Read Chapter 3 (Attached) and view the required videos on PESTEL Analysis and the Five Forces Framework. From Attached case - AirBnB in 2018, analyze the six components of the Macro-Environment and th

By 2018, Airbnb had seen immense growth and suc - cess in its 10-year existence. The room-sharing com - pany had expanded to over 190 countries with more than 4 million listed properties, and had an estimated valuation of $31 billion. Airbnb seemed poised to revolutionize the hotel and tourism industry through its business model that allowed hosts to offer spare rooms or entire homes to potential guests, in a peer- reviewed digital marketplace. This business model’s success was leveraging what had become known as the sharing economy.

Yet, with its growth and usage of a new business model, Airbnb was now faced with resistance, as city officials, owners and operators of hotels, motels, and bed and breakfasts were all crying foul. While these traditional brick-and-mortar establishments were sub - ject to regulations and taxation, Airbnb hosts were able to circumvent and avoid such liabilities due to participation in Airbnb’s digital marketplace. In other instances, Airbnb hosts had encountered legal issues due to city and state ordinances governing hotels and apartment leases. Stories of guests who would not leave and hosts needing to evict them because city regulations deemed the guests apartment leasees were beginning to make headlines. As local city and government officials across the United States, and in countries like Japan, debated regulations concerning Airbnb, Brian Chesky needed to manage this new business model, which had led to phenomenal success within a new, sharing economy.

OVERVIEW OF Hotels, motels, and bed and breakfasts competed within the larger, tourist accommodation market. All businesses operating within this sector offered lodg - ing, but were differentiated by their amenities. Hotels and motels were defined as larger facilities accom - modating guests in single or multiple rooms. Motels specifically offered smaller rooms with direct parking lot access from the unit and amenities such as laun - dry facilities to travelers who were using their own transportation. Motels might also be located closer to roadways, providing guests quicker and more con - venient access to highways. It was also not uncom - mon for motel guests to segment a longer road trip as they commuted to a vacation destination, thereby potentially staying at several motels during their travel. Hotels, however, invested heavily in additional amenities as they competed for all segments of trav - elers. Amenities, including on-premise spa facilities and fine dining, were often offered by the hotel.

Further, properties offering spectacular views, bol - stering a hotel as the vacation destination, may con - tribute to significant operating costs. In total, wages, property, and utilities, as well as purchases such as food, accounted for 59 percent of the industry’s total costs—see Exhibit 1. CASE 2 Copyright ©2018 by John D. Varlaro and John E. Gamble. All rights reserved. Final PDF to printer tho75109_case02_C6-C10.indd C-7 12/18/18 09:23 PM CAsE 2 Airbnb In 2018 C-7 Bed and breakfasts, however, were much smaller, usually where owner-operators offered a couple of rooms within their own home to accommodate guests.

The environment of the bed and breakfast—one of a cozy, home-like ambience—was what the guest desired when booking a room. Contrasted with the hotel or motel, a bed and breakfast offered a more personal - ized, yet quieter atmosphere. Further, many bed and breakfast establishments were in rural areas where the investment to establish a larger hotel may have been cost prohibitive, yet the location itself could be an attraction to tourists. In these areas individuals invested in a home and property, possibly with a his - torical background, to offer a bed and breakfast with great allure and ambience for the guests’ experiences.

Thus, the bed and breakfast competed through offer - ing an ambience associated with a more rural, slower pace through which travelers connected with their hosts and the surrounding community. A comparison of the primary market segments of bed and breakfasts and hotels in 2017 is presented in Exhibit 2. While differing in size and target consumer, all hotels, motels, and bed and breakfasts were subject to city, state, and federal regulations. These regulations covered areas such as the physical property and food safety, access for persons with disabilities, and even alcohol distribution. Owners and operators were sub - ject to paying fees for different licenses to operate.

Due to operating as a business, these properties and the associated revenues were also subject to state and federal taxation. In addition to regulations, the need to construct physical locations prevented hotels and motels from expanding quickly, especially in new international markets. Larger chains tended to expand by purchas - ing preexisting physical locations, or through merg - ers and acquisitions, such as Marriott International Inc.’s acquisition of Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide in 2016.

A BU sINE ss MODEL FOR THE sHARING ECONOMY Startup companies have been functioning in a space commonly referred to as the “sharing economy” for several years. According to Chesky, the previous model for the economy was based on ownership. 1 Thus, operating a business first necessitated owner - ship of the assets required to do business. Any spare capacity the business faced—either within production or service—was a direct result of the purchase of hard assets in the daily activity of conducting business. Airbnb and other similar companies, however, operated through offering a technological platform, where individuals with spare capacity could offer their services. By leveraging the ubiquitous usage of smart - phones and the continual decrease in technology Costs Hotels/Motels Bed & Breakfasts Wages 24% 19% Purchases 27% 21% Depreciation 10% 9% Marketing 2% 2% Rent and Utilities 8% 11% Other 13% 22% EXHIBIT 1 Hotel, Motel, and Bed & Breakfast Industry Costs as Percentage of Revenue, 2017 Source: www.ibisworld.com . EXHIBIT 2 Major Market segments for Hotels/Motels & Bed & Breakfast/Hostels sectors, 2017 Market Segment B&Bs* Hotels** Recreation 80% 70% 12% 18% meetings 8% 12% Total 100% 100% *The bed & breakfast market was primarily domestic.**Includes both domestic and international travelers. Approximately 20% was associated with international travelers.

