Assignment 2 - Journal Article Review (16% of your grade).You should find a topic in cultural Geography that interests you and select 3 articles fromdifferent Scholarly journals. These are journals in
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D re es, W . B . ( 2 015). G lo ca liz a tio n: R elig io n a nd S cie nce a ro und th e W orld .
Zyg on: J o urn al o f R elig io n & S cie nce
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G LO CALIZ A TIO N: R ELIG IO N A ND S C IE N CE A RO UND T H E W ORLD .
T his e ssa y e xp la in s th e r a tio nale b ehin d a s e rie s o f r e vie w s o n in te ra ctio ns b etw een k n ow le dge a nd v a lu es, s cie nce a nd
re lig io n, in d if fe re nt c o untr ie s o r r e gio ns a ro und th e w orld . T he s e rie s w ill r u n in Z yg on fo r th e w hole o f 2 015 a nd b eyo nd. In
th e lit e ra tu re , it m ay s e em th at d is cu ssio ns in th e U nit e d S ta te s a nd to a le sse r e xte nt th e U nit e d K in gdom a re ty p ic a l o f th e
is su es, b ut th ey n eed n ot b e. D avid L iv in gsto ne s h ow ed th at th e r e ce ptio n o f e vo lu tio n d if fe re d, e ve n a m ong C alv in is ts in
d if fe re nt c o untr ie s. T hus, r a th er th an a n e xp ort m odel, w e s h ould ta ke tim e to le arn fr o m s ch ola rs r o ote d in d if fe re nt c o nte xts
h ow in th eir s it u atio n is su es o n k n ow le dge a nd v a lu es a ris e a nd a re d ealt w it h . In th is in te rp la y o f g lo bal p ro ce sse s a nd lo ca l
co nte xts , in dic a te d w it h th e te rm g lo ca liz a tio n, w e s h ould b e a le rt to th e m ig ra tio n o f c o nce pts a nd th e tr a nsfo rm atio ns th at
id eas u nderg o.
Ia n B arb our; R alp h B urh oe; c o nte xtu aliz a tio n; g lo baliz a tio n; g lo ca liz a tio n; D avid L iv in gsto ne; m ig ra tio n o f c o nce pts ; r e lig io n
a nd s cie nce ; 1 966
A g ood e xa m ple o f th e e xte nsiv e lit e ra tu re o n “ re lig io n a nd s cie nce ” is T he O xfo rd H andbook o n R elig io n a nd S cie nce
(C la yto n a nd S im pso n [
3 ] ) , o ne th ousa nd p ages w it h fif ty
‐ fiv e g ood c h apte rs o n r e lig io n a nd s cie nce . H ow eve r, e ve n s u ch
a n e xte nsiv e s u rv e y b y m any o f th e b est a uth ors h as b ia se s. It is a lm ost e xclu siv e ly A nglo
‐ Saxo n w it h r e sp ect to th e
a uth ors b ut a ls o w it h r e sp ect to th e tr e atm ent o f to pic s. T he c h apte r o n s o cio lo gy a nd r e lig io n e nds w it h r e m ark s a bout th e
A m eric a n c o nstit u tio n. T he e vo lu tio n–cre atio n c o ntr o ve rs y is d is cu sse d in th e A m eric a n c o nte xt a s if is su es a re th e s a m e
e ls e w here . T he a uth ors fo cu s o n c o nte nt, s cie ntif ic a nd th eolo gic a l, a t th e e xp ense o f c o nte xt. T heolo gy, e th ic s, a nd s cie nce
h ave u niv e rs a l a m bit io ns; th eir tr u th c la im s a nd n orm s s e ek to b e v a lid fo r p eople o f a ll w alk s o f lif e a nd a ll c u lt u re s. W hile
th e a m bit io ns a re lo fty , r e lig io n a nd s cie nce a re h um an; c o nte xts a nd a ssu m ptio ns s h ape th e q uestio ns a ske d, th e c rit e ria
u se d, th e c o nte nt p ro pose d.
