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CHAPTER 2: INSIDE POLICE AGENCIES: UNDERSTANDING MISSION AND CULTURE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Service to the community includes:
a. | suicide prevention. |
b. | delivering death notifications. |
c. | assisting motorists with disabled vehicles. |
d. | all of the above |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 33
2. A mission statement is:
a. | the standard against which administrators evaluate all decisions and actions. |
b. | a statement of how an agency views its relationship with the community. |
c. | both a and b |
d. | neither a nor b |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 30
3. One police departments’ Neighborhood-Oriented Police (NOP) program was perceived as more social work than police work and was referred to as:
a. | neighbors on patrol. |
b. | next door patrol. |
c. | community on patrol. |
d. | nobody on patrol. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 32
4. The statement, “There is no right way to do a wrong thing,” refers to:
a. | criminal behavior. |
b. | ethics. |
c. | rules of criminal procedure. |
d. | mission statements. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
5. Each police agency exercises discretion when it establishes its:
a. | procedures. |
b. | policies. |
c. | mission. |
d. | all of the above |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 46–47
6. The police image is affected by:
a. | individual officer backgrounds. |
b. | the media. |
c. | officers’ personal experiences. |
d. | all of the above |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 40–41
7. According to the text, the public expects the police to:
a. | enforce the law against others. |
b. | give breaks only to their own family and friends. |
c. | help them when they have a problem. |
d. | all of the above |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 45–46
8. Negative contacts:
a. | are unpleasant interactions between the police and the public. |
b. | occur when an officer performs poorly at the firing range. |
c. | result when investigators are unable to develop leads. |
d. | none of the above |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 43
9. Because of their shared experiences and unique exposure to their community, many police officers develop a fierce loyalty to:
a. | poor people. |
b. | minorities. |
c. | each other. |
d. | the community. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 36–37
10. The commonly used police practice of choosing among possible courses of action or inaction when dealing with lawbreakers is known as:
a. | detachment. |
b. | discretion. |
c. | the fairness doctrine. |
d. | the patronage system. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 46
11. According to the text, police officers are most likely to investigate:
a. | burglary. |
b. | noise complaints. |
c. | animal complaints. |
d. | white collar crime. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 33
12. The relationship between the police and the community is profoundly affected by:
a. | police use of discretion. |
b. | police use of force. |
c. | both a and b |
d. | neither a nor b |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 46–49
13. According to the text, the majority of an officer’s actions involve:
a. | high-speed chases. |
b. | apprehending criminals. |
c. | service to the community. |
d. | both a and b |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 33
14. Selective enforcement is:
a. | the opposite of discretion. |
b. | the use of police discretion. |
c. | necessary because people expect all laws to be enforced. |
d. | the principle involved in random sobriety checks. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 47
15. A police department might want to include the community’s input when developing a -mission statement because it:
a. | improves police–community relations. |
b. | decreases the possibility of the agency accomplishing its mission. |
c. | maintains officer support. |
d. | decreases community complaints. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 31
16. This U.S. Supreme Court decision in Terry v. Ohio (1968) recognized the role that discretion plays in policing and:
a. | granted police the authority to conduct community policing field tests without court -approval. |
b. | granted police the power to conduct a search without a warrant prior to arrest. |
c. | granted police authority to stop and question people in field interrogations. |
d. | granted police the authority to question people without having to read them their rights. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 48
17. The increased officer discretion necessary for community policing is a concern to many police administrators who fear loss of control of their:
a. | officers. |
b. | prosecutorial discretion. |
c. | parole searches. |
d. | community relationships. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 47
18. The lowest-ranking and newest patrol officers typically have:
a. | no discretion. |
b. | the least amount of discretion. |
c. | the greatest amount of discretion. |
d. | the same amount of discretion as civilian personnel. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 49
19. Reflective sunglasses, handcuffs, and gun-tie tacks can contribute to a ______________ police image.
a. | positive |
b. | professional |
c. | negative |
d. | compliant |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 42
20. Recent studies on police use of force concluded all of the following are true except:
a. | that less than half of 1 percent of the population actually experienced force during contact with the police. |
b. | that in most instances the force used was of the lower or most moderate level. |
c. | that suspect characteristics, such as race, were not related to the use of force. |
d. | that most citizens do not understand or support law enforcement. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 49–50
21. The transformation of good people into evil people is called:
a. | the Noble Cause effect. |
b. | the integrity lapse effect. |
c. | the Lucifer effect. |
d. | the Halloween effect. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 50
22. Community policing emphasizes:
a. | a wider use of police discretion. |
b. | tighter control over officers’ use of discretion. |
c. | the need for officers to strictly and fairly enforce all laws in every instance. |
d. | solidarity of the police. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 56
23. The average citizen holds many mistaken beliefs about police work due to television shows that portray the police as playing “fast and loose” with the truth. This is called:
a. | media bias. |
b. | the CSI effect. |
c. | factual documentation. |
d. | a negative image portrayal. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 41
24. A vision statement is:
a. | more philosophical than a mission statement. |
b. | the same as a mission statement. |
c. | a review of a department’s past. |
d. | unnecessary for police departments. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 32
