Now, you will zero in on some aspect of that issue that affects vulnerable and disenfranchised groups differently from the way it affects dominant cultural groups. Continuing to add sources as necessa

LITERATURE REVIEW: A SYNTHESIS MATRIX

LA 498-CBE

Approved Research Topic: My approved research topic is causes of violence against healthcare workers and how we can resolve them.

JOURNAL NAME, ARTICLE NAME, DATE, PERMALINK	AUTHOR(S)	FOCUS/PURPOSE OF STUDY	RESULTS	AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER RESEARCHERS	CONTROVERSIES/DISAGREEMENTS WITH OTHER RESEARCHERS	IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH & PRACTICE
Violence against doctors, a serious concern for healthcare organizations to ponder about	Ahmed, Farah; Khizar Memon, Muhammad; Memon, Sidra	Aggression; Violence; Protection; Harassments; Organization; Structure.	Aggression and Violence against primary care physicians is reportedly common in Pakistan but there is no any documented study to-date on this burning issue.	Similar to other research, this focus was in Pakistan.	Focus is in Pakistan highlighting one country, does not discuss global implications.	Need follow up case studies and types of providers and aggressors.
Workplace Violence against Nurses, Job Satisfaction, Burnout and Patient Safety in Chinese Hospitals	Liu, Jiali; Zheng, Jing; Liu, Ke; Liu, Xu; Wu, Yan; Wang, Jun; You, Liming	Workplace violence against nurses remained a concern in building healthy work environments.	Workplace violence was associated with less nurse job satisfaction, higher incidences of burnout and lower patient safety. Nurse job satisfaction and burnout mediated the effects of workplace violence on patient safety.	Similar results with other studies.	This study was only on nurses in China.	Expand the study to include other hospital staff and providers.
Workplace Violence Toward Mental Healthcare Workers Employed in Psychiatric Wards	d'Ettorre, Gabriele; Pellicani, Vincenza	Workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCWs) employed in psychiatric inpatient wards is a serious occupational issue that involves both staff and patients; the consequences of WPV may include increased service costs and lower standards of care.	assaults; psychiatric inpatients; risk assessment; risk management; violence	Same type of results in a different kind of healthcare facility	Focus was in a psychiatric setting where all patients are considered unstable.	The purpose of this review was to evaluate which topics have been focused on in the literature and which are new in approaching the concern of patient violence against HCWs employed in psychiatric inpatient wards, in the past 20 years.
Violence towards Emergency Nurses	Ramacciati, Nicola; Ceccagnoli, Andrea; Addey, Beniamino; Rasero, Laura	Physical and verbal aggression against health professionals, particularly nurses	Attacks against healthcare providers has become more prevalent, the most vulnerable being nurses working in the Accident and Emergency Department.	Research shows mostly the same results as other studies	Focus was mostly in nurses on the emergency setting.	Most international research into this issue focused on quantifying aggression, describing its nature, identifying perpetrators, stratifying risk and implementing preventive or mitigating interventions. Few studies investigated the nurses’ subjective perceptions.
Preventing Emergency Department Violence through Design	Lenaghan, Patricia A.; Cirrincione, Nicole M.; Henrich, Steven	Historical trends of workplace violence showing the effect of threats and assaults on staff and regulations affecting workplace violence.	Evidence-based considerations to inform the design of emergency departments to reduce, mitigate, or prevent violence against staff, visitors, and patients.	Similar results with other studies but has more focus on policies referencing violence in the workplace.	None found.	Can these policies mitigate violence if implemented in more healthcare settings?
Effectiveness of training on de-escalation of violence and management of aggressive behavior faced by health care providers in public sector hospitals of Karachi.	Lubna Baig, Sana Tanzil, Shiraz Shaikh, Ibrahim Hashmi, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Maciej Polkowski	Considering high burden of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan APPNA Institute of Public Health developed a training to prevent reactive violence among healthcare providers. The purpose of this training was to equip healthcare providers with skills essential to control aggressive behaviors and prevent verbal and non-verbal violence in workplace settings. This study assesses the effectiveness of training in prevention, de-escalation and management of violence in healthcare settings.	The overall self-perceived mean score of Confidence in Coping with Patient Aggression Instrument “(CCPAI)” scale was significantly higher in intervention group as compared to control group. No statistically significant difference was observed between intervention and control groups with regard to frequency of violence faced by HCPs post training and major perpetrators of violence.	Violence against healthcare workers needs to be controlled.	A quasi-experimental study was conducted in October, 2016 using mixed method concurrent embedded design. The study assessed effectiveness of de-escalation trainings among health care providers working in emergency and gynecology and obstetrics departments of two teaching hospitals in Karachi. Quantitative assessment was done through structured interviews and qualitative through Focus Group Discussions. Healthcare providers` confidence in coping with patient aggression was also measured using a standard validated tool”.	De-escalation of violence training was effective in improving confidence of healthcare providers in coping with patient aggression.
