Add section 4 and include in section 1 "Organization Strategy" . They are in red. I. System Recommendation (Stage 4) A.
Running head: System Recommendation & Final System Recommendation Report
Stage 4: System Recommendation & Final System Recommendation Report
Lauren Cuthbert
University of Maryland University College
Professor Melissa Belleman
August 11, 2019
Organizational Analysis and Requirements
Introduction
Midtown Family Clinic was founded by Dr. Harold Thompson in 1990 to provide medical services in an area that experienced an increase in the number of new family homes. As the owner and the manager of the medical facility, Dr. Thompson was assisted by two registered nurses. The currents operations in the health facility are not efficient because the two nurses are busy and so much overwhelmed with work that they keep running around. Patients have to wait too long before being attended to. Dr. Thompsons fears that he cannot afford to hire additional staff due to high administrative costs. Therefore, to effectively optimize his clinical and administrative operation, Dr. Thompson intends to install the Electronic Health Records (EHR) system.
(Organizational Strategy)
Strategic Use of Technology
Technology is used in the healthcare industry to facilitate service delivery and minimize human errors. More specifically, technology is strategically used to manage big data and enhance communication. Healthcare facilities use technology to store massive data ranging from patient’s information and medical records, employees’ details, and medical records. Technology assures easier retrieval and security of data since users can back up their data and access it whenever it is needed. Furthermore, features such as intranet and internet enhance communication between professionals and other staff. In addition, information is shared which will dramatically reduce time wasted while moving from office to office (Rauv, 2017). By installing the EHR system, Dr. Thompson will achieve the following goals:
Increase efficiency in operation. The EHR system enhances smooth operations in administrative work. The need to fill out forms manually every time a patient visits the facility will be eliminated since once the information is filled in the system, it can be retrieved in seconds using the search feature. This will go a long way in reducing waiting time. The office space will be spacious and presentable since bulk files will be eliminated as well.
Upgrade and expand the clinic. Dr. Thompson can make use of technology to effectively expand the clinic into a 3- physician group to generate additional income. For instance, patients can use the EHR system to check themselves in when the front desk nurse is busy and can be automatically assigned to a specific physician depending on the issue at hand.
Technology will help in improving the safety of patients, quality of care and financial management: The system will significantly reduce cases of human errors such as the wrong diagnosis since the system will provide a detailed prescription and instructions that are computer-generated. As opposed to hand-written instructions and prescriptions that patients can barely read the content, computer-generated instructions and prescriptions are clearly typed and easy to read. Also, it maintains a clear record of the number of patients that are served, which is helpful in financial management.
Components of an Information System
An information system is defined as a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build to help them in collecting, creating, and disseminating useful data (Valacich & Schneider, 2010). It is comprised of people, technology, processes, and data.
People
The people who would use the new EHR system include Dr. Thompson, Vivian (Nurse 1), Marie (Nurse 2), and patients.
As the Owner and Manager of Midtown Family Clinic, Dr. Thompson will need the EHR system to assess the performance of the clinic. He can use the system to communicate with the front desk nurse when sending a prescription or to the assisting nurse when he is sending a patient for a laboratory examination. The system is used to store lab results.
The front office nurse who oversees the administrative work can use the system to save records of patients for future reference. The EHR system is also used to check-in patients for examination, and the report is sent directly to the doctor who calls the patient for consultation.
The second nurse who acts as an assistant to Dr. Thompson uses the system to communicate with the doctor. She saves lab results and sends back to the doctor for interpretation.
Patients can use the system to sign in automatically or book an appointment. Also, the system stores patients’ information and medical records.
Organizational Processes
Three processes that would be supported by the EHR system include patients checking in, billing patients, and file retrieval.
Instead of patients waiting in queues to have their information filled up, the system will enhance facts and automatic check-in because the patient's information is already in the system. However, first-time patients will be required to fill in their information.
The system will be used in billing, which is based on services rendered to patients. This enhances confidentiality as it eliminates the use of any third party.
The third necessary process if file retrieval. The EHR system allows for easier recovery of information stored. Patients personal information, as well as medical records, can be retrieved in seconds.
Data
The following is the data that will be found in the EHR system:
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Requirements
Essential EHR technical requirements refer to critical functions that the system is expected to perform.
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Summary
By installing the EHR system, Dr. Thompson will realize not only efficiency in clinical and administrative operations but also a significant reduction in regulatory cost. The system will enhance communication between the doctor and the two nurses. This will effectively help in reducing time wasted while running around to deliver or receive information. As a result, patients will have a new experience where the waiting time will significantly decrease. They will be served quickly without having to wait for hours.
Sharing Data
Introduction
The Electronic Health Records (EHR) system is expected to enhance efficiency in administrative and clinical operations. It will facilitate the collection and storage of patients’ information as well as communication within the organization. (Nester & Hale, 2002). Also, the system should have the capacity to share information with other organizations electronically. This would enhance quality care and effective service delivery since practitioners can effectively communicate with other practitioners to help understand patients' needs.
Need to Share Data
Since healthcare facilities are not a standalone institution, there is dire for the organization to communicate with an external interdependent organization to deliver medical services effectively and efficiently. External communication is a communication that occurs between the organization and other individuals, groups or organizations (Surbhi, 2017). Two major external organizations that Midtown Family Clinic should keep active communication with are health insurance providers that provide health cover to patients and pharmacies where patients go to collect the prescribed medicine. external communication is a communication that occurs between the organization and other individuals, groups or organizations.
Health Insurance Providers
Services offered to patients are paid either by cash or insurance if the patient is covered. The clinic should communicate with health insurance providers to confirm insurance status and to initiate billing when the patient is under a medical cover.
Pharmacies
Patients are sent to pharmacies with a doctor's prescription to collect medicine. The EHR system should allow the doctor to transfer the prescription electronically to the pharmacy where the patient goes to pick the medicine. This will promote efficiency in service delivery as it will eliminate unnecessary delays of having to wait for the doctor to give the prescription to the patient.
Type of Data to be Shared
Information shared between the clinic, and health insurance organizations should help in verifying patient’s insurance coverage as well as facilitating the billing process. Similarly, information shared between pharmacies, and the clinic should help the pharmacy know the right medication to give the patient. It should contain vital information such as prescription instructions, allergies, and a patient's medical history.
| Health Insurance Providers | |
| Data Element or Item | Data Goes TO/FROM Midtown Family Clinic |
| To Midtown Family Clinic |
| From Midtown Family Clinic |
| To and From Midtown Family Clinic |
| From Midtown Family Clinic |
| 5. Lab works | From Midtown Family Clinic |
| Pharmacies | |
| Data Element or Item | Data Goes TO/FROM Midtown Family Clinic |
| From Midtown Family Clinic |
| 2. Clinical Information | From Midtown Family Clinic |
| 3. Prescription Information | From Midtown Family Clinic |
| 4. Allergy Information | From Midtown Family Clinic |
| 5. Pharmacy Information | To Midtown Family Clinic |
Data Interchange Standards
The data interchange standard applicable while sharing data between the clinic and health insurance organizations is the Health Level Seven (HL7). HL7 refers to international standards that are applied when sharing or transferring administrative and clinical data between different healthcare givers (Hammond, Jaffe & Kush, 2009). This standard is used to harmonize the challenges faced when transferring data between software programmed in different languages (Institute of Medicine, 2004). It advocates the use of a standard messaging format which makes communication and transmission of data easy and effective. HL7 standard requires a fully functional information system that includes the computers, peripherals, servers, network connection, and appropriate software (applications). The HL7 rule is essential because it helps healthcare providers communicate with each other effectively without the need for physical movement. This helps in reducing administrative time, leading to faster delivery of services. Midtown Family Clinic will apply the HL7 standard while communicating with different health insurance providers to keep them informed and up to date with the patient's diagnosis.
The National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) Script Standard is used when healthcare facilities share data with pharmacies. The NCPDP script standard is used in transmitting electronic prescriptions from doctors to pharmacies (NCPDP, n.d.). The NCPDP script standard requires a fully functional information system that includes the computers, peripherals, servers, network connection, and appropriate software (applications). The script standard is important; it not only allows easier communication between the two organizations but also promotes data safety while transferring. The NCPDP script standard applies in Midtown Family Clinic because the doctor will be sending new prescriptions to pharmacies.
Summary
Interdependent institutions such as clinics, pharmacies, and health insurance providers should have a system that facilitates effective communication and data sharing to eliminate the need for physical movement and save time. Dr. Thompson will benefit massively from the EHR system since it will facilitate communication with external organizations, save cost on administrative work and reduce time wastage, which ultimately leads to increased efficiency and productivity. The clinic should, however, comply with existing data interchange standards such as the HL7 and NCPDP SCRIPT standards to enhance the data sharing process.
Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Policy Issues
Introduction
There are various considerations relating to ethical, legal, and regulatory issues that provide a basis for the healthcare business. A healthcare business must consider all these issues to comply with and fulfill the requirements of the state. The organizations should not only follow ethical and legal standards, but also regulatory policies proposed by the government. Likewise, following all the ethical, legal, and regulatory policies will enable the Midtown Family Health Clinic to work as a responsible organization. When there is strong collaboration within the organization among all stakeholders there will be the provision of quality and timely services to clients.
Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Policy Issues
| Table of Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Policy Issues | |||
| S. No | Topic | Definition of the Topic | How the topic impacts and will be addressed in the selection and use of an EHR system |
| Safe Design | This is a unique term since it defines how healthcare professionals are engaged, educated, and evaluated. In healthcare services, the safe design comes first before anything that is started in healthcare. | To make the issue of safe design successful at Midtown Health Clinic all the members of the clinic will be provided necessary tools such as training. As an organization, the clinic considers safe design issue as one of the most important issues that need to be addressed to move ahead. | |
| Meaningful Use | When there is a matter of sharing patient’s information the term meaningful use is utilized, it tells what minimum standards shall be followed to share patient’s information. The security of patient’s information shall be a top priority and only insurers and healthcare providers can access it. | This issue has significant importance and it must be ensured that only relevant personnel shall receive and share information. Standards shall be followed strictly since any compromise or negligence will lead to compromise the credibility and integrity of the organization. | |
| Quality Improvement | In healthcare terminology, quality improvement means a continuous and constant evolution within the system. The focus on quality improvement increases the provision of services. | The department of quality improvement at Midtown Health Clinic can be advanced by having measurable goals. The provision of feedback on quality will enhance the overall efficiency of the department. | |
| Data Accuracy | The accuracy of data during the process of entering the data. The maximum accuracy can be ensured in data entry when only right and accurate values are used to be entered. | We must follow data entry protocols to ensure maximum accuracy. As an organization, keeping and maintaining data accuracy will be necessary for us to compete in the market successfully. | |
| Data Accessibility | The capacity to approach important data or information timely and appropriately. It enables healthcare personnel to provide required healthcare services to patients promptly. | We ensure the efficiency of data accessibility at all stages. The efficiency and accuracy of data accessibility will make us a trustworthy organization that will ultimately benefit both the patients and the organization. | |
| Data Comprehensiveness | The authenticity and accuracy of available data. The term makes sure that all the relevant information to the patient is part of the healthcare record. | We must ensure that all our training activities are under data comprehensiveness. The focus on data comprehensiveness will enable us to bring more productivity to our services. We should follow all the protocols of data comprehensiveness to keep our patients out of risk. | |
| Data Consistency | The term data consistency describes at what extent the data is reliable. Technology and electronic tools reduce medical errors and stop overall redundancy taking place within the data. | The use of technology and proper training to users of the technology will be an added advantage to our services. We must ensure that the execution of technology is budget specific. We should also take care of easy accessibility and up-gradation of technology to treat our patients accurately. | |
| Privacy | The ability of healthcare institutions to maintain the safety of patient’s information. Privacy can be maintained only if there is strong collaboration, honesty, and integrity between the organization and third parties. | We must give top priority to our patient’s privacy. The healthcare personnel should be trained regularly to maintain the privacy of patient’s data. We should strictly follow the standards proposed by HIPPA. There should be zero tolerance to any negligence or violation in terms of patient’s privacy and the culprit must be penalized strictly. | |
| Confidentiality | The term confidentiality means restricting an individual so that he/she cannot be able to share confidential or private information with others except those who are authorized. Third parties such as insurance company and medical personnel such as physician and caregivers should access a patient’s medical record to keep confidentiality at the maximum level. | We will equip our staff with scheduled training on confidentiality protocols to keep reminding them that confidentiality must be maintained at all stages. We require our staff to strictly follow federal policies on confidentiality and share personal information of our patients only if it is indispensable. | |
| 10 | Security | The safety and protection of the patient’s information to avoid compromising data. The security protocols mentioned under HIPPA provide complete guidelines as to how to keep healthcare information secure. | All the training sessions must be followed by security protocols particularly initial training that newly joining staff receives. We must provide security training to all staff members to keep sensitive information about our patients safe. |