T he y e ar [
1 ] c a n b e c o nsid ere d th e y e ar th e m odern c o nstr u ctiv e “ re lig io n a nd s cie nce ” d is cu ssio n to ok o ff in th e U nit e d
S ta te s. T he fir s t is su es o f th e jo urn al Z yg on: J o urn al o f R elig io n a nd S cie nce , fo unded b y R alp h B urh oe, a ppeare d. In th e
sa m e y e ar, th e p hysic is t a nd th eolo gia n Ia n B arb our p ublis h ed h is b ook Is su es in R elig io n a nd S cie nce . A ro und th e s a m e
tim e, o n th e o th er s id e o f th e A tla ntic , a c o m mit te e o f th e D utc h R efo rm ed C hurc h c o nclu ded th at th ere w asn 't m uch to b e
d is cu sse d, e xce pt is su es o f e th ic s a nd e th os, a s r e lig io n a nd s cie nce e ach h ad it s o w n r o le in h um an lif e ( D ip pel a nd D e
Jo ng [
4 ] ) . W hy d id th e A m eric a n “ re lig io n a nd s cie nce ” d is cu ssio n ta ke o ff a t th at tim e, w hile th ese P ro te sta nts o n th e
E uro pean c o ntin ent w ere n't in te re ste d? D is cu ssio ns in th e U nit e d S ta te s a nd o n th e E uro pean c o ntin ent r e gard th e s a m e
scie nce , a nd th ey b oth ta ke p la ce in th e c o nte xt o f W este rn C hris tia nit y , b ro adly u nders to od. N oneth ele ss, th ose A m eric a n
a nd D utc h a uth ors d id n ot h ave th e s a m e v ie w o f w hat r e lig io us b elie f is . Id eas, b ooks, jo urn als a nd p ers o ns tr a ve l. W e
le arn fr o m e ach o th er. B ut s till, a ls o to day, p eople m ay fe el s tr a ngers w hen th ey e nco unte r fa m ilia r is su es in n ew c o nte xts .
P uttin g S cie nce in Its P la ce is th e tit le o f a b ook in w hic h th e h is to ria n a nd g eogra pher D avid L iv in gsto ne c o nsid ere d th e
sit u ate d c h ara cte r o f s cie ntif ic r e se arc h . H e s tu die d s cie nce a s s it u ate d in la bora to rie s, th e o utd oors , th e m use um , a nd
h osp it a ls , b ut a ls o a s s h aped b y p artic u la r lo ca l, c o nte xtu al s it u atio ns. L iv in gsto ne d escrib ed th e r e ce ptio n o f D arw in is m in
C alv in is t s e ttin gs in S co tla nd, Ir e la nd, a nd th e U nit e d S ta te s. In B elf a st, P ro te sta nts a nd C ath olic s u se d o pposit io n to c la im s
a bout s cie nce r e pla cin g r e lig io n to c rit ic iz e e ach o th er. In P rin ce to n, th e le aders h ip s o ught to r e ad e vo lu tio nary n atu ra l h is to ry a s d iv in e d esig n. In C harle sto n, in th e s o uth ern U nit e d S ta te s, r a cia l s e nsit iv it ie s le d to o pposit io n to a s in gle h um an
o rig in , w hile in N ew Z eala nd th e s e ttle rs c o uld u se e vo lu tio n to ju stif y th eir s tr u ggle fo r lif e a t th e e xp ense o f th e M aoris
(L iv in gsto ne [
6 ] , 1 12–23). E ve n a s in gle is su e s u ch a s th e r e ce ptio n o f D arw in ia n id eas in P ro te sta nt, C alv in is t c ir c le s w as
ve ry m uch c o nte xt
‐ dependent.
If s u ch d iv e rs it y is a lr e ady to b e fo und fo r c o untr ie s a nd r e lig io ns th at a re fa ir ly s im ila r to e ach o th er, h ow m uch m ore s h ould
o ne e xp ect d iv e rs it y w hen o th er r e lig io ns a nd n on
‐ Weste rn r e gio ns o f th e w orld a re ta ke n in to c o nsid era tio n? F it tin g a ll in
th e Ia n B arb our ( [
2 ] ) s ch em e o f fo ur c a te gorie s— co nflic t, in dependence , d ia lo gue, a nd in te gra tio n— will n ot d o. A n e xp ort
m odel o f “ re lig io n a nd s cie nce ” r u ns th e r is k o f im posin g a W este rn fr a m e o n s it u atio ns w here is su es a re d if fe re nt. N ot ju st
th e a nsw ers g iv e n m ay b e d if fe re nt. T he q uestio ns, a nd th e u nders ta ndin g o f th e c o nce pts in vo lv e d, n eed n ot b e th e s a m e
e it h er. T hus, m is u nders ta ndin gs e asily a ris e .
D if fe re nt c o untr ie s a nd r e gio ns a re n ot is o la te d fr o m e ach o th er. W e liv e in a tim e o f g lo baliz a tio n. P erh aps th ere h as n eve r
b een a tim e w it h out a n e xch ange o f g oods a nd id eas a cro ss b ord ers . T erm s, s ch em es, a nd c o nce pts m ig ra te fr o m o ne
p la ce to a noth er. H ow eve r, e ve n th ough th e s a m e te rm s a nd r e fe re nce s m ay b e u se d, th ey m ay m ean d if fe re nt th in gs in
d if fe re nt p la ce s. T hus, g lo baliz a tio n d oes n ot r e su lt in u nif o rm it y . L oca l in te re sts a nd lo ca l h is to rie s s h ape th e w ay g lo bal
im puls e s a re a ppro pria te d, p ut to n ew u se s, a nd h ence tr a nsfo rm ed. A nd a ll th ose lo ca l p ro ce sse s tr a nsfo rm th e g lo bal. In
th e p olit ic a l s p here in te nse in te ra ctio ns, in clu din g tr a de a nd e xch ange o f p eople a nd g oods, g o h and in h and w it h e m phasis
o n r e gio nal p artic u la rit y . “ G lo ca liz a tio n” is a n eolo gis m to s p eak o f th e c o m ple x in te rp la y o f g lo bal a nd lo ca l. If o ne lo oks it u p
in W ik ip edia , it is m ostly a bout m ark e tin g, a daptin g g lo bal b ra nds a nd p ro ducts to lo ca l p re fe re nce s in o rd er to b e m ore
su cce ssfu l c o m merc ia lly . T hat is s till to o c lo se to a n e xp ort m odel, in m y o pin io n. T he p ro ce ss r u ns d eeper th an th at; th e
lo ca l d im ensio n, th e e m phasis o n p artic u la rit y , is n ot m ere ly in str u m enta l b ut o ught to b e c o nsid ere d to b e a g enuin e s o urc e
o f in sig ht.
