Descriptive Statistics Analysis Describe the Sun Coast data using the descriptive statistics tools discussed in the unit lesson. Establish whether assumptions are met to use parametric statistical pro

The measure of central tendency. Central tendency shows the extent to which data points are dispersed around the mid-point of the curve. The mid-point is measured by average, median, and mode. The mean is 7.12, the median is seven, and the mode is 7. Evaluation. The parametric test requires that the assumption of normality be met. Normality is when data is distributed normally and when graphed resembles a bell shape. Other common assumptions that must be met, depending on the statistical procedure used, include sample size, levels of measurement, homogeneity of variance, independence, absence of outliers, linearity, etc. In this scenario, there is, in fact, a bell-shaped graph, and the data were distributed normally. Simple Regression: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Lost Time Hours Frequency 10 1 35 1 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 6 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 3/20 60 9 85 9 110 17 135 18 160 24 185 27 210 37 235 24 260 21 285 15 310 12 335 4 More 4 Histogram. Descriptive statistics table. Lost Hours Mean 188.0044843 Standard Error 4.803089447 Median 190 Mode 190 Standard Deviation 71.72542099 Sample Variance 5144.536016 Kurtosis -0.501223533 Skewness -0.081984874 Range 350 Minimum 10 Maximum 360 Sum 41925 Count 223 Measurement scale. According to the data, there are safety training expenditures and lost time hours. The measurement scale used in the scenario is the ratio. A measure of central tendency. The mid-point is measured by mean, median, and mode. The mean is 188.0044843, the median is 190, and the mode is 190. Evaluation. In this scenario, the lost hours range from 10 to 335, with 10 and 335 having a lesser number of lost hours. Lost time hours increase gradually, showing a bell-shaped graph, and the data was distributed normally. Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Multiple Regression: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Bin Frequency 103.38 1 104.3697 2 105.3593 1 106.349 3 107.3386 6 108.3283 6 109.3179 9 110.3076 12 1112973 18 2 2 2 2 7 2 2 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 4/20 111.2973 18 112.2869 17 113.2766 26 114.2662 22 115.2559 27 116.2456 47 117.2352 36 118.2249 44 119.2145 47 120.2042 53 121.1938 61 122.1835 60 123.1732 62 124.1628 74 125.1525 70 126.1421 81 127.1318 92 128.1214 73 129.1111 105 130.1008 80 131.0904 88 132.0801 67 133.0697 50 134.0594 56 135.0491 35 136.0387 30 137.0284 19 138.018 7 139.0077 8 139.9973 5 More 2 Histogram. Descriptive statistics table. Decibels Mean 124.8359428 Standard Error 0.177944692 Median 125.721 Mode 127.315 Standard Deviation 6.898656622 Sample Variance 47.59146318 Kurtosis -0.3141873 Skewness -0.418952188 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 5/20 Range 37.607 Minimum 103.38 Maximum 140.987 Sum 187628.422 Count 1503 Measurement scale In each contract, employees are subject to noises during the job. These noises ultimately cause injuries. The louder the decibels, the more they are prone to injuries. The data provided utilizes the ratio scale. The measure of central tendency The mean decibels are 124.8359428, the median 125.721 and the mode 127.315 Evaluation The decibels employees are affected by range from 103 to 140. This histogram is bell-shaped with the most decibels at 129.1111; therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Independent Samples t-Test: Prior Training Bin Frequency 50 4 55.85714 5 61.71429 7 67.57143 8 73.42857 14 79.28571 10 85.14286 8 More 5 Revised Training Bin Frequency 75 2 78.14286 5 81.28571 10 84.42857 12 87.57143 14 90.71429 10 93.85714 5 More 3 Histogram. Descriptive statistics table. 2 2 2 2 Prior Training Revised Training Mean 69.79032258 Mean 84.77419355 Standard Error 1.402788093 Standard Error 0.659478888 Median 70 Median 85 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 6/20 Mode 80 Mode 85 Standard Deviation 11.04556449 Standard Deviation 5.192741955 Sample Variance 122.004495 Sample Variance 26.96456901 Kurtosis -0.77667598 Kurtosis -0.352537913 Skewness -0.086798138 Skewness 0.144084526 Range 41 Range 22 Minimum 50 Minimum 75 Maximum 91 Maximum 97 Sum 4327 Sum 5256 Count 62 Count 62 Measurement scale. Test scores from prior training and revised training were reported. The ratio measurement is the scale used in this scenario. Measure of central tendency. The preceding training scores group had a mean of 69.79032258, a median of 70, and a mode of 80. In the revised training with group b, the mean was 84.77419355, a median of 85 and mode 85. Evaluation. The histogram shows a normal bell-shaped figure from the data provided. Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met.