Source: www.ibisworld.com . Final PDF to printer tho75109_case02_C6-C10.indd C-8 12/18/18 09:23 PM C-8 PART 2 this change seemed to be how the consumer had deem - phasized ownership. Instead of focusing on ownership, consumers seemed to prefer sharing or renting. Other startup companies have been targeting these segments through subscription-based services and on-demand help. From luxury watches to clothing, experiencing— and not owning—assets seemed to be on the rise. Citing a more experiential-based economy, Chesky believed Airbnb guests desired a community and a closer rela - tionship with the host—and there seemed to be support for this assertion. 4 A recent Goldman Sachs study showed that once someone used Airbnb, their pref - erence for a traditional accommodation was greatly reduced. 5 The appeal of the company’s value proposi - tion with customers had allowed it to readily raise capi - tal to support its growth, including an $850 million cash infusion in 2016 that raised its estimated valu - ation to $30 billion. A comparison of Airbnb’s 2018 estimated market capitalization of $31 billion to the world’s largest hoteliers is presented in Exhibit 4. costs, these companies provided a platform for indi - viduals to instantly share a number of resources.

Thus, a homeowner with a spare room could offer it for rent. Or, the car owner with spare time could offer [his or her] services a couple of nights a week as a taxi service. The individual simply signed up through the platform and began to offer the service or resource.

The company then charged a small transaction fee as the service between both users was facilitated. Within its business model, Airbnb received a percentage of what the host received for the room.

For Airbnb, its revenues were decoupled from the considerable operating expenses of traditional lodg - ing establishments and provided it with significantly smaller operating costs than hotels, motels, and bed and breakfasts. Rather than expenses related to own - ing and operating real estate properties, Airbnb’s expenses were that of a technology company. Airbnb’s business model, therefore, was based on the revenue- cost-margin structure of an online marketplace, rather than a lodging establishment. With an esti - mated 11 percent fee per room stay, it was reported that Airbnb achieved profitability for a first time in 2016. 2 Airbnb’s revenues were estimated to increase from approximately $6 million in 2010 to a projected $1.2 billion in 2017—see Exhibit 3. However, it was announced in an annual investors’ meeting that the company had recorded nearly $3 billion in revenue and earned over $90 million in profit in 2017. 3 A CHANGE IN THE CON sUMER EXPERIENCE Airbnb, however, was not just leveraging technology. It was also leveraging the change in how the current con - sumer interacted with businesses. In conjunction with EXHIBIT 3 Airbnb Estimated Revenue and Bookings Growth, 2010–2017 (in millions) $� $�� $2� $ �� $��� $��� $��� $2, � Estimated Bookings Growth ��% ���% % 2 % ��% ��% � % � % Source: Ali Rafat, “Airbnb’s Revenues Will Cross Half Billion Mark in 2015,” March 25, 2015, skift.com/2015/03/25/ .

EXHIBIT 4 Market Capitalization Comparison, 2018 (in billions) Market Capitalization Marriot International Inc. $49 Airbnb $31 Hilton Worldwide Holdings. $25 Intercontinental Hotels Group $11 Source: Yahoo Finance (accessed April 2018); “Airbnb Announces It Won’t Go Public in 2018,” http://www.busines - sinsider.com/airbnb-announces-it-wont-go-public-in-2018-2018-2(accessed April 1, 1.2). Final PDF to printer tho75109_case02_C6-C10.indd C-9 12/18/18 09:23 PM CAsE 2 Airbnb In 2018 C-9 Finally, there were accusations of businesses using Airbnb’s marketplace to own and operate accommodations without obtaining the proper licenses. These locations appeared to be individu - als on the surface, but were actually businesses.

And, because of Airbnb’s platform, these pseudo- businesses could operate and generate revenue with - out meeting regulations or claiming revenues for taxation. Airbnb continued to respond to some of these issues. A report was written and released by Airbnb in 2015 detailing both discrimination on its platform and how it would be mitigated. Airbnb also settled its lawsuit with San Francisco in early 2017. The city was demanding Airbnb enforce a city regulation requiring host registration, or incur significant fines. As part of the settlement, Airbnb agreed to offer more information on its hosts within the city. 9 And in 2018, Airbnb began partnering with local municipalities to help collect taxes automatically for rentals within their jurisdic - tions, helping to potentially recoup millions in lost tax revenue. 10 11 “WE WI sH TO BE REGULATED, THI s WOULD LEGITIMIZE U s” Recognizing that countries and local municipalities were responding to the local business owner and their constituents’ concerns, Chesky and Airbnb have focused on mobilizing and advocating for con - sumers and business owners who utilize the app.