25. Which of the following best describes an ethics-check question ?
a. | Is it balanced? |
b. | Will anybody find out? |
c. | Is it cost-effective? |
d. | all of the above |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
26. A guide to officers as to what they should or should not do is called:
a. | baseline standards. |
b. | integrity guides. |
c. | civility. |
d. | values. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
27. Paoline’s study of police culture:
a. | supported the conventional wisdom of isolation and a “them-versus-us” worldview. |
b. | found that isolation and the “them-versus-us” worldview is compatible with community policing. |
c. | found that few officers were confident that they could gain citizens’ cooperation. |
d. | reported that many officers have attitudes and outlooks that vary from those of traditional police culture. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 38–40
28. The majority of police actions have less to do with ______________ and involve service to the community.
a. | order maintenance |
b. | law enforcement |
c. | time maintenance |
d. | social services |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 33
29. According to the text, the law enforcement community is perhaps the best and quickest at culling these types of individuals from the ranks—those who are:
a. | supervisors. |
b. | consistent. |
c. | managers. |
d. | bad people. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 38
30. All of the following are a downside of police discretion except:
a. | The decisions not to invoke the criminal process are seldom subject to review. |
b. | It determines the outer limit of law enforcement. |
c. | The police have the power to decide whom they will arrest. |
d. | The officers are subject to immediate supervisory review. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 48
31. According to the text, ______________ and secrecy within a police department can result in a code of silence.
a. | corruption |
b. | brutality |
c. | solidarity |
d. | paranoia |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 37
32. Controversy over the use of force is almost always discussed in terms of:
a. | police–citizen interactions. |
b. | use of deadly force. |
c. | officer presence at the scene. |
d. | police brutality. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 49
TRUE/FALSE
1. Law enforcement agencies rarely, if ever, seek input from the community when developing mission statements.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 31
2. The police image is affected by individual officers’ backgrounds, the media, and citizens’ personal experiences with the criminal justice system.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 41
3. Police brutality is considered a problem by only a small segment of the public.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 49
4. A 2005 study showed attitudes toward the police were more easily influenced by what a -person heard about someone else’s experience with the police.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 44
5. The police image is affected by the police uniform and the equipment that police officers wear and use.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 42
6. Chief Justice Warren Burger once stated: “The officer working the beat makes more -decisions and exercises broader discretion affecting the daily lives of people every day and to a greater extent than a judge will exercise in a week.”
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 46
7. The use of police discretion is governed in every case by policies and procedures that cover every possible circumstance an officer may face.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 46
8. According to the text, when given a ticket, law-abiding citizens believe they should be -excused and that the police should concentrate on “real” criminals.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 45
9. Generally speaking, officers have broad discretion in deciding under what circumstances to enforce laws.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: pp. 46–47
10. Negative contacts, as defined in the text, will result in the police being unable to perform their duties.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 47
11. The Hug-a-Bear Program is designed to make police officer contacts less negative.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: pp. 42–43
12. Community standards influence how the police enforce laws.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 48
13. Ethical behavior by individual officers and by the department as a whole is indispensable to effective police–community partnerships.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
14. Although officers often operate independently, it is important to remember that the -community watches how officers perform their duties.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 49
15. Police integrity can be defined as “the normative inclination among police to resist -temptations to abuse the rights and privileges of their occupation.”
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 51
16. Traditionally, police officers have been a fairly heterogeneous group.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 35
17. The media have little effect on public opinion.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 41
18. Police are the only agencies within the criminal justice system who have discretionary -powers.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 46
SHORT ANSWER
1. A _______________ is a written declaration of purpose.
ANS:
mission statement
PTS: 1 REF: p. 30
2. The informal values, beliefs, and expectations of officers are known collectively as _______________.
ANS:
police culture
PTS: 1 REF: p. 37
3. Unpleasant interactions between the police and the public are known as _______________.
ANS:
negative contacts
PTS: 1 REF: p. 43
4. Controversy on the use of force by police is almost always discussed in terms of _______________.
ANS:
police brutality
PTS: 1 REF: p. 49
5. The _______________ is affected by individual backgrounds, the media, and citizens’ -personal experiences with the criminal justice system.
ANS:
police image
PTS: 1 REF: p. 56
6. Ethics involves integrity, honesty, values, standards, courage, and ________________.
ANS:
civility
PTS: 1 REF: p. 56
7. According to the text, honesty is synonymous with __________________.
ANS:
credibility
PTS: 1 REF: p. 51
8. A _______________ is simply a belief or philosophy that is meaningful to us.
ANS:
value
PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
9. According to the text, _________________ has been described as being confronted with a difficult problem and making the right decision despite potentially adverse personal or -professional consequences.
ANS:
ethical courage
PTS: 1 REF: p. 52
10. The __________________ is also shaped by appearance and police actions.
ANS:
police image
PTS: 1 REF: p. 56
ESSAY
1. Describe and explain one of the four expectations of citizens according to Skogan.
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 45
2. As listed in the text, describe the building blocks of ethics.
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 51–52
3. Skolnick’s classic description, “A Sketch of the Policeman’s ‘Working Personality’” (1966), included such descriptors as social isolation, solidarity, and authority. Describe what -characteristics were identified in his definition.
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 37
4. Discuss the continuum of compromise and why it is referred to the “slippery slope.”
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 54
5. Ethical dilemmas, as discussed in the text, are often rooted in the ends-versus-means -controversy. Discuss how these ethical dilemmas are dealt with by officers and departments.
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 53