Dependent Samples (Paired-Samples) t-Test: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Pre-Exposure Post Exposure Bin Frequency Bin Frequency 8 1 8 1 16 4 16 4 24 7 24 7 32 7 32 7 40 13 40 11 48 12 48 14 More 4 2 2 8 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 7/20 o e More 4 Histogram. Descriptive statistics table. Pre-Exposure Post Exposure Mean 32.85714 Mean 33.28571429 Standard Error 1.752307 Standard Error 1.781423416 Median 35 Median 36 Mode 36 Mode 38 Standard Deviation 12.26615 Standard Deviation 12.46996391 Sample Variance 150.4583 Sample Variance 155.5 Kurtosis -0.57604 Kurtosis -0.654212507 Skewness -0.42511 Skewness -0.483629097 Range 50 Range 50 Minimum 6 Minimum 6 Maximum 56 Maximum 56 Sum 1610 Sum 1631 Count 49 Count 49 Measurement scale. The data provided is pre-exposure numbers and post-exposure utilizing the ratio measurement. Measure of central tendency. The pre- exposure mean is 32.85714; the median is 35 and mode 36. The post-exposure mean is 33.28571429, median 36, and mode 38. Evaluation. The histogram shows a normal bell-shaped figure from the data provided. Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. ANOVA: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table.

Air Soil Bin Frequency Bin Frequency 3 1 6 1 5.75 3 7.75 2 8.5 4 9.5 10 11.25 7 11.25 4 More 4 More 2 Water Training Bin Frequency Bin Frequency 3 1 3 1 525 4 2 2 9 10 2 2 2 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 8/20 5.25 4 4.25 3 7.5 8 5.5 6 9.75 2 6.75 6 More 4 More 3 Histogram. Descriptive statistics table Air Soil Mean 8.9 Mean 9.1 Standard Error 0.684028316 Standard Error 0.390006748 Median 9 Median 9 Mode 11 Mode 8 Standard Deviation 3.059067625 Standard Deviation 1.744163199 Sample Variance 9.357894737 Sample Variance 3.042105263 Kurtosis -0.62830092 Kurtosis 0.119230317 Skewness -0.360849171 Skewness 0.492001831 Range 11 Range 7 Minimum 3 Minimum 6 Maximum 14 Maximum 13 Sum 178 Sum 182 Count 20 Count 20 Water Training Mean 7 Mean 5.4 Standard Error 0.575828922 Standard Error 0.265567912 Median 6 Median 5 Mode 6 Mode 5 Standard Deviation 2.575185226 Standard Deviation 1.187655807 Sample Variance 6.631578947 Sample Variance 1.410526316 Kurtosis -0.237524639 Kurtosis 0.253746631 Skewness 0.760206271 Skewness 0.159183094 Range 9 Range 5 Minimum 3 Minimum 3 Maximum 12 Maximum 8 Sum 140 Sum 108 Count 20 Count 20 Measurement scale The data provided is utilizing the ratio measurement. Measure of central tendency The mean for air is 8.9, the median nine, and mode 11. For air, the mean is 9.1, median 8, and mode 8. Water means 7, the median is 6, and mode is 6. The central training tendency has a mean of 5.4, median five, and mode 5. Evaluation The histogram shows a normal bell-shaped figure from the data provided. Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. 11 2 2 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 9/20 References George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). Descriptive statistics. In IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step (pp. 126-134). Routledge. Simonsohn, U., Simmons, J. P., & Nelson, L. D. (2019). Specification curve: Descriptive and inferential statistics on all reasonable specifications. Available at SSRN 2694998. Histogram Frequency 103.38 104.3696579 105.3593158 106.3489737 107.3386316 108.3282895 109.3179474 110.3076053 111.2972632 112.2869211 113.2765789 114.2662368 115.2558947 116.2455526 117.2352105 118.2248684 119.2145263 120.2041842 121.1938421 122.1835 123.1731579 124.1628158 125.1524737 126.1421316 127.1317895 128.1214474 129.1111053 130.1007632 131.0904211 132.0800789 133.0697368 134.0593947 135.0490526 136.0387105 137.0283684 138.0180263 139.0076842 139.9973421 More 1 2 1 3 6 6 9 12 18 17 26 22 27 47 36 44 47 53 61 60 62 74 70 81 92 73 105 80 88 67 50 56 35 30 19 7 8 5 2 Bin Frequency Histogram Prior Training Frequency 50 55.85714286 61.71428571 67.57142857 73.42857143 79.28571429 85.14285714 More 4 5 7 8 14 10 8 5 Bin Frequency Histogram Revised Training Frequency 75 78.14285714 81.28571429 84.42857143 87.57142857 90.71428571 93.85714286 More 2 5 10 12 14 10 5 3 Bin Frequency Histogram Post Exposure Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 11 14 4 Bin Frequency Histogram