I need help with my Biology lab please see the attached files

Cells Lab Page 1 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ Cells Lab Online Discussion Topic : If you were a eukaryotic cell, what organelles would you contain and why? Which scenario had the greatest surface to volume ratio? Why? Discussion Requirements : 1 original new posting that contains your response to the assigned topic of discussion (Start a new thread, don’t hit reply to the assigned original topic post); 2 replies to coursemate’s posts. Introduction : The basic functional unit of all living org anisms is the cell . Cells are characterized by having at least a basic outer layer called a cell membrane that separates all internal components of the cell from the external environment. There are 2 major types of cells, based on the presence or absen ce of a nucleus. Cells that do not have a nucleus are called prokaryotic , and those that do have a nucleus are called eukaryotic . Eukaryotic cells have membrane -bound organelles that carry out specific functions in the cell. Prokaryotic cells do not con tain these membrane -bound organelles; the majority of cellular functions are carried out in the cell membrane instead. Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have organelles that are not membrane -bound. These organelles, called ribosomes, are where new pr oteins are produced, a vital ability all cells must have to survive and function. Eukaryotic cells are further divided into animal cells and plant cells . The most noticeable difference between plant and animal cells is the presence or absence of a ce ll wall . A cell wall, if present, is found outside the cell membrane and helps provide further structural support and protection for the cell. Cell walls are found in plant cells. Another feature plant cells often have that animal cells do not, is one l arge internal storage area, called a central vacuole . Chloroplasts , organelles that aid in photosynthesis and energy production, are also found in most plant cells, but not in animal cells. Part 1: Types of Cells 1. To review cell structure and functions , visit the following websites: https://biology.tutorvista.com/cell/cell -structure.html http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm 2. Before you proceed to the next part of this lab , make sure you can distinguish between the following types of cells: 1. Prokaryotic cells 2. Eukaryotic cells a. Animal cells b. Plant cells Cells Lab Page 2 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ Part 2: Cell Size 1. Click on the website listed below to access the Genetic Science Learning Center of the University of Utah to see “ A Cell’s Perspective ”: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ 2. Use the slider below the picture to zoom in and out of the pi cture to obtain the measurement for each object listed in the table below. 3. Answer the following question : Observe the scale or relative size of the objects to each other. Which object surprised you most in its comparative size and why? _______________ ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Record the measurement ( in length or diameter) of each object in the table below. Note: For some objects the measurement of length x width is given. The Length measurement is the larger of the two measurements given for those objects. Item Measurement (include unit) 1 Coffee bean 2 Grain of rice 3 Sesame seed 4 Grain of salt 5 Amoeba proteus 6 Paramecium 7 Human egg 8 Sperm 9 Photoreceptor (rod) 10 Skin cell 11 Red blood cell 12 X Chromosome 13 Baker’s yeast 14 Mitochondrion 15 E. coli 16 Lysosome 17 Measles virus 18 Phage (bacteria virus) 19 HIV 20 Influenza virus 21 Coated vesicle 22 Hepatitis virus 23 Rhinovirus 24 Ribosome Cells Lab Page 3 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ 25 Antibody 26 tRNA 27 Hemoglobin 28 Phospholipid 29 Adenine 30 Glucose 31 Water molecule 32 Carbon molecule Part 3: Cell Structure and Function 1. Click on the website listed below to access the Genetic Science Learning Center of the University of Utah to go “ Inside a Cell ”: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/insideacell/ 2. Drag the mouse slowly over the outside of the cell to move the crosshairs of the inside viewer window to view the structures of the cell inside. When you hear a “tink” and words appear, click with the mouse to view and learn about that inner part of the cell. (Note: There is an option at the b ottom of the viewing window to make the cell membrane transparent.) Be sure to view the following items inside the cell: a. Nucleus b. Endoplasmic Reticulum c. Lysosomes and other specialized vesicles d. Golgi Apparatus e. Mitochondria f. Cell Membrane g. Cytoskeleton 3. Click on “Turn This Cell Into A Plant Cell ” in the bottom right corner and view the differences between a plant and an animal cell. Be sure to WATCH as the cell changes from animal to plant and note the specific changes that occur. 4. Click on “Back To Animal Cell ” in the bottom right corner and view the differences between a plant and an animal cell again. Be sure to WATCH as the cell changes BACK from plant to animal and note the specific changes that occur. 5. Answer the following questions based on what you see and learn from the plant cell. A. What structures does the plant cell have that the animal cell does not? Cells Lab Page 4 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____ B. What structures does the animal cell have that the plant cell does not? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ C. Describe the cell wall. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Part 4: Inside Eukaryotic Cells 1. Click on the websites listed below to access: A. “Identifying Eukaryotic Animal Cell Organelles” the Genetic Science Learning Center from Wisconsin’s Technical Colleges: http://www.wisc -online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=ap11604 B. These websites show the functions of both animal and plant cell features, so they may help you in answering the questions from Part 3 of this lab, too.): http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/cell_organelles.html http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell -biology/eukaryotic -cell -parts - functions diagrams.html 2. Complete the Chart: Based on what you have learned from the websites you have visited so far, SKETCH each of the following organelles and in YOUR OWN WORDS briefly DESCRIBE the functions of each. Sketch Written Description Cells Lab Page 5 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ Mitochondria Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Rough ER 3. Answer each of the following questions: A. What other type of cell, other than a plant cell , has a cell wall? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ B. Why are plant cells green (what gives them this coloration)? __________________________________________________________ ____ ______________________________________________________ C. What is the function of the central vacuole in a plant cell? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Cells Lab Page 6 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ 4. Complete the Chart: Place an X in the box if the cell type has that component. If it does not, leave the space blank. Plant (Eukaryotic) Animal (Eukaryotic) Bacteria (Prokaryotic) Chloroplast Central Vacuole Ribosome Mitochondria DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Wall Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Cytoplasm Part 5: Cell Size and Surface Area to Volume Ratio Now that you have a better understanding of the structure, function and, especially, size of various types of cells, consider WHY cells remain so small. Why are large organisms made up of numerous cells rather than just one great big cell? The reason is: Surface Area to Volume Ratio! For the cell to function with its outside world, these interactions are limited to the surface area of the cell membrane, only. Through the cell membrane, the cell imports nutrients, water, gases, and other vital substanc es. It also exports waste, unwanted gases and other substances that must exit the cell for it to remain functional. Typically as a cell increases in size, its volume increases at a much faster rate than the surface area. After the volume of a cell bec omes too large, the surface area is not sufficient to allow enough transport and communication between the inside cell components and the external environment. Without proper exchange, the cell can no longer sustain itself. To overcome these size chall enges, cells adapt by changing their shape, which increases surface area instead of decreasing size. Nerve cells compensate with a long, skinny cell shape (much like angel hair pasta), and can even reach a meter in length. Cells Lab Page 7 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ Another example would be to c onsider cooking a steak: which cooks faster — a thin or a thick steak? The thin steak, because heat is able to quickly penetrate all parts of the steak since none of it is very far away from the surface being heated. For this exercise : You will use “hy pothetical plant cells” because plant cells are more rectangular and regular in their shape (thanks to the cell wall). 1. Obtain 2 rectangular boxes that are identical in size (Cracker, cereal, shoe, tissue, Band -Aid, etc. type boxes; Books or even b ricks will work for this experiment, too. Note: Square boxes will NOT work.) 2. Use your 2 boxes to create 3 cells with the exact same volume , but with 3 different surface areas. For each Scenario, measure the length, width, and height of each “cell” and record your measurements in the table below (be sure to use the SAME UNIT for each measurement within a scenario and RECORD the unit for each measurement in the table as well). Don’t forget to take pictures of yourself doing this lab to include in your lab notebook! Scenario 1 : Lay one box down flat and place the other one on top of it. Scenario 2 : Rearrange the boxes so that they are end -to -end. Scenario 3: Rearrange the boxes again so that they are side -by -side. Length Width Height Surface Area Volume Surface Area to Volume Ratio Cells Lab Page 8 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 3. Type in your data to calculate the surface area, volume and their ratio (using the Excel Worksheet provided with this assignment). The formulas are already set up, all you have to do is type in your measurement data and it will automatically calculate the surface area, volume, and ratio for you! Record the calculated surface area, volume, and ratio for each cell scenario in the table above. Save the excel sheet with all of your data added to it. Be sure to print a copy to include in your Lab Notebook ! 4. Measure length, width, and height of the following household items. Record your measurement data in the table below and use the Excel worksheet for your calculations. Length Width Height Surface Area Volume Surface Area to Volume Ratio Bathroom Door Your favorite textbook Microwave (or a box about that size) Refrigerator Dimensions of a Closet Cells Lab Page 9 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ 5. Answer the following questions : A. What changes, if any, did you notice in the surface area of the 3 cell scenarios? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ B. What changes, if any, did you notice in the volume of the 3 cell scenarios? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ C. What changes, if any, did you notice in the surface area to volume ratio for each of the 3 cell scenarios? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ D. Which scenario produced the highest surface area to volume ratio? De scribe its shape. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ E. Using the knowledge you have gained from this experiment, in your own words explain how a cell can maximize its surface area to volume ratio. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Cells Lab Page 10 of 10 Student Name: _________________________ F. Which of the household items you measured in step #4 has the best surface area to volume ratio for a cell and Why? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ G. How does the household item you chose for question F compare to the best surface area to volume ratio that you calculated (questi on D) using the 3 cell scenarios? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________