| 11 | Individually Identifiable Health Information | The demographic data or information to be used to identify a patient. Healthcare providers can discriminate patients from one another with the help of this tool. | We must follow HIPPA security rules that will provide us a complete guideline to maintain security on patient’s information. The integration of individually identifiable health information in our training plan will enable us to provide better healthcare services to our patients in the long run. |
| 12 | Protected Health Information | Linking / integrating information with an individual (third party) by a healthcare provider. Third parties usually use it for tracking payments of medical bills to keep their client hassle-free. | We must work with other healthcare organizations closely for accurate and appropriate distribution of our patient’s information. A constant feedback system will ensure protected health information between our organization and healthcare providers. The channels of communication must be opened with all stakeholders to keep information up to date. |
| 13 | HIPAA Privacy Rule | Uniform standards to keep record of patients safe. The application of HIPPA is universal to all healthcare organizations and service providers who have accessibility to medical records directly or indirectly. | We must follow HIPPA privacy rules in all our training programs and services to maintain corporate social responsibility (CSR). Our focus on HIPPA privacy rules will confirm that maintaining information of the patient is our ultimate responsibility. |
| 14 | HIPAA Security Rule | A national protocol needs to be followed while processing records of healthcare. This provides a complete guideline as to how to use and maintain healthcare records. | We must ensure that frequent training on HIPPA security rule is provided to our staff. Working closely with stakeholders will confirm that we regard to HIPPA security rule on a priority basis. |
| 15 | Business Associate Contracts | A person who performs functions on behalf of an individual for some healthcare issues. He/she can be an individual or a business entity. The individuals are covered under business associate contracts. | We should establish a strong relationship with our business associate contracts to increase the range of our services. The complete understanding of roles is necessary to continue the process in the long run. |
| 16 | Authentication | The methods that are used for recognizing the identity of individuals such as face, voice, hand or signature. Authentication is an integral part of the healthcare process that protects individuals, information, and equipment from misuse. | We must ensure that our authentication devices are functional and hold modern standards. To remain competitive in the market we must use the latest technology. We should allocate the proper budget to buy the latest and advanced technology equipment. |
| 17 | Authorization | Authorization is approval from the patient to his/her caregiver to share medical records to any third party or other caregivers. This activity will fall under illegal means if fails to get the consent of the authority. | To ensure authorization we must update records properly. This will provide a baseline for data authenticity. The medical release must be clear, concise, and readily available to get authorization. |
| 18 | Encryption | This tool helps healthcare organizations to keep information of patients disguised. This provides security layers to keep data safe. The unauthorized healthcare personnel are unable to access the data under encryption. | We must use appropriate technology to encrypt data of our patients. The use of latest software on encryption will help us to prove our claim that we guarantee data protection of our patients. |
| 19 | Technical Safeguards | The self-sufficiency of healthcare organizations in keeping electronic healthcare information secured. Technical safeguards only authorize access to users who are technically and legally authorized. | The confirmation of technical safeguard at the workplace must be done periodically. We must provide training to relevant staff constantly according to technology integration. |
| 20 | Healthcare Ethical Principles | To maintain quality healthcare services the use of healthcare principles is necessary. Healthcare ethical principles are moral bindings that require individuals to follow while providing healthcare services to patients. | We must conduct training on ethics every quarter. Serving patients with ethical standards is mandatory since they restrict caregivers and other healthcare service providers to avoid wrongdoings. |
| Table of Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Policy Issues | |||
| S. No | Topic | Definition of the Topic | How the topic impacts and will be addressed in the selection and use of an EHR system |
| Safe Design | This is a unique term since it defines how healthcare professionals are engaged, educated, and evaluated. In healthcare services, the safe design comes first before anything that is started in healthcare. | To make the issue of safe design successful at Midtown Health Clinic all the members of the clinic will be provided necessary tools such as training. As an organization, the clinic considers safe design issue as one of the most important issues that need to be addressed to move ahead. | |
| Meaningful Use | When there is a matter of sharing patient’s information the term meaningful use is utilized, it tells what minimum standards shall be followed to share patient’s information. The security of patient’s information shall be a top priority and only insurers and healthcare providers can access it. | This issue has significant importance and it must be ensured that only relevant personnel shall receive and share information. Standards shall be followed strictly since any compromise or negligence will lead to compromise the credibility and integrity of the organization. | |
