I need help with my Biology lab please see the attached files

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Lab Page 9 of 9 Student Name:_________________________

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Lab

Introduction:

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are processes that work to build up and break down energy-containing compounds (glucose) that must be converted to the useful form of energy for living organisms, called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This cycle of building up and breaking down is based on the transfer of energy from one form to another, from one source to another. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water play major roles in these processes, too. (These two processes work together in a cycle that enables ATP to be made and used, much like using and recharging batteries.)

Part 1: Photosynthesis

If an organism is able to directly harness sunlight to produce glucose, then that organism is selfsufficient for ATP energy production, and is called an autotroph. If an organism is NOT able to directly produce glucose, it is called a heterotroph, and must acquire it indirectly. Therefore, ALL living organisms depend on autotrophs, and the vast majority of those are dependent upon photosynthesis. Plants are the largest group of photosynthetic autotrophs, although some bacteria and other organisms fall in that category as well. Not all autotrophs rely on the sun for initial energy, but utilize carbon compounds to produce glucose instead. This lab is designed to study the photosynthetic autotrophs (photoautotrophs) of the Kingdom Plantae.

1. To see how it all works, click on the link below to NOVA at PBS (Note: This is from the Methuselah Tree Program, and much of the wording is written in the rhyming style of that documentary.)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html

Leaves are where photosynthesis occurs in the plant. They are structurally designed to have the most surface area in contact with the sun to absorb solar energy in the form of light coming from the sun. Another function of leaves is to regulate gas exchange between inside the plant and the external environment. This is important because plants need C02 (carbon dioxide) to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Structures on the bottom of the leaves called stomata allow gases to pass into and out of the leave when the stomata are open. Stomata are opened and closed by guard cells.

The upward-facing surface of the leaf is called the adaxial surface, and has lots of chloroplasts to help collect sunlight, with arranged in straight columns, called the palisade mesophyll. The bottom part of the leaf is called the abaxial surface. It is arranged with large spaces in between its cells, and appears spongy and is called the spongy mesophyll, to enable gas exchange through the stomata. Most stomata are found on the underside of the leaf.

1. To see how it all works, click on the link below to visit a virtual model of photosynthesis by the University of Reading and manipulate the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf.

(NOTE: To perform properly, this simulation requires Flash Player.

https://www.reading.ac.uk/virtualexperiments/ves/preloader-photosynthesis.html

Bubbles are given off by the plant through photosynthesis. By measuring the rate at which the bubbles are produced it is possible to tell how fast the plant is photosynthesizing. Read and follow the directions on how to use this lab simulator. Press start and record the bubbles per minute for each of the following light distances. Then graph your data (be sure to label each axis)!

Based on your data, draw a conclusion regarding how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.

Virtual Lab #2 -­‐ http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/photolab.htm

In this lab, you will be experimenting with how different variables affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Set the thermometer to 25°C (Room Temperature) and the light intensity to 20.

1. What were the bubbles per minute at this setting? _ bpm

Now increase the CO2 available to the elodea.

1. What were your bubbles per minute? _ bpm

1. Based on your data, how does the amount of available CO2 affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Keep your settings from 9c (25°C, light intensity of 20, increased CO2).

1. What were the bubbles per minute at this setting? _ bpm

Now increase the temperature to 40°C.

1. What were your bubbles per minute? bpm

1. Based on your data, how does an increase in temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Return to your settings from 9c (25°C, light intensity of 20, increased CO2).

1. What were the bubbles per minute at this setting? _ bpm

Now decrease the temperature to 10°C.

1. What were your bubbles per minute? bpm

2. Based on your data, how does a decrease in temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Alter the variables in order to determine which combination leads to the highest rate of photosynthesis. Which combination of settings produced the highest number of bubbles per minute?

1. Temperature:

b. Light:

1. CO2:

Photosynthesis Tutorial: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/overview.html

1. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Part 2: Cellular Respiration

Respiration occurs in all living organisms, in one form or another. Respiration that requires oxygen in order to occur is called aerobic respiration. Respiration that does NOT require oxygen to occur is called anaerobic respiration. One form of anaerobic respiration is fermentation.

1. To see how it all works, click on the link for an overview of anaerobic respiration:

https://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/cell-functions-and-processes/anaerobicrespiration

If you click the transcript link below the video, you can see a written transcript that may help you with some of the questions in the handout.

1. For additional information on common uses of anaerobic respiration, visit the following website.

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0026.html

1. Answer the following questions in your own words, based on what you have learned about anaerobic respiration:

1. 1. What are two main types of anaerobic respiration? What is the ending material in each?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. 1. What is a side effect of lactic acid fermentation in humans?

____________________________________________________________________

1. Give at least two examples of how anaerobic respiration is used in the food and beverage industry.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the advantages of anaerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

1. Visit the following website for an overview of aerobic respiration.

https://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/cell-functions-and-processes/aerobicrespiration

If you click the transcript link below the video, you can see a written transcript that may help you with some of the questions in the handout.

1. Draw what happens to a molecule of glucose as it goes through the process of aerobic cellular respiration. Include in your diagram the processes and players of Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.

Answer the following questions in your own words:

1. What are the advantages of aerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the disadvantages of aerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

Part 3: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Together Answer the following questions in your own words:

1. What are the three major steps/processes of photosynthesis?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the three major steps/processes of aerobic cellular respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. Answer the following questions; this will help you complete the diagram below on the following page.

1. What are the two reactants (starting materials) for photosynthesis?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What is the primary energy source for photosynthesis?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the two products (ending materials) for photosynthesis?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. What are the two reactants (starting materials) for aerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

1. The energy released during aerobic respiration is used to convert _______________

to the useful form of energy for cells called ________________. (This process of adding

another phosphate group with a high-energy bond is referred to as a phosphorylation

reaction.)

1. What are the two products (ending materials) for aerobic respiration?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. Explain how questions A. and F. are related.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

1. Explain how questions C. and D. are related.

____________________________________________________________________

4. Using the information gained thus far, label items 1-4 for the diagram below to show the cyclical relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, based on the role of these 6 players: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, solar energy (sunlight) and chemical energy in these energy-converting processes: