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Example of an Annotated Bibliography (APA Style)
Gipson, T., Lance, E., Albury, R., Gentner, M., & Leppert, M. (2015). Disparities in
identification of comorbid diagnoses in children with ADHD. Clinical Pediatrics, 54(4): 376-381.
The authors examine ADHD children with relevant comorbid conditions and medication prescribing habits based on comprehensive neurodevelopmental evaluations versus insurance limited evaluations to behavior management and medication. This was done using a retrospective review of medical records at the Center for Development and Learning Clinic. Data for demographics, comorbidities, medications, and interventions were analyzed for associations between groups. Results demonstrated that kids who received comprehensive evaluations had a greater degree of diagnosis for comorbidities. This stimulates the question of income levels and comprehensive evaluations in ADHD kids and comorbid conditions.
Hinojosa, M., Hinojosa, R., Fernandez-Baca, D., Knapp, C., & Thompson, L. (2012). Parental strain, parental health, and community characteristics among children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Academic Pediatrics, 12(6): 502-508.
The authors examined the impact on parents who have a child with ADHD and comorbidities. Using the National Survey of Children’s Health dataset, they conducted a bivariate, multivariate, and descriptive analysis to look for associations between kids with ADHD and comorbid conditions and the strain on parents, social support, mother’s mental health, and local amenities. Results showed an increase in parental strain when caring for an ADHD child with a co-occurring condition. It also showed that lack of social support and lack of access to community amenities were predictors of increased parental strain. This study demonstrates the impact on the health of caregivers to ADHD children with comorbidities.
Radigan, M., Lannon, P., Roohan, P., & Gesten, F. (2005). Medication patterns for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychiatric conditions in a low-income population. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15(1): 44-56.
The authors examined the psychotropic medications usage of low-income kids who have been diagnosed with ADHD comparing those with and without comorbid conditions. The New York State Department of Health Medicaid Encounter Data System was used to extract information on 6,922 kids 3-19 years of age. A multivariate logistic regression was conducted to look at associations between ADHD with comorbid conditions and medication usage. Results showed the strongest predictors of medication use to be comorbid conditions and Social Security Income Medicaid eligible status. This study stimulates the question of the possibility for ADHD children with comorbidities to have treatment variations based on income status.
Rockhill, C., Violette, H., Vander Stoep, A., Grover, S., & Myers, K. (2013). Caregivers’ distress: Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders assessed via telemental health. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23(6): 379-385.
The authors examined the additional impact of comorbidities in kids with ADHD and the relationship to caregiver distress. Data was obtained from the Children’s ADHD Telemental Health Treatment Study for kids with ADHD in underserved communities. ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to look for associations between ADHD alone, ADHD plus one comorbid condition, and ADHD plus two or more comorbidities and caregiver distress. They found that parents of ADHD kids plus one or more comorbid conditions had higher levels of depression, stress, and strain compared to parents of kids with ADHD alone. This study reinforces the need to better understand the dynamics of ADHD and comorbidities and potential disparities.
