Schultz, D.P., & Schultz, S.E. (2012). A History of Modern Psychology, (Ed. 10th). Chapter 9, Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences Chapter 10, Behaviorism: The Beginnings Chapter 11, Behaviorism: Aft

Southern Christian Leadership Conference I T is always a very rich and rewarding experi- ence when I can take a brief break from the day-to-day demands of our struggle for free- dom and human dignity and discuss the issues in- volved in that struggle with concerned friends of good will all over this nation.

It is particularly a great privilege to discuss these issues with mem- bers of the academic community, who are con- stantly writing about and dealing with the prob- lems that we face and who have the tremendous responsibility of moulding the minds of young men and women all over our country.

In the preface to their book, Applied Sociology, S.

M.

Miller and Alvin Gouldner (1965) state:

"It is the historic mission of the social sciences to en- able mankind to take possession of society." It follows that for Negroes who substantially are ex- cluded from society this science is needed even more desperately than for any other group in the population.

For social scientists, the opportunity to serve in a life-giving purpose is a humanist challenge of rare distinction.

Negroes too are eager for a rendezvous with truth and discovery.

We are aware that social scientists, unlike some of their colleagues in the physical sciences, have been spared the grim feel- ings of guilt that attended the invention of nuclear weapons of destruction. Social scientists, in the main, are fortunate to be able to extirpate evil, not to invent it.

If the Negro needs social science for direction and for self-understanding, the white society is in even more urgent need. White America needs to understand that it is poisoned to its soul by racism and the understanding needs to be carefully docu- mented and consequently more difficult to reject.

The present crisis arises because, although it is 1 Invited Distinguished Address presented to the meeting of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C., September 1967. Martin Luther King, Jr., is President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Atlanta, Georgia.

historically imperative that our society take the next step to equality, we find ourselves psycho- logically and socially imprisoned.

All too many white Americans are horrified not with conditions of Negro life but with the product of these condi- tions—the Negro himself.

White America is seeking to keep the walls of segregation substantially intact while the evolution of society and the Negro's desperation is causing them to crumble.

The white majority, unprepared and unwilling to accept radical structural change, is resisting and producing chaos while complaining that if there were no chaos orderly change would come.

Negroes want the social scientist to address the white community and "tell it like it is." White America has an appalling lack of knowledge con- cerning the reality of Negro life.

One reason some advances were made in the South during the past decade was the discovery by northern whites of the brutal facts of southern segregated life.

It was the Negro who educated the nation by drama- tizing the evils through nonviolent protest.

The social scientist played little or no role in disclosing truth.

The Negro action movement with raw courage did it virtually alone. When the majority of the country could not live with the extremes of brutality they witnessed, political remedies were enacted and customs were altered.

These partial advances were, however, limited principally to the South and progress did not automatically spread throughout the nation.

There was also little depth to the changes. White America stopped murder, but that is not the same thing as ordaining brotherhood; nor is the ending of lynch rule the same thing as inaugurating justice.

After some years of Negro-white unity and par- tial successes, white America shifted gears and went into reverse. Negroes, alive with hope and enthusiasm, ran into sharply stiffened white re- sistance at all levels and bitter tensions broke out in sporadic episodes of violence.

New lines of 180 BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST AND CIVIL RIGHTS 181 hostility were drawn and the era of good feeling disappeared.

The decade of 1955 to 1965, with its constructive elements, misled us.

Everyone, activists and social scientists, underestimated the amount of violence and rage Negroes were suppressing and the amount of bigotry the white majority was disguising.

Science should have been employed more fully to warn us that the Negro, after 350 years of handicaps, mired in an intricate network of con- temporary barriers, could not be ushered into equality by tentative and superficial changes.

Mass nonviolent protests, a social invention of Negroes, were effective in Montgomery, Birming- ham, and Selma in forcing national legislation which served to change Negro life sufficiently to curb explosions.

But when changes were confined to the South alone, the North, in the absence of change, began to seethe.

The freedom movement did not adapt its tactics to the different and unique northern urban condi- tions.

It failed to see that nonviolent marches in the South were forms of rebellion. When Negroes took over the streets and shops, southern society shook to its roots. Negroes could contain their rage when they found the means to force relatively radical changes in their environment.

In the North, on the other hand, street demon- strations were not even a mild expression of mili- tancy.

The turmoil of cities absorbs demonstra- tions as merely transitory drama which is ordinary in city life.