Pre Exposure Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 13 12 4 Bin Frequency Histogram Air Frequency 3 5.75 8.5 11.25 More 1 3 4 7 4 Bin Frequency Histogram Soil 2 2 2 2 2 2 Frequency 6 7.75 9.5 11.25 More 1 2 10 4 2 Bin Frequency Histogram water Frequency 3 5.25 7.5 9.75 More 1 4 8 2 4 Bin Frequency Histogram Training Frequency 3 4.25 5.5 6.75 More 1 3 6 6 3 Bin Frequency 2 2 2 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 10/20 Source Matches  (92) Student paper 64 % Student paper 66 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 64 % Student paper 76 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Histogram Frequency 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 More 1 1 4 13 18 24 18 12 7 2 2 4 Bin Frequency Histogram Frequency 10 35 60 85 110 135 160 185 210 235 260 285 310 335 More 1 1 9 9 17 18 24 27 37 24 21 15 12 4 4 Bin Frequency 2 2 1 Student paper DATA ANALYSIS 1 Original source SUN COAST DATA RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 1 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics Analysis Original source Descriptive statistics table 2 Student paper Columbia Southern University Original source Columbia Southern University 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Original source Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing 3 Student paper Every study question was believed to have ratio data that can be classified, and the distance amid the data values is considerable. Original source Meanwhile ratio data can be classified and is seen to have a significant distance between the data values 4 Student paper The measurement of the data is by a ratio measurement scale. Original source The measurement scale for this data set is a ratio measurement scale 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Original source Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table 2 Student paper Descriptive statistics table. Original source Descriptive statistics table 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&course … 11/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 92 % Student paper 67 % Student paper 92 % Student paper 88 % Student paper 99 % 2 Student paper Mean 7.126214 Standard Error 0.186484 Original source Mean 7.126214 Standard Error 0.186484 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 1.892605 Sample Variance 3.581953 Kurtosis 0.124923 Skewness 0.14225 Original source Standard Deviation 1.892605 Sample Variance 3.581953 Kurtosis 0.124923 Skewness 0.14225 2 Student paper Data is measured on nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales. Nominal and ordinal values have no significant distance between data values or true zero. Interval data does have a considerable distance between data values; however, they have no unique origin (true zero). Original source Data is measured on nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scales Nominal and ordinal values have no meaningful distance between data values or unique origin (true zero) Interval data does have meaningful distance between data values however, they have no unique origin (true zero) 5 Student paper Ratios data can be categorized, ordered, and have a significant distance between data values, and have true zero (Simonsohn, Simmons & Nelson, 2019). Original source Ratio data can be classified, ordered and have a meaningful distance between data values, and have a true zero 2 Student paper Therefore, the measurement scale used in this scenario is ratio due to the data being utilized is the sick days. The measure of central tendency. Central tendency shows the extent to which data points are dispersed around the mid- point of the curve. The mid-point is measured by average, median, and mode. Original source Therefore, the measurement scale used in this scenario is ratio due to the data being utilized is the sick days Measure of central tendency Central tendency is how data points are dispersed around the mid-point of the curve The mid-point is measured by mean, median and mode 2 Student paper The mean is 7.12, the median is seven, and the mode is 7. Original source The mean is 7.12, the median is 7 and the mode is 7 2 Student paper The parametric test requires that the assumption of normality be met.

