Discussion Board 1: The Cell/Genetics DB1 For each board, please choose one question to complete the main post. The main post must be AT LEAST 300 words. The post must be related to one of the topics

3 .1 D escrib e t h e c o ncep t o f e vo lu tio nary c h an ge D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 4 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

D arw in ’s T heo ry o f E vo lu tio n E vo lu tio n, g enetic c h ange in a lin e o f d esce nt o ve r tim e, is r e sp onsib le f o r th e tr e m endous d iv e rs it y o f lif e fo rm s o n E arth . T he r e su lt s o f c o untle ss s cie ntif ic s tu die s c a rrie d o ut o ve r h undre ds o f y e ars p ro vid e o ve rw helm in g e vid ence in s u pport o f th e th eory o f e vo lu tio n, w hic h h as l e d to it s c la ssif ic a tio n b y m any s cie ntis ts a s th e la w ( o r p rin cip le ) o f e vo lu tio n. T he in flu ence o f C harle s D arw in 's c o nce pts a bout e vo lu tio n, In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

p artic u la rly th e th eory o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n, r a dic a lly tr a nsfo rm ed n ot o nly t h e s cie nce o f lif e , b ut a ls o w ere c a ta ly sts th at c h anged p eople 's v ie w s a bout th e n atu re o f o ur w orld .

T he th eory p re su m es th at p re se nt- d ay o rg anis m s h ave a ris e n fr o m s im ple r a nce str a l o rg anis m s. In g enera l, c h anges in th e g enetic c o m posit io n o f a p opula tio n ta ke p la ce th ro ugh th e in herit a nce o f s lig ht v a ria tio ns th at o ccu r g enera tio n a fte r g enera tio n. T his r e su lt s in th e d eve lo pm ent o f n ew c h ara cte ris tic s w it h in a s p ecie s a nd th e e ve ntu al f o rm atio n o f n ew s p ecie s in a p ro ce ss c a lle d sp ecia tio n.

D arw in ’s C onclu sio ns I n 1 831, D arw in w as h ir e d a s a n atu ra lis t a board a s h ip c a lle d th e HM S B eagle .

H is fiv e -y e ar v o ya ge to ok h im a ro und th e w orld a nd g ave h im t h e o pportu nit y to s tu dy s p ecie s in a g re at v a rie ty o f h abit a ts . A fte r r e tu rn in g to E ngla nd, h e s tu die d h is e xte nsiv e n ote s o n th e d iv e rs it y o f s p ecie s e nco unte re d d urin g th e v o ya ge, a s w ell a s th e w ork o f p ro m in ent g eolo gis ts a nd b io geogra phers o f th e tim e. T his r e se arc h a llo w ed D arw in to fo rm ula te m any id eas a bout h ow e vo lu tio n o ccu rs , a nd le d to th e d eve lo pm ent o f h is th eory o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n. T w enty y e ars a fte r h is v o ya ge, D arw in p ublis h ed th e b ook On th e O rig in o f S pecie s th at p re se nts h is w ork . T he fir s t s e ctio n o f th e c h apte r b rie fly d is cu sse s th e HM S B eagle v o ya ge, d escrib es p re -D arw in ia n w orld vie w s, a nd a ls o p ro vid es e xa m ple s o f o bse rv a tio ns th at le d to D arw in 's th eorie s. A noth er im porta nt n atu ra lis t, A lf r e d W alla ce , p ro pose d id eas s im ila r to D arw in a fte r v o ya ges in th e S outh P acif ic .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

N atu ra l S ele ctio n a n d A dap ta tio n N atu ra l s e le ctio n is th e p ro ce ss b y w hic h o rg anis m s d eve lo p a dapta tio ns to th eir e nvir o nm ent, a nd is th e m ech anis m th at r e su lt s in e vo lu tio n o ve r m any g enera tio ns. F or n atu ra l s e le ctio n to o ccu r, th e f o llo w in g c o ndit io ns m ust b e m et:

1 .