| Quality Improvement | In healthcare terminology, quality improvement means a continuous and constant evolution within the system. The focus on quality improvement increases the provision of services. | The department of quality improvement at Midtown Health Clinic can be advanced by having measurable goals. The provision of feedback on quality will enhance the overall efficiency of the department. | |
| Data Accuracy | The accuracy of data during the process of entering the data. The maximum accuracy can be ensured in data entry when only right and accurate values are used to be entered. | We must follow data entry protocols to ensure maximum accuracy. As an organization, keeping and maintaining data accuracy will be necessary for us to compete in the market successfully. | |
| Data Accessibility | The capacity to approach important data or information timely and appropriately. It enables healthcare personnel to provide required healthcare services to patients promptly. | We ensure the efficiency of data accessibility at all stages. The efficiency and accuracy of data accessibility will make us a trustworthy organization that will ultimately benefit both the patients and the organization. | |
| Data Comprehensiveness | The authenticity and accuracy of available data. The term makes sure that all the relevant information to the patient is part of the healthcare record. | We must ensure that all our training activities are under data comprehensiveness. The focus on data comprehensiveness will enable us to bring more productivity to our services. We should follow all the protocols of data comprehensiveness to keep our patients out of risk. | |
| Data Consistency | The term data consistency describes at what extent the data is reliable. Technology and electronic tools reduce medical errors and stop overall redundancy taking place within the data. | The use of technology and proper training to users of the technology will be an added advantage to our services. We must ensure that the execution of technology is budget specific. We should also take care of easy accessibility and up-gradation of technology to treat our patients accurately. | |
| Privacy | The ability of healthcare institutions to maintain the safety of patient’s information. Privacy can be maintained only if there is strong collaboration, honesty, and integrity between the organization and third parties. | We must give top priority to our patient’s privacy. The healthcare personnel should be trained regularly to maintain the privacy of patient’s data. We should strictly follow the standards proposed by HIPPA. There should be zero tolerance to any negligence or violation in terms of patient’s privacy and the culprit must be penalized strictly. | |
| Confidentiality | The term confidentiality means restricting an individual so that he/she cannot be able to share confidential or private information with others except those who are authorized. Third parties such as insurance company and medical personnel such as physician and caregivers should access a patient’s medical record to keep confidentiality at the maximum level. | We will equip our staff with scheduled training on confidentiality protocols to keep reminding them that confidentiality must be maintained at all stages. We require our staff to strictly follow federal policies on confidentiality and share personal information of our patients only if it is indispensable. | |
| 10 | Security | The safety and protection of the patient’s information to avoid compromising data. The security protocols mentioned under HIPPA provide complete guidelines as to how to keep healthcare information secure. | All the training sessions must be followed by security protocols particularly initial training that newly joining staff receives. We must provide security training to all staff members to keep sensitive information about our patients safe. |
| 11 | Individually Identifiable Health Information | The demographic data or information to be used to identify a patient. Healthcare providers can discriminate patients from one another with the help of this tool. | We must follow HIPPA security rules that will provide us a complete guideline to maintain security on patient’s information. The integration of individually identifiable health information in our training plan will enable us to provide better healthcare services to our patients in the long run. |
| 12 | Protected Health Information | Linking / integrating information with an individual (third party) by a healthcare provider. Third parties usually use it for tracking payments of medical bills to keep their client hassle-free. | We must work with other healthcare organizations closely for accurate and appropriate distribution of our patient’s information. A constant feedback system will ensure protected health information between our organization and healthcare providers. The channels of communication must be opened with all stakeholders to keep information up to date. |
| 13 | HIPAA Privacy Rule | Uniform standards to keep record of patients safe. The application of HIPPA is universal to all healthcare organizations and service providers who have accessibility to medical records directly or indirectly. | We must follow HIPPA privacy rules in all our training programs and services to maintain corporate social responsibility (CSR). Our focus on HIPPA privacy rules will confirm that maintaining information of the patient is our ultimate responsibility. |
