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CRIMINAL JUSTICE CAPSTONE 15

Michael Williams

Grantham University

CJ499

May 15, 2020

Abstract

The study of agencies along with traditional policing includes defining what is community policing. Traditional policing is defined as and involves officers answering calls and doing his or her duties like patrolling their sector they were assigned and looking for crimes that have occurred and in some situations in the United States that reoccurring. Now, as an officer, another part of the assignment will be shifting and addressing challenges or any issues that may come up. The position of an officer has authority over members of communities, that been assigned also responsible for keeping the peace. It all starts with the officer, whether it involves protecting the citizen in the community or focusing on appending to those who have broken the law. Traditional policing is also involved with specialized units, for example, are narcotics or homicide at least in some of the larger departments. Now, generally, officers start of the position of becoming patrolmen, often meeting incidents that occur head-on in the community, then officers have a goal of progressing in his field dreaming of working up in their division to become a detective. For an officer to move it can take a period that is often set by the statue. Detectives and officers may take many exams in order to move up in the law enforcement rank structure and hold the title of sergeant, lieutenant, or even captain. Then community policing does involve when officers are parenting with the communities assigned to them to help solve problems and to attack the core problem that can lead to crime in the first place

Keywords: traditional policing, community policing,

Annotated Bibliography

Braga, A., and B. Bond (2008). “Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Criminology 46(3):577-607.

A study that looked at the impact of ‘problem solving’ approaches in Lowell Massachusetts, at 17 crime-and-disorder hot spots when compared with 17 control areas. Although acknowledging the ‘problem solving’ was shallow, the evaluation showed significant reductions in calls for service at the areas targeted. It also showed the biggest impact was through situational-crime-prevention interventions rather than arrests or social-service strategies. There was no displacement found

Braga, A., D. Kennedy, E. Waring, and A. Piehl (2001). “Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38(3):195-225.

A comparative and reflective study that evaluates Boston’s Operation Ceasefire (a.k.a. Boston Gun Project, 1996), a POP intervention aimed at reducing youth homicide and firearms violence in Boston. Utilizing comparative analysis of youth homicide trends in other major U.S. and other areas of New England, authors suggest that the intervention results were associated with significant reductions in calls for service, and gun assault incidents in Boston.

Annotated Bibliography

Braga, A., D. Weisburd, E. Waring, L. Mazerolle, W. Spelman, and F. Gajewski (1999). “Problem-Oriented Policing in Violent Crime Places: A Randomized Controlled Experiment.” Criminology 37(3):541-579.

A study that evaluates the effects of POP interventions in controlling violent street crime in Jersey City, New Jersey. The results of the project conclude and support past research that focused policing efforts can reduce crime and disorder at problem places without causing crime problems to displace to surrounding areas.

Braga, A., J. McDevitt, and G. Pierce (2006). “Understanding and Preventing Gang Violence: Problem Analysis and Response Development in Lowell, Massachusetts.” Police Quarterly 9(1):20-46.

An academic-police study of gang violence in Lowell, Massachusetts conducted in the context of federally funded Project Safe Neighborhood. The project sheds important light on the nature of gang violence and implementation of specific POP responses that have been instrumental in preventing it.

Annotated Bibliography

Brown, M., and A. Sutton (1997). “Problem Oriented Policing and Organizational Form: Lessons from a Victorian Experiment.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 9(1):21-33.

A study of the application of POP to drug problems by the Victoria, Australia Police and reflections on the challenges to genuine adoption of POP in a large police agency. The authors concluded that the effort to apply a POP approach to drug problems in the Victoria Police largely failed. Police managers continued to use data for tactical enforcement, rather than problem-solving, purposes. Police managers also lacked the authority and flexibility to alter the agency’s fundamental approach to tackling drug problems, which remained reactive and enforcement focused.

Capowich, G., and J. Roehl (1994). “Problem-Oriented Policing: Actions and Effectiveness in San Diego.” In D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

This book chapter focuses on POP case studies in the San Diego, California Police Department; specifically, drug dealing in an apartment complex, street robbery, and drug dealing and gang activity on a trolley line. Authors focus their research on actual behaviors of police officers when they are resolving problems, and the effectiveness of these strategies in resolving these problems.

Annotated Bibliography

Chermak, S., and E. McGarrell (2004). “Problem-Solving Approaches to Homicide: An Evaluation of the Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 15(2):161-192.

A study of the City of Indianapolis, Indiana’s Violent Reduction Partnership, a coalition of criminal justice and community agencies who used a problem-solving approach to violence. Authors describe the program’s impact on homicide and test the effectiveness of notification meetings for high-risk probationers and parolees. The study concludes that homicide rates declined and notification meetings revealed that arrestees thought the criminal justice system was more effective at responding to crime.

