Hello this assignment is not that complicated you just have to find the answers from the slide of week 7 and week 8 that I have attached. I have also attached the assignment question paper . this assi

• Prolongs fossil fuel supplies • Reduces oil imports • Very high net energy • Low cost • Reduces pollution and environmental degradation • Buys time to phase in renewable energy • Less need for military protection of Middle East oil resources • Improves local economy by reducing flow of money out to pay for energy • Creates local jobs © Eugene Shapovalov /Shutterstock 5 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency ▪ Industry – Cogeneration – Replace inefficient electric motors – Higher efficiency lighting ▪ Transportation – Increased fuel economy – Hybrid -electric vehicles – Fuel-cell vehicles ▪ Building Design – Insulation – Energy-efficiency standards for fixtures 6 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How C an W e S ave E nergy in Industry? ▪ Cogeneration (c ombined heat and power [CHP]) – Produce two useful forms of energy • For example, steam + electricity – Energy efficiency: 80–90% • vs . 30–40% for coal/nuclear electricity-only – 66% less CO 2 per unit of energy than coal ▪ Replace inefficient electric motors – Inefficient non-adjustable power output – May consume 10x more power than it cost to purchase ▪ Higher efficiency lighting – Fluorescent or LED 7 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How Can We Save Energy in T ransportation ? • Fuel E fficiency - Promote stronger minimum standards, offer tax breaks 8 Source: Data from the Research and Innovative Technology Administration, 2012 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. All-Electric Car Problem is the distance one can drive on a single charge Tesla M odel S runs for about 400 kilometres. But it’s very expensive . © JOHANNES EISELE/Getty Images 9 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Hybrid - Electric Internal Combustion • Increases fuel efficiency by only using the gasoline engine for acceleration or hill climbing • Relies on rechargeable electric motor for all other functions • The Chevy Volt even recharges itself, using the gasoline engine . 10 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Fuel Cells Source: Concept information from DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Ballard, Toyota, and Honda . A. Fuel cell stack: Hydrogen and oxygen combine chemically to produce electricity . B. Fuel tank: Hydrogen gas or liquid or solid metal hydride stored on board or made from gasoline or methanol . C. Turbo compressor Compressor sends pressurized air to fuel cell . D. Traction inverter: Module converts DC electricity from fuel cell to AC for use in electric motor. E. Electric motor and transaxle: Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy to turns wheels. 11 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 1. Building Design: Superinsulated Housing How C an W e S ave E nergy in B uildings ? Courtesy of www.StrawBale.com 12 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How Can We Save Energy in Buildings?

Continued 2. Modifications to existing buildings ▪ Insulate and plug leaks . ▪ Use energy-efficient windows . ▪ Stop other heating/cooling losses . ▪ Use efficient house and water heating . ▪ Use efficient lighting . ▪ Unplug devices when not in use . 13 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How Can We Save Energy in Buildings?

Continued 2 Healthy House in Toronto Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC).

CMHC’s Family-Occupied Healthy House in Toronto, 2010. All rights reserved.

Reproduced with the consent of CMHC. All other uses and reproductions of this material are expressly prohibited . 14 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Main Types of Renewable Energy ▪ Solar ▪ Flowing water ▪ Wind ▪ Biomass ▪ Geothermal ▪ Hydrogen fuel 15 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Passive and Active Solar Heating 16 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Solar Heating House Design 17 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Passive or Active Solar Heating Trade-offs, Passive or Active Solar Heating: Advantages and disadvantages of heating a house with passive or active solar energy. Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important. Advantages • Energy is free. • Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive). • Quick installation • No CO2 emissions • Very low air and water pollution • Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window) • Moderate cost (passive ) Disadvantages • Needs access to sun 60% of the time • Blockage of sun access by other structures • Needs heat storage system • High cost (active) • Active system needs maintenance and repair. • Active collectors unattractive (Left): © Pavel Vakhrushev /Shutterstock; ( Right): © Yulia Grigoryeva /Shutterstock 18 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Solar Energy for High -Temperature Heat and Electricity Trade –Offs, Solar Energy for High-Temperature Heat and Electricity: Advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to generate high-temperature heat and electricity.

Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important.

