This is a small assignment you just have to find answers from the slides that I have attached. I have also attached the assignment question paper from where you can look for the questions. I have pro

Water Conflicts in the Middle East ▪ Three shared river basins in the Middle East – Nile, Jordan, Tigris-Euphrates ▪ Water shortages in each area are likely to lead to regional conflicts between countries over political rights . – Construction of dams for electricity – Diversion of water for irrigation 3 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Science Focus:

Water’s Unique Properties ▪ Hydrogen bonding ▪ Liquid over wide temperature range ▪ Changes temperature slowly ▪ High heat of evaporation ▪ Dissolves many compounds ▪ Filters UV radiation ▪ Capillary action due to cohesive forces ▪ Expands when it freezes 4 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How M uch F resh W ater I s A vailable ? 5 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Groundwater 6 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How M uch of the R eliable W ater S upply A re W e W ithdrawing ? Currently 54% of reliable runoff used (70–90% by 2025) 7 Source: Data from Gleick et al., 2011 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Case Study: Water Resources in Canada — Abundant but Not Problem-Free ▪ Twenty percent of world’s freshwater ▪ Twenty-five percent of world’s wetlands ▪ Second- highest per capita water use (1493 m 3/yr) ▪ Groundwater – Eighty-five percent of rural use – Eighty-nine percent of agricultural use ▪ Uneven distribution 8 Source: Data from FAO, 2009 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9 Source: Modified from Stanford 1992 Case Study: Water Resources in Canada — Abundant but Not Problem-Free Mean Annual Precipitation in Canada Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 10 Source: Statistics Canada, Atlas of Canada (http://atlas.gc.ca), and Draper and Reed 2005 Drainage Basins and Deficiencies Case Study: Water Resources in Canada — Abundant but Not Problem-Free Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 11 Source: Mathews and Morrow 1985 Freshwater as a Percent of Land Area Case Study: Water Resources in Canada — Abundant but Not Problem-Free Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Canadian household water uses Canadian municipal water usage 12 Source: Data from Table 1, p. 4 of 2010 Municipal Water Use Report, Environment Canada, 2010. Source: Environment Canada 2011 Household Water Use Case Study: Water Resources in Canada — Abundant but Not Problem-Free Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Freshwater Shortage ▪ Drinking water is required by every human, every day . ▪ Fresh water is also needed for sanitation, bathing, food prep, etc. ▪ Less than 1000 m 3 per person, per year is considered a shortage . ▪ Causes : ▪ Dry climate ▪ Drought – Prolonged period with 70% lower precipitation and increased evaporation ▪ Desiccation – Drying of exposed soil due to external activities ▪ Water stress – Low per capita availability due to increased demand 13 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Stress on Major River Basins 14 Source: Data from World Commission on Water Use in the 21st Century Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Degree of Water Stress ▪ Water S tressed – Reliable runoff per person < 1,700 m 3 /yr – Typically, demand 20% more than supply ▪ Water S carcity – Reliable runoff per person < 1,000 m 3 /yr 15 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How C an W e Increase F reshwater S upplies ? ▪ Building dams ▪ Transferring water from another place ▪ Withdrawing groundwater ▪ Converting salt water to fresh ▪ Consider access rights and ownership 16 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Using Dams and Reservoirs 17 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Case Study: China’s Three Gorges Dam — A Controversial Project 18 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Moving W ater F rom O ne P lace to A nother ▪ Diversion of the Aral Sea for irrigation had large impacts on the ecology, economy, and human health ▪ A network of causes and consequences ; for example : increased salinity, which causes fish species extinction, devastating the local industry 19 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Changes to the Aral Sea (1976-2010) 20 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Should Canada S ell W ater to the United States ? ▪ Bargaining for water – Issues of precedent ▪ Sovereignty over water not so clear ▪ Already have inter-basin transfers ▪ Companies aggressively seeking new sources 21 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Tapping Groundwater 22 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Aquifer Depletion in the United States 23 Source: U.S. Water Resources Council and U.S. Geological Survey Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Saltwater Intrusion 24 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Groundwater Depletion: Solutions 25 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Freshwater via Desalination ▪ Removal of salt from sea water – By distillation – By reverse osmosis – High cost (energy) – Briny wastewater Methods Problems 26 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Cloud Seeding, Icebergs , and Water Bags ▪ Cloud S eeding – Not effective in areas with few clouds – Minimal evidence for effectiveness – Introduce chemicals into water system – Legal disputes over ownership ▪ Towing of I cebergs or W ater B ags – No currently feasible technology 27 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Reducing Water Waste ▪ Some 65 –70% of water use is wasted . – Evaporation, leaks, etc. ▪ Some 60 % of irrigation water is wasted . – Flood irrigation delivers more than needed . ▪ Promoting water efficiency – Stop underpricing the resource . – Subsidize efficiency improvements . 28 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Types of Irrigation 29 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Reducing Irrigation Water Waste ▪ Line canals that transport water to fields . ▪ Level fields with lasers . ▪ Irrigate at night to reduce evaporation . ▪ Monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary . ▪ Polyculture 30 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Reducing Irrigation Water Waste ▪ Organic farming ▪ Grow drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties . ▪ Irrigate with treated urban wastewater ( grey water ) . ▪ Importing water-intensive crops and meat . 31 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Reducing Water Waste ▪ Redesign manufacturing processes . ▪ Landscape yards with local plants that require little water . ▪ Use drip irrigation . ▪ Fix water leaks . ▪ Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use . ▪ Raise water prices . 32 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Reducing Water Waste ▪ Use waterless composting toilets . ▪ Require water conservation in water-short cities . ▪ Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front-loading clothes washers . ▪ Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and non - edible plants . ▪ Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings . 33 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. What C auses F looding ? Natural phenomena, aggravated by human activities ▪ Heavy rain, rapid snowmelt, removal of vegetation, destruction of wetlands 34 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Deforestation and Flooding 35 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Can W e R educe F lood R isks ? Preserve forests on watersheds Straighten and deepen streams (channelization) Prevention Control Preserve and restore wetlands in floodplains Tax development on floodplains Build levees or floodwalls along streams Use floodplains primarily for recharging aquifers, sustainable agriculture and forestry Build dams 36 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Sustainable Water Use 37 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Checking Our Progress at Ensuring Environmental Sustainability ▪ Total water resources used – Still problematic ▪ Improved drinking water source – 2010: Met goal of halving number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water – > 600 million people still lacking access ▪ Improved sanitary facilities – 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation 38 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Conclusion ▪ Fresh w ater is necessary for life . ▪ Limited quantities, and much o f it is inaccessible ▪ We need to manage this resource in a more responsible way . 39