PhD candidates should provide an authentic personal statements to each of the five following questions/prompts reflecting on their own personal interest. In the event that any outside resources are us
Summarizing Instructions
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Summarize the above article as instructed below:
How do you write an effective summary?
Before you can summarize anything, you must understand it and do some pre-writing. Some of the most common flaws in summaries come from not completing these pre-writing steps. For example, some summary writers get bogged down in the small details and neglect to present the main idea; or they present a series of unconnected thoughts that come directly from the source, but do not coherently indicate what that source was about or how ideas were developed; occasionally, a writer may summarize the structure of a text instead of the ideas in that text. These errors occur because the pre-writing work was done poorly.
Pre-writing Stage
Actively read the article or pay attention to the presentation. Make notes. Make sure you understand what you are summarizing: what is its main purpose? What is the “thesis”? What are the main points that support the thesis? Explain it verbally to someone else. Use your own words to make sure you really understand what you have read or seen.
Reread the article (or your notes on the presentation, or the slides if they have been provided) and break it up into sections or “stages of thought.” Briefly summarize each section and indicate how it relates to the main idea. Again, paraphrase.
Keep your purpose and intended audience in mind when you design your summary; remember, your intended reader has not read the article or seen the presentation. Why are you summarizing it? Why is your audience reading your summary?
Writing Stage
Now you are ready to begin writing your summary. Follow these steps:
Provide the author’s name and title of the text being summarized. If you are are summarizing a speaker’s presentation, give the presenter’s name, the title or topic of the presentation. If context is important to your summary, give some details about the intended audience, etc.
In “Can Ethics be Technologized?” Peter Dombrowski [1] critiques the idea that …
Paraphrase (write in YOUR OWN WORDS) the author’s THESIS or main idea:
… the idea that ethics can be reduced to an objective formula or algorithm that can implemented in any given situation.
Describe, in a neutral and objective manner, how the author supports and develops the main idea. Do not editorialize (evaluate, critique, analyze, etc); simply describe. Keep the following in mind:
summarize the key points used to develop the main idea
leave out minor details and examples that are not important to the main idea
do not quote from the article; or limit quotations to a single key word or important phrase. Padding your summary with quotations will lower your mark.
use signal phrases, such as “Dombrowski explains” and “Dombrowski asserts” to show that the ideas are not yours, but that they come from the article you are summarizing. Do not accidentally plagiarize. Do not inadvertently present the author’s ideas as your own.
Pay attention to verb tense: summaries of ideas are generally given in the present tense, while results and findings are often given in the past tense.
Dombrowski explains … (present tense)
Hollander’s study found that … (past tense)
Summaries of presentations are generally given in the past tense, since the presentation happened only once in the past, while a text can be read and reread several times, making it more “present.” However, a video presentation, such as a TED Talk, would likely be summarized in present tense, much like an article, because it can be reviewed over and over again. Which verb tense you should use is not subject to absolute rules; you will have to use some judgment to determine what sounds best (and what sounds awkward).
Cite and document your source using an IEEE note [1].