Advantages • Moderate net energy • Moderate environmental impact • No CO2 emissions • Fast construction (1–2 years) • Costs reduced with natural gas turbine backup Disadvantages • Low efficiency • High costs • Need backup or storage system • Need access to sun most of the time • High land use • May disturb desert areas (Left): © Pavel Vakhrushev /Shutterstock; ( Right): © Yulia Grigoryeva /Shutterstock 19 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Solar Photovoltaic Electricity ▪ Photovoltaic (PV) cells use a semiconductor to absorb light and directly generate DC electrical current . ▪ R&D advances in thinner, cheaper, and flexible materials for PV . 20 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 21 Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Continued Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Continued 2 Trade –Off, Solar Cells: Advantages and disadvantages of using solar cells to produce electricity. Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important . Advantages • Fairly high net energy • Works on cloudy days • Quick installation • Easily expanded or moved • No CO2 emissions • Low environmental impact • Lasts 20–40 years • Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows) • Reduces dependence on fossil fuels Disadvantages • Needs access to sun • Low efficiency • Needs electricity storage system or backup • High land use (solar-cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas. • High costs (but should be competitive in 5–15 years) • DC current must be converted to AC . (Left): © anyaivanova /Shutterstock; ( Right): © trekandshoot /Shutterstock 22 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity From t he Water Cycle ▪ Water flow from high to low elevations in rivers and streams can be used to turn a turbine and generate electricity . ▪ Electricity supplied by hydroelectric power (2012) – 19% globally – 97% in Norway – 52% in New Zealand – 60% in Canada – 17% in China – 7% in the United States 23 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity From t he Water Cycle : Large- or Small - S cale ? ▪ Streamflow can be controlled and more power generated by the use of a dam or reservoir . ▪ Large-scale hydropower – High dam across a large river to create a reservoir – Issues with flooding, ecological impact on fish ▪ Small-scale (run-of-river) hydropower – Low or no dam used in a small stream – Lower impact, but less reliable flow/output 24 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle:

Large Scale Hydropower–Trade -Offs Trade –Offs, Large -Scale Hydropower Advantages and disadvantages of using large dams and reservoirs to produce electricity. Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important.

Advantages • Moderate to high net energy • High efficiency (90%) • Large untapped potential • Low-cost electricity • Long life span • No CO2 emissions during operation in temperate areas • May provide flood control below dam • Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland • Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation . Disadvantages • High construction costs • High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir • High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs • Floods natural areas behind dam • Converts land habitat to lake habitat • Danger of collapse • Uproots people • Decreases fish harvest below dam • Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam (Left): © Petr Malyshev /Shutterstock; (Right ): © Andrew Zarivny /Shutterstock 25 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity from Wind : Available Wind Energy in Canada Source: Canadian Wind Atlas, http:// www.windatlas.ca /en/EU_50m_national.pdf, Environment Canada, 2003. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2003 . 26 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity from Wind:

Installed Windmill Capacity A cross Canada Source: Courtesy of Canadian Wind Energy Association ( CanWEA ). 27 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity from Wind:

Wind Energy in Ontario Source: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Wind Resource Atlas , http :// www.ontariowindatlas.ca /en . 28 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity from Wind:

Growth of Wind Energy ▪ Second fastest -growing source of energy – More than 100x since 1990 ▪ Existing installed capacity (2014 ) – China 31% – United States 18% – Canada 2.6% (7 th ranked) 29 Source: Courtesy of Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA ). Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Producing Electricity from Wind:

Growth of Wind Energy continued ▪ Newly installed capacity (during 2014) – China 45% – United States 9% – Canada 3.6% (6 th ranked) ▪ Untapped available resource (2009) – Canada: 40x current electricity needs 30 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Wind Power: Trade-Offs Trade –Offs, Wind Power: Advantages and disadvantages of using wind to produce electricity. Wind power experts project that by 2025 wind power could supply more than 10% of the world’s electricity and 20% of the electricity used in Canada. Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important. Advantages • Moderate to high net energy yield • High efficiency • Moderate capital cost • Low electricity cost (and falling) • Very low environmental impact • No CO2 emissions • Quick construction • Easily expanded • Can be located at sea • Land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock . Disadvantages • Steady winds needed • Backup systems needed when winds are low • High land use for wind farm • Visual pollution • Noise when located near populated areas • May interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey (Left): © Rene Hartmann/Shutterstock; ( Right): © pedrosala /Shutterstock 31 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How Is B iomass U sed to P rovide E nergy ? Made of plant materials and animal wastes Solid biomass – B urned directly as fuel Gaseous biofuels Liquid biofuels 32 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Solid Biomass Trade –Offs, Solid Biomass: General advantages and disadvantages of burning solid biomass as a fuel. Pick the single advantage and single disadvantage that you think are the most important. Advantages • Large potential supply in some areas • Moderate costs • No net CO2 increase if harvested and burned sustainably • Plantations can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops. • Plantations can help restore degraded lands. • Can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes Disadvantages • Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably • Moderate to high environmental impact • CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably • Low photosynthetic efficiency • Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat • Plantations could compete with cropland. • Often burned in inefficient and polluting open fires and stoves (Left): © chocorange /Shutterstock ; (Right): © janceluch /Shutterstock 33 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Biodiesel ▪ Diesel fuel made from biomass ▪ Has low carbon emissions and no sulphur ▪ But it has lower caloric value than conventional diesel ▪ Can also “gel” at low temperatures, harming engines 34 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Biogas ▪ Bacteria convert biomass into gaseous biofuels ▪ Inefficient, unreliable , and generates CO 2 35 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Using L iquid E thanol for F uel Trade –Offs, Ethanol Fuel: General advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a vehicle fuel compared to gasoline. Pick the single advantage and single disadvantage that you think are the most important.