Normality is when data is distributed normally and when graphed resembles a bell shape. Other common assumptions that must be met, depending on the statistical procedure used, include sample size, levels of measurement, homogeneity of variance, independence, absence of outliers, linearity, etc. In this scenario, there is, in fact, a bell-shaped graph, and the data were distributed normally. Original source Parametric test requires that the assumption of normality be met Normality is when data is distributed normally and when graphed resembles a bell shape Other common assumptions that must be met, depending on the statistical procedure used, include sample size, levels of measurement, homogeneity of variance, independence, absence of outliers, linearity, etc In this scenario, there is in fact a bell-shaped graph and the data was distributed normally 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 12/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 97 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Original source Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table 6 Student paper Lost Time Hours Frequency Original source Lost Time Hours Frequency 2 Student paper Descriptive statistics table. Original source Descriptive statistics table 2 Student paper Mean 188.0044843 Standard Error 4.803089447 Original source Mean 188.0044843 Standard Error 4.803089447 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 71.72542099 Sample Variance 5144.536016 Kurtosis -0.501223533 Skewness -0.081984874 Original source Standard Deviation 71.72542099 Sample Variance 5144.536016 Kurtosis -0.501223533 Skewness -0.081984874 2 Student paper According to the data, there are safety training expenditures and lost time hours. The measurement scale used in the scenario is the ratio. Original source According to the data there is safety training expenditures and lost time hours The measurement scale used in the scenario is ratio 7 Student paper A measure of central tendency. Original source A measure of central tendency 2 Student paper The mid-point is measured by mean, median, and mode. The mean is 188.0044843, the median is 190, and the mode is 190. Original source The mid-point is measured by mean, median and mode The mean is 188.0044843, the median is 190 and the mode is 190 2 Student paper In this scenario, the lost hours range from 10 to 335, with 10 and 335 having a lesser number of lost hours. Lost time hours increase gradually, showing a bell- shaped graph, and the data was distributed normally. Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Original source In this scenario the lost hours range from 10 to 335 with 10 and 335 having the lesser number of lost hours Lost time hours increase gradually showing a bell- shaped graph and the data was distributed normally Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 13/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Original source Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table 2 Student paper 103.38 1 104.3697 2 105.3593 1 106.349 3 Original source 103.38 1 104.3697 2 105.3593 1 106.349 3 2 Student paper 107.3386 6 108.3283 6 109.3179 9 110.3076 12 Original source 107.3386 6 108.3283 6 109.3179 9 110.3076 12 2 Student paper 111.2973 18 112.2869 17 113.2766 26 114.2662 22 Original source 111.2973 18 112.2869 17 113.2766 26 114.2662 22 2 Student paper 115.2559 27 116.2456 47 117.2352 36 118.2249 44 Original source 115.2559 27 116.2456 47 117.2352 36 118.2249 44 2 Student paper 119.2145 47 120.2042 53 121.1938 61 122.1835 60 Original source 119.2145 47 120.2042 53 121.1938 61 122.1835 60 2 Student paper 123.1732 62 124.1628 74 125.1525 70 126.1421 81 Original source 123.1732 62 124.1628 74 125.1525 70 126.1421 81 2 Student paper 127.1318 92 128.1214 73 129.1111 105 130.1008 80 Original source 127.1318 92 128.1214 73 129.1111 105 130.1008 80 2 Student paper 131.0904 88 132.0801 67 133.0697 50 134.0594 56 Original source 131.0904 88 132.0801 67 133.0697 50 134.0594 56 2 Student paper 135.0491 35 136.0387 30 137.0284 19 138.018 7 Original source 135.0491 35 136.0387 30 137.0284 19 138.018 7 2 Student paper 139.0077 8 139.9973 5 Original source 139.0077 8 139.9973 5 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 14/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 99 % Student paper 98 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Descriptive statistics table. Original source Descriptive statistics table 2 Student paper Mean 124.8359428 Standard Error 0.177944692 Median 125.721 Mode 127.315 Original source Mean 124.8359428 Standard Error 0.177944692 Median 125.721 Mode 127.315 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 6.898656622 Sample Variance 47.59146318 Kurtosis -0.3141873 Skewness -0.418952188 Original source Standard Deviation 6.898656622 Sample Variance 47.59146318 Kurtosis -0.3141873 Skewness -0.418952188 2 Student paper Range 37.607 Minimum 103.38 Maximum 140.987 Sum 187628.422 Original source Range 37.607 Minimum 103.38 Maximum 140.987 Sum 187628.422 2 Student paper In each contract, employees are subject to noises during the job. These noises ultimately cause injuries. The louder the decibels, the more they are prone to injuries. The data provided utilizes the ratio scale. Original source Each contract, employees are