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Salmonella

Meghan Livingstone

Purdue Global University

Unit 6 Assignment HS320

Professor Vicki Miller

Salmonella

Salmonella is a common pathogen in the United States. This paper explores the culture and the non-culture diagnostic approaches in testing for salmonella. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention advice on how to prevent, diagnose and treat salmonella illnesses. The intervention of the local and federal on salmonella illnesses is also assessed.

Hapuarachchi, C. T., Jeffery, K. J., & Bowler, I. C. J. W. (2019). Stool PCR may not be a substitute for enrichment culture for the detection of salmonella. Journal of medical microbiology.

The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting salmonella as per the recommendations of the NICE. Samples, on which culture and PCR results were attached, sent to laboratories throughout 9 months were studied. The samples were tested through a selenite enrichment culture. Confirmation of the cultures was acquired using serotyping and API 10S. PCR was also applied to the examples using the BD MAX Enteric Bacterial Panel. A comparison of specificity and sensitivity in detecting salmonella of the PCR was made. Six thousand three hundred seventy-two pairs of stool culture were analyzed, and the prevalence of salmonella was 1.2%. Sensitivity was 89%, specificity was 99.8%, and the positive and the negative predictive values were 86% and 99.9% respectively. The researchers concluded that enrichment culture is more effective in detecting salmonella in stool than PCR using BD MAX Enteric Bacterial Panel.

Diagnosis and Treatment | General Information | Salmonella | CDC. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/diagnosis.html

Maintaining high levels of hygiene is emphasized in preventing salmonella infections. Checking foods thoroughly and washing hands after visiting the toilet or changing diapers help in preventing the spread of Salmonella. Cooked food and leftovers should be refrigerated within 2 hours after being prepared. People of all ages can get salmonella infections, but special care should be accorded to children and those with weak immune systems. The treatment of salmonella starts with the collection of patients sample to distinguish the disease from others with similar symptoms to patients. The patient's sample is then cultured, and samples are sent to regional centers for serotyping. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention then proposes national approaches towards the best prevention and treatment strategies of Salmonella.

Andrews, J. R., & Ryan, E. T. (2015). Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: current challenges and future directions. Vaccine, 33, C8-C15.

The authors noted that rapid tests for the diagnosis of salmonella serotypes paratyphi A, B and C, and typhi are not available. Using blood culture, for instance, has low sensitivity and it consumes a lot of time and resources. Most of the molecular diagnostics used are limited by the low burden of organisms in body fluids. Commercial serological tests are also defined in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Resource constraints and the limitations of clinical trials often lead to a lot of pf unnecessary treatments. The same factors also limit other etiologies for other illnesses. The authors recommended that clinicians be offered incentives that are aligned with societal health goals to solve the problem in question.

Farakos, S. M. S., Pouillot, R., Johnson, R., Spungen, J., Son, I., Anderson, N., & Doren, J. M. V. (2017). A quantitative assessment of the risk of human salmonellosis arising from the consumption of almonds in the United States: the impact of preventive treatment levels. Journal of food protection, 80(5), 863-878.

The outbreak of salmonella-related illnesses is typical in the United States. The study was conducted to assess the impact of the reduction of microbial treatment levels and the risk associated with human salmonellosis arising from the consumption of almonds. The authors evaluated almond processing in the estimation of current levels of salmonella contamination per day and year. A dose-response of salmonella was used in analyzing the data from the United States. A reduction in 3-log treatment interventions resulted in a predictive mean of risk by 2 cases per year and variability and uncertainty were taken care of separately. The study revealed that a 4-log approach is sufficient in the prevention of salmonellosis illnesses.

Marlow, M. A., Luna-Gierke, R. E., Griffin, P. M., & Vieira, A. R. (2017). Foodborne disease outbreaks in correctional institutions—the United States, 1998–2014. American journal of public health, 107(7), 1150-1156.

The study was conducted to evaluate the outbreak of salmonella as the common foodborne outbreak illness in United States correctional facilities from 1998 up to 2014. The researchers used data recorded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of foodborne illnesses surveillance team. Official reports from correctional facilities indicated that 20625 illnesses, 204 admittance to hospitals and five salmonella-related illnesses. Forty-five incarcerated individuals were found out to be victims of food-borne illnesses, and 37 states reported at least one outbreak. Leaving food at room temperature was said to be the primary cause of the outbreaks. The authors concluded that poor care accorded to food in correctional facilities is the primary cause of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States.