Advantages • High octane • Some reduction in CO2 emissions • Reduced CO emissions • Can be sold as gasohol • Potentially renewable Disadvantages • Large fuel tank needed • Lower driving range • Net energy loss • Much higher cost • Corn supply limited • May compete with growing food on cropland • Higher NO emissions • Corrosive • Hard to start in cold weather (Left): © Carolina K. Smith MD/Shutterstock; ( Right): © Tanja Mijatov /Shutterstock 36 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. What I s G eothermal E nergy ? ▪ Geothermal heat pumps ▪ Geothermal exchange ▪ Dry and wet steam ▪ Hot water ▪ Molten rock (magma) ▪ Hot dry-rock zones and warm-rock reservoirs Current Usage 22 countries (mostly developing nations) Only 1% of global electricity 37 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Geothermal Energy: Trade-offs Trade –Off, Ethanol Fuel: General advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a vehicle fuel compared to gasoline. Pick the single advantage and single disadvantage that you think are the most important . Advantages • High octane • Some reduction in CO2 emissions • Reduced CO emissions • Can be sold as gasohol • Potentially renewable Disadvantages • Large fuel tank needed • Lower driving range • Net energy loss • Much higher cost • Corn supply limited • May compete with growing food on cropland • Higher NO emissions • Corrosive • Hard to start in cold weather (Left): © aurin /Getty Images ; ( Right): © dmitry_islentev /Shutterstock 38 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Hydrogen : Can Hydrogen Replace Oil?

Hydrogen isn’t a primary energy resource; it is a fuel we produce to store and use energy . Trade –Offs, Hydrogen: Advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles and for providing heat and electricity. Pick the single advantage and the single disadvantage that you think are the most important. Advantages • Can be produced from plentiful water • Low environmental impact • Renewable if produced from renewable energy resources • No CO2 emissions if produced from water • Good substitute for oil • Competitive price if environmental and social costs are included in cost comparisons • Easier to store than electricity • Safer than gasoline and natural gas • Nontoxic • High efficiency (45–65%) in fuel cells Disadvantages • Not found in ecosphere • Energy is needed to produce fuel • Negative net energy (energy loss) • CO2 emissions if produced from carbon-containing compounds • Nonrenewable if generated by fossil fuels or nuclear power • High costs (but may eventually come down) • Will take 25–50 years to phase in • Short driving range for current fuel cell cars • No fuel distribution system in place • Excessive H2 leaks may deplete ozone . (Left): © Brooks Kraft/Corbis ; ( Right): Courtesy of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 39 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Hydrogen Fuel Production ▪ Hydrogen gas does not generally occur in nature . – It is chemically locked up in water or hydrocarbons . ▪ Current technology for generating H 2 – Electrolysis from water • Uses large amounts of electricity (usually from fossil fuels) – Cracking hydrocarbons • Generates more CO 2 than simply burning the fossil fuels ▪ Future alternative methods for H 2 production – H 2-producing algae – Direct from water using sunlight and chemical catalysts 40 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Hydrogen Storage We don’t yet know how best to store H 2 , unlike current fuels. ▪ Compressed gas – Low energy density + safety concerns ▪ Liquid hydrogen – Low temperature required uses money and energy 41 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Hydrogen Storage continued ▪ Metal hydrides – Chemically bound to metal compounds ▪ Adsorption on carbon – Activated charcoal or graphite ▪ Trapping in nanostructured molecules – Clathrate hydrates or glass microspheres ▪ All of these illustrate a problem: H ydrogen costs energy to make AND to store . 42 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. What I s M icropower ? Decentralization Dispersed, small-scale generation Smart metering for transmission and distribution 43 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Advantages of Micropower • Small modular units • Fast factory production • Fast installation (hours to days) • Can add or remove modules as needed • High e nergy e fficiency (60%-80%) • Low or no CO 2 emissions • Low air pollution emissions 44 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. More Advantages of Micropower • Reliable • Easy to repair • Much less vulnerable to power outages • Increase national security by dispersal of targets • Useful anywhere • Especially useful in rural areas in developing countries with no power • Can use locally available renewable energy resources • Easily financed (costs included in mortgage and commercial load) 45 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Decentralized Micropower 46 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. How C an W e D evelop a M ore S ustainable E nergy F uture ? Improve Energy Efficiency • Increase fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles, buildings, and appliances. • Mandate government purchases of efficient vehicles and other devices. • Provide large tax credits for buying efficient cars, houses, and appliances. • Offer large tax credits for investments in energy efficiency. • Encourage independent power producers. • Reward utilities for reducing demand for electricity. • Greatly increase energy efficiency research and development . More Renewable Energy • Increase renewable energy to 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050. • Provide large subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy. • Use full-cost accounting and life-cycle cost for comparing all energy alternatives. • Encourage government purchase of renewable energy devices. • Greatly increase renewable energy research and development . Reduce Pollution and Health Risk • Cut coal use 50% by 2020. • Phase out coal subsidies. • Levy taxes on coal and oil use. • Phase out nuclear power or put it on hold until 2020. • Phase out nuclear power subsidies . 47 Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. Conclusion ▪ Many potential sources of renewable energy . ▪ All require investment, both financially and conceptually . ▪ We need to rethink our relationship with energy, its generation , and its distribution . 48