subject to noises during the job These noises ultimately cause injuries The louder the decibels the more they are prone to injuries The data provided utilizes the ratio scale 2 Student paper The measure of central tendency The mean decibels are 124.8359428, the median 125.721 and the mode 127.315 Evaluation The decibels employees are affected by range from 103 to 140. This histogram is bell-shaped with the most decibels at 129.1111; Original source Measure of central tendency The mean decibels are 124.8359428, the median 125.721 and the mode 127.315 The decibels employees are affected by range from 103 to 140 This histogram is bell shaped with the most decibels at 129.1111 2 Student paper therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Independent Samples t-Test: Original source Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met Independent Samples t Test 2 Student paper 55.85714 5 61.71429 7 67.57143 8 73.42857 14 Original source 55.85714 5 61.71429 7 67.57143 8 73.42857 14 2 Student paper 79.28571 10 85.14286 8 Original source 79.28571 10 85.14286 8 2 Student paper 78.14286 5 81.28571 10 84.42857 12 87.57143 14 Original source 78.14286 5 81.28571 10 84.42857 12 87.57143 14 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 15/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 91 % Student paper 99 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper 90.71429 10 93.85714 5 Original source 90.71429 10 93.85714 5 2 Student paper Descriptive statistics table. Original source Descriptive statistics table 2 Student paper Mean 69.79032258 Mean 84.77419355 Standard Error 1.402788093 Standard Error 0.659478888 Original source Mean 69.79032258 Mean 84.77419355 Standard Error 1.402788093 Standard Error 0.659478888 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 11.04556449 Standard Deviation 5.192741955 Sample Variance 122.004495 Sample Variance 26.96456901 Original source Standard Deviation 11.04556449 Standard Deviation 5.192741955 Sample Variance 122.004495 Sample Variance 26.96456901 2 Student paper Kurtosis -0.77667598 Kurtosis -0.352537913 Skewness -0.086798138 Skewness 0.144084526 Original source Kurtosis -0.77667598 Kurtosis -0.352537913 Skewness -0.086798138 Skewness 0.144084526 2 Student paper Test scores from prior training and revised training were reported. The ratio measurement is the scale used in this scenario. Measure of central tendency. Original source Test scores from prior training and revised training were reported The ratio measurement is the scale used in this scenario Measure of central tendency 8 Student paper The preceding training scores group had a mean of 69.79032258, a median of 70, and a mode of 80. Original source prior training scores group A had a mean of 69.79032258, median of 70 and mode of 80 2 Student paper In the revised training with group b, the mean was 84.77419355, a median of 85 and mode 85. Original source In the revised training with group B the mean was 84.77419355, median of 85 and mode 85 2 Student paper The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided.

Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Dependent Samples (Paired-Samples) t-Test:

Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Original source The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met Dependent Samples (Paired-Samples) t Test Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 16/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 71 % Student paper 78 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Frequency distribution table. Original source Frequency distribution table 2 Student paper Descriptive statistics table. Pre-Exposure Post Exposure Mean 32.85714 Mean 33.28571429 Standard Error 1.752307 Standard Error 1.781423416 Original source Descriptive statistics table Pre-Exposure Post Exposure Mean 32.85714 Mean 33.28571429 Standard Error 1.752307 Standard Error 1.781423416 2 Student paper Median 35 Median 36 Mode 36 Mode 38 Standard Deviation 12.26615 Standard Deviation 12.46996391 Sample Variance 150.4583 Sample Variance 155.5 Original source Median 35 Median 36 Mode 36 Mode 38 Standard Deviation 12.26615 Standard Deviation 12.46996391 Sample Variance 150.4583 Sample Variance 155.5 2 Student paper Kurtosis -0.57604 Kurtosis -0.654212507 Skewness -0.42511 Skewness -0.483629097 Range 50 Range 50 Minimum 6 Minimum 6 Original source Kurtosis -0.57604 Kurtosis -0.654212507 Skewness -0.42511 Skewness -0.483629097 Range 50 Range 50 Minimum 6 Minimum 6 2 Student paper Maximum 56 Maximum 56 Sum 1610 Sum 1631 Count 49 Count 49 Original source Maximum 56 Maximum 56 Sum 1610 Sum 1631 Count 49 Count 49 2 Student paper The data provided is pre-exposure numbers and post-exposure utilizing the ratio measurement. Measure of central tendency. Original source The data provided is pre-exposure numbers and post exposure utilizing the ratio measurement Measure of central tendency 9 Student paper The pre-exposure mean is 32.85714; Original source Mean 32.85714 10 Student paper the median is 35 and mode 36. Original source Median 35 36 2 Student paper The post-exposure mean is 33.28571429, median 36, and mode 38. Original source The post-exposure mean is 33.28571429, median 36 and mode 38 2 Student paper The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided.

Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Original source The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 17/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 75 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table. Original source Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing Frequency distribution table 2 Student paper 5.75 3 7.75 2 8.5 4 9.5 10 Original source 5.75 3 7.75 2 8.5 4 9.5 10 2 Student paper 11.25 7 11.25 4 Original source 11.25 7 11.25 4 2 Student paper 5.25 4 4.25 3 7.5 8 5.5 6 Original source 5.25 4 4.25 3 7.5 8 5.5 6 2 Student paper 9.75 2 6.75 6 Original source 9.75 2 6.75 6 11 Student paper Descriptive statistics table Air Soil Original source Descriptive statistics table A = Air 2 Student paper Mean 8.9 Mean 9.1 Standard Error 0.684028316 Standard Error 0.390006748 Median 9 Median 9 Mode 11 Mode 8 Original source Mean 8.9 Mean 9.1 Standard Error 0.684028316 Standard Error 0.390006748 Median 9 Median 9 Mode 11 Mode 8 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 3.059067625 Standard Deviation 1.744163199 Sample Variance 9.357894737 Sample Variance 3.042105263 Kurtosis -0.62830092 Kurtosis 0.119230317 Skewness -0.360849171 Skewness 0.492001831 Original source Standard Deviation 3.059067625 Standard Deviation 1.744163199 Sample Variance 9.357894737 Sample Variance 3.042105263 Kurtosis -0.62830092 Kurtosis 0.119230317 Skewness -0.360849171 Skewness 0.492001831 2 Student paper Range 11 Range 7 Minimum 3 Minimum 6 Maximum 14 Maximum 13 Sum 178 Sum 182 Original source Range 11 Range 7 Minimum 3 Minimum 6 Maximum 14 Maximum 13 Sum 178 Sum 182 2 Student paper Count 20 Count 20 Original source Count 20 Count 20 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 18/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 97 % Student paper 89 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Mean 7 Mean 5.4 Standard Error 0.575828922 Standard Error 0.265567912 Median 6 Median 5 Mode 6 Mode 5 Original source Mean 7 Mean 5.4 Standard Error 0.575828922 Standard Error 0.265567912 Median 6 Median 5 Mode 6 Mode 5 2 Student paper Standard Deviation 2.575185226 Standard Deviation 1.187655807 Sample Variance 6.631578947 Sample Variance 1.410526316 Kurtosis -0.237524639 Kurtosis 0.253746631 Skewness 0.760206271 Skewness 0.159183094 Original source Standard Deviation 2.575185226 Standard Deviation 1.187655807 Sample Variance 6.631578947 Sample Variance 1.410526316 Kurtosis -0.237524639 Kurtosis 0.253746631 Skewness 0.760206271 Skewness 0.159183094 2 Student paper Range 9 Range 5 Minimum 3 Minimum 3 Maximum 12 Maximum 8 Sum 140 Sum 108 Original source Range 9 Range 5 Minimum 3 Minimum 3 Maximum 12 Maximum 8 Sum 140 Sum 108 2 Student paper Count 20 Count 20 Original source Count 20 Count 20 2 Student paper The data provided is utilizing the ratio measurement. Measure of central tendency The mean for air is 8.9, the median nine, and mode 11. For air, the mean is 9.1, median 8, and mode 8. Original source The data provided is utilizing the ratio measurement Measure of central tendency The mean for air is 8.9, the median 9 and mode 11 For air the mean is 9.1, median 8 and mode 8 2 Student paper Water means 7, the median is 6, and mode is 6. The central training tendency has a mean of 5.4, median five, and mode 5. Original source Water mean is 7, median is 6 and mode is 6 The training central tendency has a mean of 5.4, median 5 and mode 5 2 Student paper The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided.