Clarke, R.V., and Goldstein, H. (2002). “Reducing Theft at Construction Sites: Lessons from a Problem-Oriented Project.” In N. Tilley (ed.), Analysis for Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 13. Monsey, N.Y: Criminal Justice Press.

A classic yet contemporary example of an academic-police POP effort in the Charlotte Mecklenburg, North Carolina Police Department that succinctly addresses the problem of theft of kitchen appliances stolen from houses under construction. This reflective case study serves as a prime example of how academics/researchers and multi-layered police teams can collaborate in both a structured and free-flowing environment; tapping inter-departmental and outside resources, knowledge, and methodology to cull, analyze, and produce quality data to define, address, and implement working solutions a specific, recurring problem.

Annotated Bibliography

Amendola, K., and G. Jones (2010). Selecting the Best Analyst for the Job: A Model Crime Analyst Assessment Process for Law Enforcement Agencies. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation and U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

A guide designed to equip police agencies to recruit, identify, and hire the most effective crime analysts. It describes the knowledge, skills, and abilities crime analysts need to work with data, interpret the results, and identify problems and solutions as members of police problem solving teams. Applegate, R. (2004). “Problem-Oriented Policing in Plymouth.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal 6(2): 35-50.

A study that explores the experience of practitioners involved in the implementation of POP in an English city which led to a reduction in calls for service. While highlighting the difficulties of implementation, police and partner representatives argued that by focusing upon the operational problem, these issues could be reduced.

Annotated Bibliography

Berman, G., and A. Fox (2010). Trial and Error in Criminal Justice Reform: Learning from Failure. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.

This book argues that public policies cannot be neatly divided into successes and failures. It critically examines programs such as D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) and Operation Ceasefire (a.k.a. Boston Gun Project, 1996). Authors depict accounts and working challenges of street reformers (judges, police officers, prosecutors, parole officers, educators, and politicians) committed to varying measures of criminal justice reform.

Plant, J., and M. Scott (2009). Effective Policing and Crime Prevention: A Problem-Oriented Guide for Mayors, City Managers, and County Executives. Washington, D.C.: Center for Problem-Oriented Policing and U.S. Department of Justice Office, of Community Oriented Policing Services.

A guide intended to help local government executives better understand how local government in general and local police, can more effectively meet public safety challenges. Based on solid, research-based knowledge, the guide summarizes what one should know about policing that directly effects public safety, recommends how local government executives can promote public safety and effective policing, and presents some of what is known about how local government can effectively control and prevent some common public safety problems.

Annotated Bibliography

Rich, T. (1999). Development of a Neighborhood Problem Solving System. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Associates.

An assessment of the effectiveness of Hartford, Connecticut community organizations’ access to the Neighborhood Problem Solving (NPS) system, a specialized and developed crime mapping and analysis software. The study examines the dynamics in relation to technology use, perceptions of neighborhood safety and quality of life, and police-community relations.

Rojek, J. (2003). “A Decade of Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: Characteristics of the Goldstein Award Winners.” Police Quarterly 6(4):492-515.

An analysis of seven years’ worth of submissions to the annual Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing (1993-1999), concluding that submitting agencies applied POP to a diverse range of problem types, employed a wide range of response types to them, and usually employed a combination of responses to address each problem. The author called for further research to determine whether POP, as practiced in these agencies, had moved beyond innovation and implementation stages to an institutionalization stage.

Sampson, R. (2004). Theft of and from Autos in Parking Facilities in Chula Vista, California. A Final Report to the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services on the Field Application of the Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Project.

A report that addresses theft of and from autos in parking facilities by the Chula Vista, California Police Department. Utilizing Ronald Clarke’s POP guide with the same base title, police conducted in-depth analysis through the Problem Analysis Triangle. Police also analyzed other variables: victimization, monetary value of property losses, CPTED, interviews with offenders and parking lot managers, and border point interventions versus parking lot interventions. The results of analysis reveal that offenders made highly rational choices in target selection and masked their crimes with legitimate routine activity in these lots. The project essentially confirms the complementary value of police use of POP guides in addressing their specific problem in which the POP guide addresses, and its step-by-step application to addressing and reducing this specific problem.