Varia tio n e xis ts b etw een in div id uals a nd is h erit a ble . S pecif ic a lly , va ria tio n a m ong in div id uals is d ue to g enetic v a ria tio ns th at a re passe d to o ffs p rin g fr o m th e p are nt o rg anis m s.

2 .

The n um ber o f in div id uals in a p opula tio n r e m ain s m ore o r le ss sta ble d esp it e m ore o ffs p rin g b ein g p ro duce d th an th e e nvir o nm ent ca n s u pport.

3 .

Com petit io n e xis ts b etw een o rg anis m s fo r lim it e d r e so urc e s lik e fo od, w ate r, n estin g s it e s, a nd s h elt e r. In div id uals w it h fa vo ra ble va ria tio ns h ave a b ette r c h ance o f s u rv iv a l a nd th ere fo re in cre ase d re pro ductiv e s u cce ss, o r fit n ess.

4 .

The a dva nta geous tr a it s a re p asse d fr o m g enera tio n to g enera tio n wit h o rg anis m s b eco m in g b ette r s u it e d, o r adapte d, fo r s u rv iv a l in th eir e nvir o nm ent. O ve r a lo ng p erio d o f tim e, o rg anis m s e vo lv e v ia th e p ro ce ss o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n.

S in ce n atu ra l s e le ctio n is b ase d o n g enetic d if fe re nce s a nd is in flu ence d b y a c o nsta ntly c h angin g p hysic a l e nvir o nm ent, it 's a n o ngoin g p ro ce ss w it h n o e ndpoin t. O rg anis m s a re c o ntin ually te ste d b y th ese c h anges.

N ew a dva nta geous m uta tio ns w ill o ccu r a nd b e s e le cte d in r e sp onse to t h e e nvir o nm ent. A fte r a p erio d o f tim e, th e r e su lt in g o rg anis m s m ay In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a ppear s o d if fe re nt fr o m th e o rig in al s p ecie s th at a n ew s p ecie s e vo lv e s.

R ead th e in fo rm atio n a bout th e th eory o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n, th e m ech anis m th at b rin gs a bout e vo lu tio n.

E vid en ce f o r E vo lu tio nary C han ge S eve ra l b odie s o f d ata s u pport th e id ea th at s p ecie s h ave e vo lv e d fr o m v e ry s im ple to in cre asin gly c o m ple x o rg anis m s o ve r m any m illio ns o f y e ars . In p artic u la r, fo ur b odie s o f e vid ence s u pport th is v ie w : fo ssil e vid ence , b io geogra phic a l e vid ence , a nato m ic a l e vid ence , a nd m ole cu la r e vid ence .

F ossil E vid en ce M ost fo ssils a re im pre ssio ns, o r c a sts , in s e dim enta ry r o cks o f lo ng- d ece ase d o rg anis m s. W it h a fe w v e ry e arly e xce ptio ns, th e fo ssil r e co rd b egin s to b e n early c o ntin uous b egin nin g s o m e 6 00 m illio n y e ars a go.

F ro m th at d is ta nt tim e o nw ard , w e'r e a ble to tr a ce a p ro gre ssio n o f p la nt a nd a nim al s p ecie s th at e vo lv e d fr o m e arlie r a nce sto rs . M odern b ir d s, f o r e xa m ple , h ave p hysio lo gic a l fe atu re s th at r e la te th em to d in osa urs .

T he fo ssil r e co rd is a r ic h s o urc e o f in fo rm atio n a bout a ncie nt s p ecie s n ow lo ng e xtin ct. F ig ure 1 4.1 2 illu str a te s a r e cre atio n o f A rc h aeopte ry x, a n e xtin ct s p ecie s w it h fe atu re s o f b oth m odern b ir d s a nd a ncie nt r e ptile s.

B io geo gra p hic al E vid en ce B io geogra phy is th e s tu dy o f th e d is tr ib utio n o f p la nt a nd a nim al s p ecie s.