W e s h ould g iv e p eople fr o m v a rio us s e ttin gs a n o pportu nit y to s p eak fo r th em se lv e s, a nd to p re se nt o n th eir o w n te rm s, h ow
kn ow le dge a nd v a lu es in te ra ct in th eir c u lt u ra l a nd s o cia l c o nte xt. A s I e nvis a ge th e fo llo w in g s e rie s o f r e vie w a rtic le s, th is
w ill n ot b e a c o m para tiv e p ro je ct, th ough c o m paris o ns m ay a ris e . It w ill fir s t a nd fo re m ost b e a d escrip tiv e p ro je ct, c o lle ctin g
in sig ht fr o m v a rio us p la ce s. A nd a h erm eneutic a l p ro je ct, lis te nin g to o th er v o ic e s, s e ekin g to r e duce m is u nders ta ndin gs s o
th at w e m ay p erh aps u nders ta nd b ette r th e r ic h ness o f a ttit u des, v is io ns, a nd id eas in o ur w orld .
T his s e rie s o f r e vie w s o n r e lig io n a nd s cie nce a ro und th e w orld w ill r u n th e w hole y e ar, a nd p erh aps s o m ew hat lo nger. W e
e nvis a ge c o ntr ib utio ns o n N ew Z eala nd a nd A ustr a lia , C hin a, In donesia , In dia , th e M id dle E ast, S outh A fr ic a , G erm any, th e
U nit e d K in gdom , a nd L atin A m eric a . O th ers m ay b e a dded.
A ckn ow le d gm en ts
T he p ara gra phs o n th e O xfo rd H andbook, o n d eve lo pm ents a ro und 1 966, a nd o n D avid L iv in gsto ne's w ork h ave b een
a dapte d fr o m D re es ( [
5 ] ) .
R efe re nce s
1 B arb our, Ia n G . 1 966. Is su es in S cie nce a nd R elig io n. E ngle w ood C lif fs , N J : P re ntic e
‐ Hall.
2 B arb our, Ia n G . 1 990. R elig io n in a n A ge o f S cie nce . S an F ra ncis co , C A : H arp er & R ow .
3 C la yto n, P hilip , a nd Z ach ary S im pso n, e ds. 2 006. T he O xfo rd H andbook o f R elig io n a nd S cie nce . O xfo rd : O xfo rd
U niv e rs it y P re ss.
4 D ip pel, C . J ., a nd J . M . d e J o ng. 1 965. G elo of e n N atu urw ete nsch ap I: S ch eppin gsg elo of, n atu ur, e n n atu urw ete nsch ap.
's
‐ Gra ve nhage : B oeke nce ntr u m .
5 D re es, W ille m B . 2 010. R elig io n a nd S cie nce in C onte xt: A G uid e to th e D ebate s. L ondon : R outle dge.
6 L iv in gsto ne, D avid N . 2 003. P uttin g S cie nce in Its P la ce : G eogra phie s o f S cie ntif ic K now le dge. C hic a go, IL : U niv e rs it y o f
C hic a go P re ss.
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B y W ille m B . D re es
W ille m B . D re es is e dit o r o f Z yg on: J o urn al o f R elig io n a nd S cie nce a nd P ro fe sso r o f P hilo so phy o f th e H um anit ie s a nd
D ean, T ilb urg S ch ool o f th e H um anit ie s, T ilb urg , T he N eth erla nds; e
‐ mail: .
C opyrig ht o f Z yg on: J o urn al o f R elig io n & S cie nce is th e p ro perty o f W ile y-B la ckw ell a nd it s c o nte nt m ay n ot b e c o pie d o r
e m aile d to m ult ip le s it e s o r p oste d to a lis ts e rv w it h out th e c o pyrig ht h old er's e xp re ss w rit te n p erm is sio n. H ow eve r, u se rs
m ay p rin t, d ow nlo ad, o r e m ail a rtic le s fo r in div id ual u se .
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