The media has a way to distort any American or nationwide views on crime and has a way of explaining the danger through both news and all types of entertainment. In this world of today when watching television it is always showing and reporting the number of serial murders, rest stop killings of tourists and even the locals that live in that area, and to include reporting bullying that leads to murder in our school system (Barak, 2012). Then in our society today the media also make know the blurring of fiction, nonfiction, entertainment, and news. Americans have concluded that the media is increasingly difficult to distinguish when it involves media sources and to separate all narratives of crimes and justice from different types of narratives (Barak, 2012). The media does prepare American citizens for safety precautions when they report the number of a traffic accident that led to killed 1.24 million people across the nation to include worldwide in 2010 alone, but then that double the number of homicides and armed conflict combined in this great nation (Kuper, 2015). The media also report during the local evening news broadcast stations all types of murders that take place throughout the nation, for example, the murder of a professor that worked at a college located in Mississippi, the killing of a state trooper after a highway chase, kidnaps of victims in the state of Cleveland that was imprisoned for a decade, also the media reported that citizens who were trained in the military found on freeways shooting incident people they were known as snipers (Jurkowitz, et al., 2013). The steady streams of media stories always heading toward examples like this supermarket check outlines, also news about car radio of road rage. The crime-industrial complex is almost like the media, but criminal justice did set up an economic interest in trying to control the amount of serious crime and growing threat in the United States. The crime rate has high crossed the nation when spending on the criminal justice system it more than 265 billion during 2012 versus $84 billion that was spent in 1982 (Kyckelhahn, 2015). Now, during the time frame of 1980 to 2010, it has been a great increase let’s say about 80% of the numbers of private security officers in this nation. The security duties job description can vary from alarm monitoring, guarding services, investigate while on duty, always armed when transporting. Then it was a survey done and it was a firm estimate that the annual revenue for contracting security firms it came out to be $30 billion this included home security system also (Shelden et al., 2016). While the private prison industry is having a huge success in America. Then, on the other hand, the private corrections industry plays on the fear of crime the same way that the defense industry played on the fear of Communist expansion during the nation's cold war years. From the years of 1990 to 2010, the number increased of individuals that were held in private prison grew by 80% this was compared to an 18% growth in the overall prison populations (Mason, 2012). Although the government and the media go through a period trying to construct the reality of crime by collecting and to include trying to disseminate statistical that might have valuable information attached to it. They are still less willing to identify information about any crimes and victims of any type of criminal justice officials, political leaders, and professionals. Now, there just might be a lot of information about what goes on in the streets that relate to crime and there are methods of ways to try to control those types of situations. It is very little that of government-sponsored that will take time to research on certain crimes that are committed by social elites (Kappeler, Potter, 2020). The United States military and the medical community are really given little attention to when it comes to the crimes of corporate America. When the government does not research these topics, it might be practitioners from the area invited to conduct certain constructions of the research h project (Kappeler, Potter, 2020). Then in chapter three finding out in which a manner has a problem that is defined and is related to the type of social control system that is available and can address this that of problem. When it comes down to missing children in this society is no exception this type of issue is addressed as an epidemic in proportion and criminal in nature. Then the logical consequence will be that the criminalization of any type of behavior that could be involved with missing children to include sexual abuse of any children (Kappeler, Potter, 2020).

Also, finding out runaways and missing children statistic produces, and the media will report it as a high perception of an epidemic. Then emphasizing that when you have stranger abduction this could be defined as a problem of criminal activities. Now, then when the law enforcement took time to linked up that sexual abuse and exploitation provokes emotionalism, also society did find out that the problem as an abnormal behavior when it comes down to a select group of people that choose to be call criminals (Kappler, Potter, 2020). In order to address the problem of missing children, society must understand that it is a problem in a social rather than a legal context. Chapter four can remind people of home security it talked about how faculty premises are the most likely and will be accepted if society is fearful and if the premises somehow can relate or coincide with other people's common beliefs. This is an example that could be used in how that American citizen should be fearful in one’s own home meaning how this crisis particularly has a strong effect on people's personal safety that will draw strong attention to the world (Kappler, Potter, 2020). Then in chapter four, it showed how the media seek social change without due recognition of the manifest and to include the latent functions that are performed by the social organization that will go under some type of undergoing changes this is to indulge in social ritual (Kappler, Potter, 2020). Chapter five also discusses how the media and law enforcement had a long time of coming up with and trying to develop a strong love affair with certain types of myths of organized crime, especially when it comes down to the Mafia ( Kappler, Potter, 2020). This also showed how that organized crime was so powerful and that it did corrupt the innocents by drawing or deceiving citizens into unseemly activities like the realities of drug trafficking and international crime necessitated constructing crime organization then waning the fear of the Mafia did have an organized crime that was a treat to national security (Kappler, Potter, 2020).

Reference:

Kappeler, V. E., Potter, G. W. The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice. [Bookshelf Ambassadored]. Retrieved from https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781478635