Therefore, assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met. Original source The histogram shows a normal bell- shaped figure from the data provided Therefore, the assumptions for parametric statistical testing were met 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 19/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Frequency 103.38 104.3696579 105.3593158 106.3489737 107.3386316 108.3282895 109.3179474 110.3076053 111.2972632 112.2869211 113.2765789 114.2662368 115.2558947 116.2455526 117.2352105 118.2248684 119.2145263 120.2041842 121.1938421 122.1835 123.1731579 124.1628158 125.1524737 126.1421316 127.1317895 128.1214474 129.1111053 130.1007632 131.0904211 132.0800789 133.0697368 134.0593947 135.0490526 136.0387105 137.0283684 138.0180263 139.0076842 139.9973421 More 1 2 1 3 6 6 9 12 18 17 26 22 27 47 36 44 47 53 61 60 62 74 70 81 92 73 105 80 88 67 50 56 35 30 19 7 8 5 2 Bin Original source Frequency 103.38 104.3696579 105.3593158 106.3489737 107.3386316 108.3282895 109.3179474 110.3076053 111.2972632 112.2869211 113.2765789 114.2662368 115.2558947 116.2455526 117.2352105 118.2248684 119.2145263 120.2041842 121.1938421 122.1835 123.1731579 124.1628158 125.1524737 126.1421316 127.1317895 128.1214474 129.1111053 130.1007632 131.0904211 132.0800789 133.0697368 134.0593947 135.0490526 136.0387105 137.0283684 138.0180263 139.0076842 139.9973421 More 1 2 1 3 6 6 9 12 18 17 26 22 27 47 36 44 47 53 61 60 62 74 70 81 92 73 105 80 88 67 50 56 35 30 19 7 8 5 2 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 50 55.85714286 61.71428571 67.57142857 73.42857143 79.28571429 85.14285714 More 4 5 7 8 14 10 8 5 Bin Original source Frequency 50 55.85714286 61.71428571 67.57142857 73.42857143 79.28571429 85.14285714 More 4 5 7 8 14 10 8 5 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 75 78.14285714 81.28571429 84.42857143 87.57142857 90.71428571 93.85714286 More 2 5 10 12 14 10 5 3 Bin Original source Frequency 75 78.14285714 81.28571429 84.42857143 87.57142857 90.71428571 93.85714286 More 2 5 10 12 14 10 5 3 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 11 14 4 Bin Original source Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 11 14 4 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 13 12 4 Bin Original source Frequency 8 16 24 32 40 48 More 1 4 7 7 13 12 4 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 3 5.75 8.5 11.25 More 1 3 4 7 4 Bin Original source Frequency 3 5.75 8.5 11.25 More 1 3 4 7 4 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 6 7.75 9.5 11.25 More 1 2 10 4 2 Bin Original source Frequency 6 7.75 9.5 11.25 More 1 2 10 4 2 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 3 5.25 7.5 9.75 More 1 4 8 2 4 Bin Original source Frequency 3 5.25 7.5 9.75 More 1 4 8 2 4 Bin 6/18/2020 Originality Report https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-bb_bb60/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=69e60750-60e6-4338-92d8-594f01422795&cours … 20/20 Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % Student paper 100 % 2 Student paper Frequency 3 4.25 5.5 6.75 More 1 3 6 6 3 Bin Original source Frequency 3 4.25 5.5 6.75 More 1 3 6 6 3 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 More 1 1 4 13 18 24 18 12 7 2 2 4 Bin Original source Frequency 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 More 1 1 4 13 18 24 18 12 7 2 2 4 Bin 2 Student paper Frequency 10 35 60 85 110 135 160 185 210 235 260 285 310 335 More 1 1 9 9 17 18 24 27 37 24 21 15 12 4 4 Bin Original source Frequency 10 35 60 85 110 135 160 185 210 235 260 285 310 335 More 1 1 9 9 17 18 24 27 37 24 21 15 12 4 4 Bin