| 14 | HIPAA Security Rule | A national protocol needs to be followed while processing records of healthcare. This provides a complete guideline as to how to use and maintain healthcare records. | We must ensure that frequent training on HIPPA security rule is provided to our staff. Working closely with stakeholders will confirm that we regard to HIPPA security rule on a priority basis. |
| 15 | Business Associate Contracts | A person who performs a specific function on behalf of an individual for some healthcare issues. He/she can be an individual or a business entity. The individuals are covered under business associate contracts. | We should establish a strong relationship with our business associate contracts to increase the range of our services. The complete understanding of roles is necessary to continue the process in the long run. |
| 16 | Authentication | The methods that are used for recognizing the identity of individuals such as face, voice, hand or signature. Authentication is an integral part of the healthcare process that protects individuals, information, and equipment from misuse. | We must ensure that our authentication devices are functional and hold modern standards. To remain competitive in the market we must use the latest technology. We should allocate the proper budget to buy the latest and advanced technology equipment. |
| 17 | Authorization | Authorization is approval from the patient to his/her caregiver to share medical records to any third party or other caregivers. This activity will fall under illegal means if fails to get the consent of the authority. | To ensure authorization we must update records properly. This will provide a baseline for data authenticity. The medical release must be clear, concise, and readily available to get authorization. |
| 18 | Encryption | This tool helps healthcare organizations to keep information of patients disguised. This provides security layers to keep data safe. The unauthorized healthcare personnel are unable to access the data under encryption. | We must use appropriate technology to encrypt data of our patients. The use of latest software on encryption will help us to prove our claim that we guarantee data protection of our patients. |
| 19 | Technical Safeguards | The self-sufficiency of healthcare organizations in keeping electronic healthcare information secured. Technical safeguards only authorize access to users who are technically and legally authorized. | The confirmation of technical safeguard at the workplace must be done periodically. We must provide training to relevant staff constantly according to technology integration. |
| 20 | Healthcare Ethical Principles | To maintain quality healthcare services the use of healthcare principles is necessary. Healthcare ethical principles are moral bindings that require individuals to follow while providing healthcare services to patients. | We must conduct training on ethics every quarter. Serving patients with ethical standards is mandatory since they restrict caregivers and other healthcare service providers to avoid wrongdoings. |
Addressing the Most Difficult Issue
One of the most difficult issues in my opinion that Midtown Family Health Clinic may is the provision of adequate training to staff. The Clinic can remain competitive in the market if the management ensures the provision of timely and enough training sessions to both technical and non-technical staff. In the modern healthcare industry, investing in own staff is a great tool that provides benefits not only in short-run but also in the long-run. The Clinic should follow safe design factors while investing in its staff. The personnel can be provided necessary training such as Healthcare Construction Certificate (HCC) to bring efficiency in their working. This will increase staff productivity and help the organization grow rapidly (ASHE, 2019). The HCC training is specifically designed on safe design principles all together that will equip and enhance the working capacity of staff.
Summary
Midtown Family Health Clinic has a goal to serve its patients with state-of-the-art healthcare services. For this reason, the clinic ensures diverse and courteous staff at the workplace with 24/7 availability. The working efficiency staff and overall performance of the clinic can be enhanced by following all the principles of safe design. Investing in staff in terms of training and development will yield appropriate returns. The goal of Midtown Family Health Clinic can be accomplished by maintaining and ensuring the healthcare principles properly.
System Recommendation (Stage 4)
Introduction
Proposed IT solution
How the Proposed IT Solution Meets the Requirements
Improvements from Proposed IT Solution
Implementation Considerations
Summary
Conclusion (Stage 4)
References
References
ASHE. (2019). Health Care Construction Workshop | ASHE. Retrieved July 28, 2019, from http://www.ashe.org/education/hcc/index.shtml
Hammond, W. E., Jaffe, C., & Kush, R., D. (2009). Healthcare standards development: The value of nurturing collaboration. Journal of AHIMA 80, no.7: 44-50.
NCPDP. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/key-topics/ncpdp
Nester, T. M., & Hale, L. S. (2002). Effectiveness of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in promoting patient safety. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 59(22):2221-5. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/59.22.2221.
Surbhi, S. (2017). Difference between internal and external communication. Key Differences. Retrieved from s://keydifferences.com/difference-httpbetween-internal-and-external communication.html
Rauv, S. (2017, June 14). The impact of technology in Healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.elcomcms.com/resources/blog/the-impact-of-technology-in-healthcare-trends-benefits-examples
Valacich, J. & Schneider, C. (2010). Information systems today: Managing in the digital world, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall. Pearson Education, Inc.
