I have posted the guidlenes to do this assignment question paper is attached you just have to find answers for that from the files that I have attached too. assignment 1 guidelines There are many I ha

This type of growth is called exponential growth. § Doubling time (DT) for an exponentially growing population can be estimated as: DT=70 / (growth rate in %) Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Population growth: example • The population of a country is growing at 2.5 per cent per year. If the growth rate stays the same, how many years will it take for its population to double? • Doubling time (DT) in years = 70 / (2.5) = 28 years 7 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 1- 8 Growth vs . Development § Growth : Higher production and consumption • Growth cannot be sustained indefinitely due to depletion and degradation of natural capital • Growth can increase social inequity § Development : Better quality of life • Strives for a sustainable economy • Strives for a more equitable society Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Growth v ersus Development ( cont.) Traditionally, the level of development is measured in terms of: • Gross domestic product (GDP) • Per capita GDP • Degree of industrialization 9 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Developed v ersus Developing Nations Source: Data from the World Bank and the United Nations 10 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Trade-Offs : Economic Development Bad News Life expectancy 11 years less in developing countries Infant mortality rate in developing countries over 8 times higher Poor agricultural practices may limit future food production Pollution levels in most developing countries too high About half of world’s people live on less than $4 per day 11 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. What I s Globalization? Increasing interconnectedness • Social • Economic • Environmental Rapid globalization promoted by • Communication technology • Human mobility • International trade 12 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Resources 13 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Renewable Resources Compare rate of use v ersus replenishment • Rate of use < Rate of replenishment = Sustainable Yield • Rate of use > Rate of replenishment = Environmental Degradation 14 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 1- 15 Tragedy of the Commons § Caused by overuse of common (open- access) resources How do we protect common property? • Regulate access (ban, quota) • Introduce user fee (license, lease) • Priva tize (assign ownership) § Case Study: Canada – Spain Turbot War Ecological Footprint • Ecological footprint is a measure of human impact on the Earth's ecosystem and reveals the dependence of the human economy on natural capital. • Can be measured at the individual, community, national and global levels. • In 2008, global ecological footprint was 50% higher than the Earth’s carrying capacity. We needed an extra “half-planet” to balance our impact . • If current trends continue, “two planet Earths” will be needed by mid-2030s and “three planet Earths” by mid-2050s • Or, we could choose a more sustainable path by reducing consumption, waste generation, pollution and population growth (see figure on next page). 16 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Ecological Footprint Source: © 2015 Global Footprint Network. www.footprintnetwork.org 17 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 18 Pollution Alteration of ambient environmental quality to the extent that it becomes harmful to living organisms What makes a substance a pollutant? • Concentration (a drastic change in quality) • Location (may individuals are affected) • Effects (local/global, temporary/permanent) Sources of pollution • Point (source is fixed and can be identified: chimney) • Nonpoint (source distributed or mobile: crop fields, vehicles) Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Dealing with pollution 19 • Prevention - reduce consumption of inputs - minimize generation of waste - restrict harmful practices (“Pre-cautionary Principle”) • Mitigation - cleanup / manage waste - reduce exposure to harmful substances Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Environmental and Resource Problems Major Problems • Air, water and soil pollution • Loss of biodiversity • Waste generation • Global warming Major Causes • Rapid population growth • Unsustainable resource use • Poverty • Market prices not reflecting environmental costs • Inadequate understanding of the environment 20 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Natural Capital Degradation:

Results of Poverty 21 Source: Data from the United Nations, the World Bank, and World Health Organization Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Environmental and Resource Problems continued 22 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Environmental Interactions 23 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Is Our Present Course Sustainable? Are things getting better or worse? Technological optimists v ersus Environmental pessimists 24 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Environmental Worldviews High Consumption on upper end and on lower end High Conservation • Planetary Management • Stewardship • Environmental Wisdom 25 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Environmental Worldviews continued Planetary Management • As the planet's most important species, we are in charge of the Earth.

• Because of our ingenuity and technology, we will not run out of resources.

• The potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited.

• Our success depends on how well we manage the Earth's life-support systems, mostly for our benefit. Stewardship • We are the planet's most important species, but we have an ethical responsibility to care for the rest of nature.

• We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted.

• We should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage environmentally harmful forms.

• Our success depends on how well we manage the Earth's life- support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature. Environmental Wisdom • Nature exists for all species, and we are not in charge of the Earth.

• Resources are limited, should not be wasted, and are not all for us.

• We should encourage Earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and discourage Earth-degrading forms.

• Our success depends on learning how nature sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature into the ways we think and act. 26 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Principles of Sustainability 27 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Shifting Toward a Sustainable Future Current Emphasis •Nonrenewable energy •Pollution cleanup •Waste disposal (bury or burn) •Protecting species •Environmental degradation •Increased resource use •Population growth •Depleting and degrading natural capital Sustainability Emphasis •Perpetual and renewable energy •Pollution prevention (cleaner production) •Waste prevention, reduction, and recycling •Protecting where species live (habitat protection) •Environmental restoration •Less wasteful (more efficient) resource use •Population stabilization by decreasing birth rates •Protecting natural capital and living off the biological interest it provides 28 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. UN Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development Source: Courtesy of the UNDP 29 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Conclusions • Environmental management involves balancing growth with sustainability • Requires Earth-friendly worldview • Involves science, politics, economics , and philosophy 30