A p rim ary fin din g d eriv e d fr o m s tu dyin g th e g lo bal d is tr ib utio n o f p la nt In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a nd a nim al s p ecie s is th at la nd r e gio ns s e para te d fr o m e ach o th er h ave l e d to d if fe re nt p ath s o f e vo lu tio n. A ustr a lia , fo r e xa m ple , lo ng s e para te d f r o m o th er la ndm asse s, p erm it te d th e d om in atio n o f e co lo gic a l n ic h es a nd h abit a ts b y m ars u pia ls , a s o ppose d to th e p la ce nta l m am mals fo und e ls e w here o n th e p la net.

A nato m ic al E vid en ce A nato m ic a l e vid ence ta ke s th re e g enera l fo rm s:

1 .

Vestig ia l ( n onfu nctio nal) str u ctu re s fo und in s o m e s p ecie s in dic a te evo lu tio nary a dapta tio n fr o m e arlie r a nce sto rs . S om e s p ecie s o f sn ake s, fo r e xa m ple , h ave v e stig ia l s tr u ctu re s th at o nce c o m pose d pelv is e s a nd le gs.

2 .

Hom olo gous s tr u ctu re s a re v e ry c o m mon a cro ss m any a nim al sp ecie s. T he u pper a rm b ones ( h um eri) o f b ir d s, c a ts , h um ans, whale s, a nd h ors e s a re h om olo gous. H om olo gous s tr u ctu re s im ply co m mon a nce sto rs b eca use th ey in dic a te th at a s in gle s tr u ctu re ch anged in s u cce edin g g enera tio ns to a dapt to d if fe re nt u se s. T he em bry o s o f s p ecie s w it h c o m mon a nce sto rs fo llo w s im ila r p ath s o f deve lo pm ent.

3 .

Analo gous s tr u ctu re s m ay s e rv e th e s a m e fu nctio n, b ut a re co nstr u cte d d if fe re ntly a nd th ere fo re d o not in dic a te c o m mon ance str y . F or e xa m ple , th e w in gs o f b ir d s a nd in se cts a re analo gous a s to fu nctio n, b ut th eir d is tin ct a nato m y a nd co nstr u ctio n im ply d if fe re nt e vo lu tio nary p ath s.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

M ole cu la r E vid en ce N early a ll o rg anis m s o n E arth a re c o m pose d o f th e s a m e c o m mon e le m ents . A ll lif e c o nta in s D NA, a nd a ll o rg anis m s u se th e s a m e 2 0 a m in o a cid s w it h th e s a m e tr ip le t c o des to " s p ell" p ro te in s. N early a ll l iv in g th in gs u se A TP a s a n e nerg y s o urc e , a nd a ls o u se m any o f th e s a m e e nzym es. F ig ure 1 4.1 8 illu str a te s th e s ig nif ic a nce o f m ole cu la r d if fe re nce s b etw een d if fe re nt ty p es o f o rg anis m s. F or e xa m ple , h um ans d if fe r fr o m m onke ys b y o ne a m in o a cid , fr o m d ucks b y 1 1 a m in o a cid s, a nd fr o m Candid a y e ast b y 5 1 a m in o a cid s.

E vo lu tio n a n d t h e D iv ers it y o f L if e W eb in ar R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T T his w ebin ar fo cu se s o n k e y c o nce pts fo r th e E vo lu tio n a nd D iv e rs it y o f L if e le sso n c o ve rin g C ch apte rs 1 4 to 1 6. T opic s to b e c o ve re d in th e w ebin ar i n clu de D arw in , n atu ra l s e le ctio n ty p es, a nd s p ecia tio n.

Ple ase n ote t h at t h is w eb in ar is o ptio nal ( n ot r e q uir e d ), b ut h ig hly e n co ura g ed .