Without a more effective tactic for upsetting the status quo, the power structure could maintain its intransigence and hostility. Into the vacuum of inaction, violence and riots flowed and a new period opened.

Urban riots must now be recognized as durable social phenomena.

They may be deplored, but they are there and should be understood. Urban riots are a special form of violence.

They are not insurrections.

The rioters are not seeking to seize territory or to attain control of institutions.

They are mainly intended to shock the white com- munity.

They are a distorted form of social pro- test.

The looting which is their principal feature serves many functions.

It enables the most en- raged and deprived Negro to take hold of consumer goods with the ease the white man does by using his purse. Often the Negro does not even want what he takes; he wants the experience of taking.

But most of all, alienated from society and know- ing that this society cherishes property above people, he is shocking it by abusing property rights.

There are thus elements of emotional catharsis in the violent act.

This may explain why most cities in which riots have occurred have not had a repeti- tion, even though the causative conditions remain.

It is also noteworthy that the amount of physical harm done to white people other than police is infinitesimal and in Detroit whites and Negroes looted in unity.

A profound judgment of today's riots was ex- pressed by Victor Hugo a century ago.

He said, "If a soul is left in darkness, sins will be com- mitted.

The guilty one is not he who commits the sin, but he who causes the darkness." The policy makers of the white society have caused the darkness; they created discrimination; they structured slums; and they perpetuate unem- ployment, ignorance, and poverty.

It is incon- testable and deplorable that Negroes have com- mitted crimes; but they are derivative crimes.

They are born of the greater crimes of the white society. When we ask Negroes to abide by the law, let us also demand that the white man abide by law in the ghettos. Day-in and day-out he violates welfare laws to deprive the poor of their meager allotments; he flagrantly violates building codes and regulations; his police make a mockery of law; and he violates laws on equal employment and education and the provisions for civic services.

The slums are the handiwork of a vicious system of the white society; Negroes live in them but do not make them any more than a prisoner makes a prison.

Let us say boldly that if the total viola- tions of law by the white man in the slums over the years were calculated and compared with the law breaking of a few days of riots, the hardened criminal would be the white man.

These are often difficult things to say but I have come to see more and more that it is necessary to utter the truth in order to deal with the great problems that we face in our society.

There is another cause of riots that is too im- portant to mention casually—the war in Vietnam.

Here again, we are dealing with a controversial issue.

But I am convinced that the war in Viet- nam has played havoc with our domestic destinies.

The bombs that fall in Vietnam explode at home.

It does not take much to see what great damage this war has done to the image of our nation.

It has left our country politically and morally isolated 182 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST in the world, where our only friends happen to be puppet nations like Taiwan, Thailand, and South Korea.

The major allies in the world that have been with us in war and peace are not with us in this war.

As a result we find ourselves socially and politically isolated.

The war in Vietnam has torn up the Geneva Accord.

It has seriously impaired the United Nations.

It has exacerbated the hatreds between continents, and worse still, between races.

It has frustrated our development at home by telling our underprivileged citizens that we place insatiable military demands above their most critical needs.

It has greatly contributed to the forces of reaction in America, and strengthened the military-industrial complex, against which even President Eisenhower solemnly warned us. It has practically destroyed Vietnam, and left thousands of American and Vietnamese youth maimed and mutilated.

And it has exposed the whole world to the risk of nuclear warfare.

As I looked at what this war was doing to our nation, and to the domestic situation and to the Civil Rights movement, I found it necessary to speak vigorously out against it. My speaking out against the war has not gone without criticisms.

There are those who tell me that I should stick with Civil Rights, and stay in my place.

I can only re- spond that I have fought too hard and long to end segregated public accommodations to segregate my own moral concerns.

It is my deep conviction that justice is indivisible, that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

For those who tell me I am hurting the Civil Rights movement, and ask, "Don't you think that in order to be respected, and in order to regain support, you must stop talking against the war." I can only say that I am not a consensus leader.

I do not seek to determine what is right and wrong by taking a Gallup Poll to determine majority opinion.

And it is again my deep conviction that ultimately a genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus, but a molder of consensus.

On some positions coward- ice asks the question, "Is it safe?"!

Expediency asks the question, "Is it politic?" Vanity asks the question, "Is it popular?" But conscience must ask the question, "Is it right?" And there comes a time when one must take a stand that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular.

But one must take it because it is right.

And that is where I find myself today.

Moreover, I am convinced, even if war con- tinues, that a genuine massive act of concern will do more to quell riots than the most massive de- ployment of troops.

The unemployment of Negro youth ranges up to 40% in some slums.