Airbnb’s website provided support for guests and hosts who wished to advocate for the site. A focal point of the advocacy emphasized how those particu - larly hit hard at the height of the recession relied on Airbnb to establish a revenue stream, and prevent the inevitable foreclosure and bankruptcy. Yet, traditional brick-and-mortar establishments subject to taxation and regulations have continued to put pressure on government officials to level the playing field. “We wish to be regulated; this would legitimize us,” Chesky remarked to Noah in the same interview on The Daily Show. 12 Proceeding forward and possibly preparing for a future public offering, Chesky would need to manage how the progressive business model—while fit for the new, global sharing economy—may not fit older, local regulations. Recognizing this shift in consumer preference, traditional brick-and-mortar operators were respond - ing. Hilton was considering offering a hostel-like option to travelers. 6 Other entrepreneurs were con - structing urban properties to specifically leverage Airbnb’s platform and offer rooms only to Airbnb users, such as in Japan 7 where rent and hotel costs were extremely high. To govern the community of hosts and guests, Airbnb had instituted a rating system. Popularized by companies such as Amazon, eBay, and Yelp, peer-to- peer ratings helped police quality. Both guests and hosts rated each other in Airbnb. This approach incentivized hosts to provide quality service, while encouraging guests to leave a property as they found it. Further, the peer-to-peer rating system greatly min - imized the otherwise significant task and expense of Airbnb employees assessing and rating each individ - ual participant within Airbnb’s platform.

NOT PLAYING BY THE sAME RULE s Local and global businesses criticized Airbnb for what they claimed were unfair business practices and lobbied lawmakers to force the company to comply with lodging regulations. These concerns illuminated how due to its business model, Airbnb and its users seemed to not need to abide by these same regula - tions. This could have been concerning on many levels. For the guest, regulations exist for protection from unsafe accommodations. Fire codes and occu - pation limits all exist to prevent injury and death.

Laws also exist to prevent discrimination, as tradi - tional brick-and-mortar accommodations are barred from not providing lodging to guests based on race and other protected classes. But, there seemed to be evidence that Airbnb guests had faced such discrimi - nation from hosts. 8 Hosts might also expose themselves to legal and financial problems from accommodating guests.

There had been stories of hosts needing to evict guests who would not leave, and due to local ordinances the guests were actually protected as apartment leasees.

Other stories highlighted rooms and homes being damaged by huge parties given by Airbnb guests.

Hosts might also be exposed to liability issues in the instance of an injury or even a death of a guest. Final PDF to printer tho75109_case02_C6-C10.indd C-10 12/18/18 09:23 PM C-10 PART 2 ENDNOTEs 2016, www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2016-02-16/goldman-sachs-more- want-to-go-back-to-hotels . 6 D. Fahmy, “Millennials Spending Power Has Hilton Weighing a ‘Hostel-Like’ Brand,” www.bloomberg.com/businessweek . 7 Y. Nakamura and M. Takahashi, “Airbnb Faces Major Threat in Japan, Its Fastest-Growing Market,” February 18, 2016, www .bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-18/ . 8 R. Greenfield, “Study Finds Racial Discrimination by Airbnb Hosts,” Bloomberg, December 10, 2015, www .bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-10/ hosts . 1 Interview with Airbnb founder and CEO Brian Chesky, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Comedy Central, February 24, 2016. 2 B. Stone and O. Zaleski, “Airbnb Enters the Land of Profitability,” January 26, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2017-01-26/airbnb-enters-the- (accessed June 20, 2017).3 O. Zaleski, “Inside Airbnb’s Battle to Stay Private,” , February 6, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/arti - cles/2018-02-06/inside-airbnb-s-battle-to- (accessed April 20, 2018). 4 Interview with Airbnb founder and CEO Brian Chesky, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Comedy Central, February 24, 2016.5 J. Verhage, “Goldman Sachs: More and More People Who Use Airbnb Don’t Want to Go Back to Hotels,” February 26, 9 K. Benner, “Airbnb Adopts Rules to Fight Discrimination by Its Hosts,” (September 8, 2016) http://www.nytimes .com/2016/09/09/technology/airbnb-anti-discrimination-rules.html (accessed June 20, 2017).10 S. Cameron, “New TN Agreement Ensures $13M in Airbnb Rental Taxes Collected,” com , April 20, 2018, http://www.wjhl.com/ local/new-tn-agreement-ensures-13m-in- (accessed April 1, 1.2)... “Duluth, Airbnb Make Deal on Lodging Tax Collection,” April 19, 2018, https://www.twincities.com/2018/04/19/ - tion/ (accessed April 20, 2018). 12 Interview with Airbnb founder and CEO Brian Chesky, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Comedy Central, February 24, 2016. Final PDF to printer