Assignment InstructionsAssignment 3: The PresentationObjective: Develop an audio-narrated PowerPoint presentation based on the research you have conducted about your chosen medical condition or diseas

Outline of Epidemiology of Skin Cancer

Introduction

• Topic Selection:

• The continuation topic of discussion is skin cancer. The reason for selecting this topic is based on the high prevalence rate trending globally.

• American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) approximated that about 9500 people in the United States are diagnosed with skin cancer daily (AAD, 2020).

• The study indicated that there is an overall increase of BCC by about 145% (AAD, 2020). The risk is highly prevalent in women than in men. For every one person out of five, there is the possibility of developing skin cancer at the age of 70 years (AAD, 2020).

• Definition of the Disease

• Armstrong and Kricker (2001) defined skin cancer as an abnormal growth of skin cells that develops in areas exposed to sun or in other areas that are not directly exposed to the sunlight.

• The two main categories of skin cancer include the keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma. Keratinocyte carcinoma is known as the first basal and squamous cell skin cancers (Armstrong & Kricker, 2001). These types of skin cancer occur in body areas that are exposed to sunlight such as head and neck. Melanoma is the second category of cancer that originates from cells that give the skin color (Armstrong & Kricker, 2001). It is popularly known as the melanocytes. Melanocytes can form benign moles, which can later become cancerous (Armstrong & Kricker, 2001).

• History of Skin Cancer

• The first documentation of skin cancer was recorded in Egyptian papyri in 2500 BC (A, 1997). It was described by Hippocrates as nonulcer and ulcer forming tumors that had finger-like projections resembling a crab.

• Hippocrates described that skin cancer as “carcinos,” which refers to the crab in Greek terms (Elsevier, 2015). The development of the term oncology, which derived from the Greek word, “oncos,” to refer to swelling, modified that understanding of skin cancer (Elsevier, 2015). The 19th century contributed to the development of oncology, thus leading to the development of the modern microscope.

• In 1804, Laennac described a new type of cancer called melanoma followed by basal cell carcinoma by Jacob in 1827 and later the Bowen of squamous cell carcinoma in situ described in 1912 (Elsevier, 2015). In 1928, the first sunscreen was developed. In the 1940s, UV radiation was suspected as having the ability to cause skin cancer. Since the 1940s, a lot of experiments have been done to promote the treatment of skin cancer, including surgery (Elsevier, 2015).

Content Sections

• Statistics/Epidemiology

• According to AAD, about 9500 people are diagnosed with skin cancer daily. The research on skin cancer indicated that over three million Americans are affected by skin cancer every year (AAD, 2020).

• In 2019, the cases of melanoma were about 192310 (AAD, 2020). The study also indicated that the instances of melanoma have doubled from 1982 to 2011 and is continuing to grow (AAD, 2020).

• In America, Caucasians and men above 80 years have a higher risk of developing melanoma than the general population (AAD, 2020). For the cases of men above 80 years, the incidence is almost three times higher. The survival rate is higher in the case of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas since they are treatable (AAD, 2020).

• The five-year survival rate is estimated for the patient whose problems have been discovered before it spreads to the lymph nodes. Its death rate stands at about 20 people dying daily out of skin cancer in America (AAD, 2020).

• Statistical Prevalence

• Skin cancer attacks all ages though its rampant among people who are older than 70 years and three times for those aged 80 years and above as compared to the general population (AAD, 2020).

• Melanoma is estimated to affect about 1 in every 27 men and about 1 in every 40 women in a lifetime. Melanoma is the second most common form of cancer affecting females between the age of 15 years to 29 years. About 6.1% increase has been recorded in women younger than 44 years (AAD, 2020).

• Skin cancer is not a contagious disease that is passed from one person to the other. It is caused by the sun’s harmful UV rays. It is also linked to a family history of skin cancer (AAD, 2020).

• Th financial cost is about $8.1 billion for annual treatment of about 4.9 million U.S. adults between the years 2007 and 2011 (AAD, 2020). For the case of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the U.S., the treatment is estimated to be $4.8 billion. The department visit for the related sunburn cases cost about $11.2 million (AAD, 2020).

• People with skin cancer are encouraged to stay indoors, thus affecting their productivity as they avoid working or walking under direct sunlight.

• Anatomy and Physiology/Etiology

• The formation of colored patches in the skin or rushes is some of the signs of skin cancer.

• The UV radiations damage DNA base and disable a tumor suppressor gene (P53) or known as the patch (PTC) gene (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• Other causes include frequent irritation that causes infections, as well as chemicals, act as predisposing factors.

• Sunburned skin aids the production of Fas (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• Sometimes they form blisters with puss in them.

• The cause of the skin in most cases is the excess exposure to the sun’s UVL radiations (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• The diagnosis includes self-diagnosis in which people keep check of any scratch or change in their skin. The use of modern microscope imaging and lab testing has been widely used to diagnose the problem (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• Treatment methods include freezing or cryosurgery, excisional surgery, and chemotherapy. Other methods include biological therapy and radiotherapy methods (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• Other alternative treatment includes the skin lotions with ability to fix damaged DNA before the cells become cancerous.

• Such oils contained liposomes that contained enzymes responsible for repairing NA mutations (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

• The prognosis of skin cancer has been clear, especially in the case of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are highly treatable. Virtually, there are no deaths from basal cell carcinoma. There are a few cases of deaths related to squamous cell carcinoma skin cancers (AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com, 2013).

Conclusion

• Skin cancer is becoming one of the popular types of cancers affecting people globally.

• Skin cancer refers to abnormal growth of skin cells that develops in areas exposed to sun or in other areas that are not directly exposed to the sunlight.

• There are two categories of skin cancer: keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma.

• The prevalence of skin cancer is high in America and among Caucasians than other races in America.

• Skin cancer affects all genders and ages but more rampant in old ages above 70 years as compared to the general population.

• About 9500 people in the United States are diagnosed with skin cancer daily, and the annual cost of treatment is approximated to be about $8.1 billion, thus making it one of the severe health issues in America.

References

A, S. (1997). History of Skin Cancer. In: Altmeyer P., Hoffmann K., Stücker M. (eds) Skin Cancer and UV Radiation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. DOI :https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60771-4_3.

AAD. (2020, 6 8). Skin Cancer. Retrieved from www.aad.org: https://www.aad.org/media/stats-skin-cancer

AnatomyandPhysiologyi.Com. (2013, 12 12). Skin Cancer: Carcinoma & Melanoma. Retrieved from anatomyandphysiologyi.com: https://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/skin-cancer-carcinoma-melanoma/

Armstrong, B. K., & Kricker, A. (2001). The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. Journal of photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 63(1-3), 8-18.

Elsevier. (2015). The history of skin cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.121.