The riots are almost entirely youth events—the age range of participants is from 13 to 25.

What hypocrisy it is to talk of saving the new generation—to make it the generation of hope —while consigning it to unemployment and provok- ing it to violent alternatives.

When our nation was bankrupt in the '30s we created an agency to provide jobs to all at their existing level of skill.

In our overwhelming af- fluence today what excuse is there for not setting up a national agency for full employment im- mediately?

The other program which would give reality to hope and opportunity would be the demolition of the slums to be replaced by decent housing built by residents of the ghettos.

These programs are not only eminently sound and vitally needed, but they have the support of an overwhelming majority of the nation—white and Negro.

The Harris Poll on August 21, 1967, disclosed that an astounding 69% of the country support a works program to provide employment to all and an equally astonishing 65% approve a program to tear down the slums.

There is a program and there is heavy majority support for it.

Yet, the administration and Con- gress tinker with trivial proposals to limit costs in an extravagant gamble with disaster.

The President has lamented that he cannot per- suade Congress.

He can, if the will is there, go to the people, mobilize the people's support, and thereby substantially increase his power to persuade Congress.

Our most urgent task is to find the tactics that will move the Government no matter how determined it is to resist.

I believe we will have to find the militant middle between riots on the one hand and weak and timid supplication for justice on the other hand.

That middle ground, I believe, is civil disobedience.

It can be aggressive but nonviolent; it can dislocate but not destroy.

The specific planning will take some study and analysis to avoid mistakes of the past when it was employed on too small a scale and sustained too briefly.

Civil disobedience can restore Negro-white unity.

There have been some very important sane white BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST AND CIVIL RIGHTS 183 voices even during the most desperate moments of the riots.

One reason is that the urban crisis inter- sects the Negro crisis in the city. Many white decision makers may care little about saving Ne- groes, but they must care about saving their cities.

The vast majority of production is created in cities; most white Americans live in them.

The suburbs to which they flee cannot exist detached from cities. Hence powerful white elements have goals that merge with ours.

Now there are many roles for social scientists in meeting these problems. Kenneth Clark has said that Negroes are moved by a suicide instinct in riots and Negroes know there is a tragic truth in this observation. Social scientists should also dis- close the suicide instinct that governs the adminis- tration and Congress in their total failure to re- spond constructively.

What other areas are there for social scientists to assist the Civil Rights movement?

There are many, but I would like to suggest three because they have an urgent quality.

Social science may be able to search out some answers to the problem of Negro leadership.

E.

Franklin Frazier (1957), in his profound work, Black Bourgeoisie, laid painfully bare the tendency of the upwardly mobile Negro to separate from his community, divorce himself from responsibility to it, while failing to gain acceptance into the white community. There has been significant improve- ment from the days Frazier researched, but anyone knowledgeable about Negro life knows its middle class is not yet bearing its weight. Every riot has carried strong overtone of hostility of lower class Negroes toward the affluent Negro and vice versa.

No contemporary study of scientific depth has totally studied this problem. Social science should be able to suggest mechanisms to create a whole- some black unity and a sense of peoplehood while the process of integration proceeds.

As one example of this gap in research, there are no studies, to my knowledge, to explain ade- quately the absence of Negro trade union leader- ship. Eighty-five percent of Negroes are working people.

Some 2,000,000 are in trade unions, but in 50 years we have produced only one national leader—A.

Philip Randolph.

Discrimination explains a great deal, but not everything.

The picture is so dark even a few rays of light may signal a useful direction.

The second area for scientific examination is political action.

In the past 2 decades, Negroes have expended more effort in quest of the franchise than they have in all other campaigns combined.

Demonstrations, sit-ins, and marches, though more spectacular, are dwarfed by the enormous number of man-hours expended to register millions, par- ticularly in the South. Negro organizations from extreme militant to conservative persuasion, Negro leaders who would not even talk to each other, all have been agreed on the key importance of voting.

Stokely Carmichael said black power means the vote and Roy Wilkins, while saying black power means black death, also energetically sought the power of the ballot.

A recent major work by social scientists Mat- thews and Prothro (1966) concludes that "The concrete benefits to be derived from the franchise—• under conditions that prevail in the South—have often been exaggerated," . . .

that voting is not the key that will unlock the door to racial equality because "the concrete measurable payoffs from Negro voting in the South will not be revolu- tionary." James A.

Wilson (1965) supports this view, argu- ing, "Because of the structure of American politics as well as the nature of the Negro community, Negro politics will accomplish only limited objec- tives." If their conclusion can be supported, then the major effort Negroes have invested in the past 20 years has been in the wrong direction and the major pillar of their hope is a pillar of sand.

My own instinct is that these views are essentially er- roneous, but they must be seriously examined.

The need for a penetrating massive scientific study of this subject cannot be overstated. Lipsit (1959) in 1957 asserted that a limitation in focus in politi- cal sociology has resulted in a failure of much contemporary research to consider a number of sig- nificant theoretical questions.

The time is short for social science to illuminate this critically im- portant area.

If the main thrust of Negro effort has been, and remains, substantially irrelevant, we may be facing an agonizing crisis of tactical theory.

The third area for study concerns psychological and ideological changes in Negroes.

It is fashion- able now to be pessimistic.

Undeniably, the free- dom movement has encountered setbacks.

Yet I still believe there are significant aspects of progress.

Negroes today are experiencing an inner trans- 184 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST formation that is liberating them from ideological dependence on the white majority. What has penetrated substantially all strata of Negro life is the revolutionary idea that the philosophy and morals of the dominant white society are not holy or sacred but in all too many respects are de- generate and profane.

Negroes have been oppressed for centuries not merely by bonds of economic and political servi- tude.

The worst aspect of their oppression was their inability to question and defy the funda- mental percepts of the larger society. Negroes have been loath in the past to hurl any fundamental challenges because they were coerced and condi- tioned into thinking within the context of the dominant white ideology.

This is changing and new radical trends are appearing in Negro thought.

I use radical in its broad sense to refer to reading into roots.

Ten years of struggle have sensitized and opened the Negro's eyes to reaching.

For the first time in their history, Negroes have become aware of the deeper causes for the crudity and cruelty that governed white society's responses to their needs.

They discovered that their plight was not a con- sequence of superficial prejudice but was systemic.

The slashing blows of backlash and frontlash have hurt the Negro, but they have also awakened him and revealed the nature of the oppressor.

To lose illusions is to gain truth. Negroes have grown wiser and more mature and they are hearing more clearly those who are raising fundamental questions about our society whether the critics be Negro or white. When this process of awareness and in- dependence crystallizes, every rebuke, every eva- sion, become hammer blows on the wedge that splits the Negro from the larger society.

Social science is needed to explain where this development is going to take us. Are we moving away, not from integration, but from the society which made it a problem in the first place?

How deep and at what rate of speed is this process occurring?

These are some vital questions to be answered if we are to have a clear sense of our direction.

We know we have not found the answers to all forms of social change.

We know, however, that we did find some answers.

We have achieved and we are confident.

We also know we are confronted now with far greater complexities and we have not yet discovered all the theory we need.

And may I say together, we must solve the prob- lems right here in America.

As I have said time and time again, Negroes still have faith in America.

Black people still have faith in a dream that we will all live together as brothers in this country of plenty one day.

But I was distressed when I read in the New York Times of August 31, 1967, that a sociologist from Michigan State University, the outgoing President of the American Sociological Society, stated in San Francisco that Negroes should be given a chance to find an all Negro community in South America:

"that the valleys of the Andes Mountains would be an ideal place for American Negroes to build a second Israel." He further de- clared that "The United States Government should negotiate for a remote but fertile land in Equador, Peru, or Bolivia for this relocation." I feel that it is rather absurd and appalling that a leading social scientist today would suggest to black people, that after all these years of suffering and exploitation as well as investment in the American dream, that we should turn around and run at this point in history.

I say that we will not run! Loomis even compared the relocation task of the Negro to the relocation task of the Jews in Israel.

The Jews were made exiles.

They did not choose to abandon Europe, they were driven out. Furthermore, Israel has a deep tradition, and Biblical roots for Jews.

The Wailing Wall is a good example of these roots.

They also had significant financial aid from the United States for the relocation and rebuilding ef- fort.

What tradition do the Andes, especially the valley of the Andes mountains have for Negroes?

And I assert at this time that once again we must reaffirm our belief in building a democratic society, in which blacks and whites can live to- gether as brothers, where we will all come to see that integration is not a problem, but an op- portunity to participate in the beauty of diversity.

The problem is deep.

It is gigantic in extent, and chaotic in detail.

And I do not believe that it will be solved until there is a kind of cosmic dis- content enlarging in the bosoms of people of good will all over this nation.

There are certain technical words in every aca- demic discipline which soon become stereotypes and even cliches.

Every academic discipline has its technical nomenclature.

