case of MDR pneumonia in the last week at St. Joseph’s Hospital. All work in housekeeping and none are smokers or have any chronic respiratory issues. What would be the best type of epidemiological study to determine cause/source of infection? Justify your choice by discussing advantages associated with it.
* see video Module 7
49) Diagram and describe the life cycle associated with the virus responsible for causing chickenpox/shingles. Explain the pathogenesis and treatment options.
50) Design a pathogen to be used as a biological weapon. Clearly state the reservoir, route of transmission, virulence factors, and disease progression associated with your design. Why is your design a good one, keeping in mind that such weapons are considered “good” when they kill large numbers of people quickly (yikes).
51) Explain how plasmid transfer among bacteria can affect virulence of a pathogen. Give and briefly explain 3 specific examples of virulence factors associated with plamids.
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