Predictors of Trivialization of Workplace Violence Among Healthcare Workers and Law Enforcers	Steve Geoffrion; Nathalie Lanctôt; André Marchand; Richard Boyer; Stéphane Guay	This study aims to identify individual and organizational predictors of trivialization of violence in 2 work sectors: healthcare and law enforcement. On the basis of data from a survey conducted among 1,141 workers from healthcare (e.g., nurses, orderlies.) and law enforcement (e.g., police, security agents), individual (sex, age, exposure to violence), and organizational factors (violence prevention training, support from colleagues and supervisors, presence of a “zero tolerance” policy and safety of physical environment) were used to predict trivialization of violence.	Among the respondents of the ﬁnal sample of the present study, 29.9% reported being the victim of at least one SVA in the past 12 months prior to their completion of the questionnaire, whereas 57.4% reported being the victim of at least one MVA. On the other hand, 43.2% recalled witnessing at least one SVA, whereas 62.6% stated having witnessed at least one MVA.	Does having a controlled work environment help mitigate the risk?	This study has some limitations. Because the survey is based on a convenience sample, the ﬁndings are not generalizable to the healthcare and law enforcement populations. Overall, our victimization variables were all positively skewed.	On the basis of the identiﬁcation of predictors of trivialization of workplace violence, this study has several implications for the practice of threat assessment and management.
Violence against healthcare workers in a pediatric emergency department.	Gillespie GL; Gates DM; Miller M; Howard PK	The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the workplace violence (WPV) that occurred in a pediatric ED and the negative effects on the workers. Participants perceived that both genders and all occupational groups were at risk for experiencing verbal and physical WPV. Common perpetrator characteristics were patients receiving a psychiatric evaluation and visitors exhibiting acute anxiety. Effects were experienced by workers, perpetrators, patient bystanders, and healthcare employers. It is concluded that WPV is a problem in this pediatric ED, and interventions need to be implemented to promote the safety of the workers and patients.	Regardless of the Healthcare department, workplace violence continues to be a concern.	Mirrors other finding only in a pediatric department.	Findings from this study are limited in that participant interviews used only self-report data; violent events were not triangulated with safety-event reports or occupational injury reports. It is possible that the true scope of physical violence and physical injuries due to violence is higher than that described in this study. Another limitation is that participants might not have been able or were not ready to talk about all aspects of their experiences with WPV. In addition, participants were requested to limit the discussion to the single most stressful experience with WPV over the previous 6 months.	Findings from this study suggest the need for two additional research studies. First, the incidence of WPV in a pediatric ED needs to be determined. It is anticipated that WPV in pediatric EDs is a much greater problem than currently appreciated in the literature, albeit of less frequency than in adult EDs. Second, there is a need to develop and test interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of WPV and decreasing the severity of negative consequences of WPV in a pediatric ED. It is believed that an intervention developed through an action research process in collaboration with ED stakeholders is likely to demonstrate a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of violent events.
Violence against healthcare workers.	Hinsenkamp M	The objective evaluation of the problem is indispensable to counteract the trivialisation, the internalisation and unacceptable tolerance of the violence.	Solutions are not easy but they are varied. Realistic and non-bailable penalties should be increased significantly to dissuade such aggression, but there should also be measures to protect medical personnel including training them to manage violent behaviour. On a broader scale, the youngest members of the population should be taught to respect and assist medical personnel.	Violence against medical personnel due to drug abuse, ignorance, intolerance and a lack of respect has become an ordinary daily occurrence. It can come from patients, from relatives or friends, and sometimes from delinquents.	None noted.	It has taken time for these aggressions to be reported as for many years they were more or less considered part of professional confidentiality by health workers and even minimized by the hospital administration. However, their frequency has increased to the point where some medical unions are now reacting.