You who are in the field of psychology have given us a great word.

It is the word maladjusted.

This word is probably BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST AND CIVIL RIGHTS 185 used more than any other word in psychology.

It is a good word; certainly it is good that in dealing with what the word implies you are declaring that destructive maladjustment should be destroyed.

You are saying that all must seek the well-adjusted life in order to avoid neurotic and schizophrenic personalities.

But on the other hand, I am sure that we all recognize that there are some things in our society, some things in our world, to which we should never be adjusted. There are some things concerning which we must always be maladjusted if we are to be people of good will.

We must never adjust ourselves to racial discrimination and racial segre- gation.

We must never adjust ourselves to re- ligious bigotry.

We must never adjust ourselves to economic conditions that take necessities from the many to give luxuries to the few.

We must never adjust ourselves to the madness of militarism, and the self-defeating effects of physical violence.

In a day when Sputniks, Explorers, and Geminies are dashing through outer space, when guided bal- listic missiles are carving highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can finally win a war.

It is no longer a choice between violence and non- violence, it is either nonviolence or nonexistence.

As President Kennedy declared, "Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to man- kind." And so the alternative to disarmament, the alternative to a suspension in the development and use of nuclear weapons, the alternative to strength- ening the United Nations and eventually disarming the whole world, may well be a civilization plunged into the abyss of annihilation.

Our earthly habitat will be transformed into an inferno that even Dante could not envision.

Thus, it may well be that our world is in dire need of a new organization, the International As- sociation for the Advancement of Creative Malad- justment.

Men and women should be as malad- justed as the prophet Amos, who in the midst of the injustices of his day, could cry out in words that echo across the centuries, "Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream"; or as maladjusted as Abraham Lincoln, who in the midst of his vacillations finally came to see that this nation could not survive half slave and half free; or as maladjusted as Thomas Jefferson, who in the midst of an age amazingly adjusted to slavery, could scratch across the pages of history, words lifted to cosmic proportions, "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal.

That they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights.

And that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." And through such creative maladjustment, we may be able to emerge from the bleak and desolate mid- night of man's inhumanity to man, into the bright and glittering daybreak of freedom and justice.

I have not lost hope.

I must confess that these have been very difficult days for me personally.

And these have been difficult days for every Civil Rights leader, for every lover of justice and peace.

They have been days of frustration—days when we could not quite see where we were going, and when we often felt that our works were in vain, days when we were tempted to end up in the valley of despair.

But in spite of this, I still have faith in the future, and my politics will continue to be a politic of hope.

Our goal is freedom.

And I some- how still believe that in spite of the so-called white backlash, we are going to get there, because however untrue it is to its destiny, the goal of America is freedom.

Abused and scorned though we may be, our destiny as a people is tied up with the destiny of America.

Before the Pilgrim fathers landed at Plymouth, we were here.

Before Jefferson scratched across the pages of history the great words that I just quoted, we were here.

Before the beautiful words of the "Star Spangled Banner" were written, we were here.

For more than 2 cen- turies, our forebears labored here without wages.

They made Cotton King.

They built the home of their masters in the midst of the most humiliating and oppressive conditions.

And yet out of a bottomless vitality, they con- tinued to grow and develop.

If the inexpressable cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition that we now face will surely fail.

We shall win our freedom because both the sacred heritage of our nation, and the eternal will of the almighty God, are embodied in our echoing demands.

And so I can still sing, although many have stopped singing it, "We shall overcome." We shall overcome because the arch of the moral uni- verse is long, but it bends toward justice.

We shall overcome because Carlysle is right, "No lie can live forever." We shall overcome because William Cullen Bryant is right, "Truth crushed to earth will rise again." We shall overcome because James Russell Lowell is right, "Truth forever on the 186 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST scaffold, wrong forever on the throne, yet that scaffold sways a future." And so with this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.

We will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. This will be a great day. This will not be the day of the white man, it will not be the day of the black man, it will be the day of man as man.

REFERENCES FRAZIER, E. F.

Black bourgeoisie. Glcncoe, 111.:

Free Press, 19S6.

LIPSIT, M.

Political sociology.

In, Sociology today.

New York: Basic Books, 1959.

MATTHEWS & PEOTHRO.

Negroes and the new southern politics.

New York:

Harcourt & Brace, 1966.

MILLER, S.

M., & GOULDNER, A.

Applied sociology.

New York: Free Press, 1965.

WILSON, J. A. The Negro in politics. Daedalus, 1965, Fall.