Please write 2 paragraph reflection paper on Chapter 3 of Make it Stick: Mix up Your Practice or Chapter 4 of Make it Stick: Embrace Difficulties. Your reflection paper must include the following mate

Expert panel described like a red wine. Sensory receptors, Transduction, & Perception • Sensory receptors translate the physical stimuli into neural impulses • Transduction: the process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret Transduction of sensation (light) to neural signals occurs at sensory organs (eyes) The brain uses both qualitative & quantitative information How Are We Able to See? Learning Objectives • Explain how light is processed by the eyes and the brain. • Compare and contrast trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision. Sensory Receptors in the Eye Transmit Visual Information to the Brain Cornea → Pupil → Iris → Lens → Retina The retina contains sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals Rods and Cones are Sensory Receptors for Light • The retina has two types of receptor cells: • Rods: respond to low levels of light, black -and -white perception • Cones: higher levels of light and result in color perception • 120 million rods and 6 million cones. • Fovea: the center of the retina, where cones are densely packed Close your Left Eye and look at the Dot – Where does the bunny go?

Close your Right Eye and look at the Bunny – Where does the Dot go? The Color of Light Is Determined by Its Wavelength • Objects have color due to the wavelengths of light it reflects.

• Trichromatic theory : 3 types of cones Trichromatic Theory of Color Blindness • Color blindness : different activity of the 3 types of cones. • red – green color blindness • blue – yellow color blindness; 8% of m; < 1 % of f Hue, Saturation, and Lightness • Color of light determined by wavelength – Roy G. Biv • Color categorized along three dimensions: • Hue – dominant wavelength of color (green, blue, etc ) • Saturation – purity of color (red vs. pink) • Lightness – perceived intensity • Lightness • For each pair, which central square is lighter? Opponent - Process Theory • different types of ganglion cells, working in opposing pairs, create the perception that R/G and B/Y are opposites • According to this theory, red and green are opponent colors, as are blue and yellow. • An example of this is seen in some after images Let’s Try an After Image In a minute, you will see a flag.

Please stare at the black dot in the center of the flag for 30 seconds while trying not to blink.

Next, you will see a white slide. Please focus on the dot in the center of the slide. Make a note of what you see. How are we able to See? Review How is light processed by the eyes and the brain? RODS and CONES (photoreceptors ) in the retina TRANSDUCE light to an electrical impulse that makes its way via the OPTIC NERVE into the brain, to the thalamus , then to the visual cortex . VENTRAL (what) and DORSAL (where) visual streams. Penrose Triangle Oscar Reutersvärd’s optical illusion (1934) Impossible Cube Impossible Trident Shepard Elephant Impossible Objects • A two dimensional figure (sensation) is perceived as a three -dimensional object • Top -down Processing of Visual Information – you try to make sense of your sense data coming in Perceiving Objects Requires Organization of Visual Information Optical illusions help us understand how the brain organizes visual information Ouchi Illusion Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization • The German word Gestalt means “shape” or “form.” As used in psychology, Gestalt means “organized whole .” • Gestalt psychology postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization • The German word Gestalt means “shape” or “form.” As used in psychology, Gestalt means “organized whole .” • Gestalt psychology postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes. Objects exist as a unit , not a collection of features Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization • Proximity – we group objects together based on their closeness Gestalt Perceptual Groupings • Similarity : we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other Gestalt Perceptual Groupings • Continuity : we tend to group together edges or contours that have the same orientation, known as “good continuation” Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization Closure : we tend to complete figures that have gaps Illusory contours : we sometimes perceive contours and cues to depth even when they do not exist Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization Figure and Ground - distinguishing between figure and ground - In identifying what is “figure,” the brain assigns the rest of the scene to the background Face Perception • Newborns show preference to faces and face -like shapes • Areas of the brain are devoted to the perception of faces (e.g., fusiform gyrus) - Face blindness - prosopagnosia We pay attention to eyes and mouth Perception Is Guided by Cues in the Environment • Depth Perception allows us to construct a 3 -D mental image of a 2 -D retinal input • Binocular depth cues: cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes • Monocular depth cues: cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone Perception Is Guided by Cues in the Environment Binocular disparity Convergence Monocular Depth Cues: • Occlusion – the nearby object occludes objects further away • Relative size : far -off objects project a smaller retinal image than closer objects • Familiar size : knowledge of relative sizes of objects influences depth cues • Linear perspective : seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in the distance • Position relative to horizon – objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. Size Perception • The Ponzo illusion , first described by the psychologist Mario Ponzo in 1913, is another classic example of a size/distance illusion. • Linear perspective Size Perception The Moon Illusion Ebbinghaus illusion The moon near the horizon looks larger than when it is far from the horizon Motion Perception • How does the brain know what is moving? • After receiving damage to secondary visual areas of her brain — areas critical for motion perception — M.P., a German woman, saw the world as a series of snapshots rather than as a moving image. • Neurons specialized for detecting movement fire when movement occurs. The Rotating Snakes Illusion Problems with Top - Down Processing • Visual Agnosia • An inability to perceive an object for what it is although vision is normal • Dr. P • – When shown a rose – “About six inches in length. A convoluted red form with a linear green attachment.” • When shown a glove – “ a continuous surface … infolded on itself with five outpouchings.” • Face blindness (Prosopagnosia) • Top down processing helps us understand and make sense of what we see