E vo lu tio n a nd th e D iv e rs it y o f L if e W ebin ar (a tte ndee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r t /7 609089263693609998) R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

3 .2 Id en tif y t h e f o ur t y p es o f n atu ra l s ele ctio n a n d c au ses o f m ic ro evo lu tio n E vo lu tio n o n a S m all S cale R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 5 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

N atu ra l S ele ctio n A s d is cu sse d in th e p re vio us a ssig nm ent, n atu ra l s e le ctio n r e su lt s in a p opula tio n a cq uir in g a dapta tio ns to th eir e nvir o nm ent, a nd is th e m ech anis m b y w hic h e vo lu tio n o ccu rs o ve r tim e. A s p artic u la r p henoty p ic tr a it s fa vo r a dapta tio n, s u rv iv a l, a nd r e pro ductio n, a lle le f r e quencie s w it h in b re edin g p opula tio ns c h ange fr o m g enera tio n to g enera tio n. T his is th e e sse nce o f o ngoin g n atu ra l s e le ctio n. T here a re t h re e d if fe re nt ty p es o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n:

1 .

Dir e ctio nal s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen a n e xtr e m e p henoty p e is fa vo re d.

An e xa m ple is th e in cre ase in th e b ody s iz e o f th e h ors e o ve r tim e.

This d ir e ctio nal c h ange s u ggests th at e nvir o nm enta l c h anges fa vo re d a la rg er b ody s iz e . A noth er e xa m ple d is cu sse d in y o ur te xt is s e le ctio n fo r g enetic tr a it s in Pla sm odiu m , th e p ro to zo an th at ca use s m ala ria , th at a llo w ed it to s u rv iv e d ru g tr e atm ents .

2 .

Sta biliz in g s e le ctio n ta ke s p la ce w hen e xtr e m e p henoty p es a re se le cte d a gain st, th us r e su lt in g in a ve ra ge o r in te rm edia te phenoty p es. T his ty p e o f s e le ctio n is m ost c o m mon, s in ce m ost in div id uals in a p opula tio n te nd to b e w ell a dapte d to th eir envir o nm ent. A noth er e xa m ple is h um an b aby b ir th w eig ht.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 3 .

Dis ru ptiv e s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e p henoty p es are fa vo re d o ve r in te rm edia te ty p es. T yp ic a lly th e tw o u niq ue phenoty p es a re a dapte d to d if fe re nt e nvir o nm ents .

4 .

Anoth er ty p e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n is se xu al s e le ctio n, w hic h describ es a daptiv e c h anges in e it h er s e x th at le ad to a n in cre ase in th e a bilit y to a ttr a ct a nd s e cu re a m ate . R ead a bout s e xu al se le ctio n a nd o th er im porta nt a sp ects o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n. C olo rfu l plu m age in m ale b ir d s is a n e xa m ple o f s e xu al s e le ctio n.

M ic ro evo lu tio n F or th e s cie nce o f b io lo gy, a popula tio n is a ll o f th e m em bers o f a s p ecie s liv in g a nd r e pro ducin g w it h in a p artic u la r a re a.

Mic ro evo lu tio n r e fe rs to e vo lu tio nary c h anges w it h in a p opula tio n. In te rm s o f g enetic s, a ll o f th e a lle le s a nd v a rio us g ene lo ca tio ns w it h in a p opula tio n m ake u p i t s gene p ool.

E vo lu tio n in a G en etic C onte xt I n div id ual s e xu al r e pro ductio n b y it s e lf c a n't c h ange a lle le fr e quencie s.

P ut s im ply , a P unnett s q uare fo r in div id ual b re edin g c o uple s d oesn 't g iv e th e p ro portio ns ( p erc e nta ges) o f a lle le s in a b re edin g p opula tio n o ve r tim e.

T o w ork o ut th e r e la tiv e p erc e nta ges o f d om in ant v e rs u s r e ce ssiv e a lle le s in th e g enoty p es o f a r e pro ducin g p opula tio n, w e c a n a pply a v e rs io n o f th e b in om ia l e quatio n, p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 . R evie w h ow th e c a lc u la tio ns w ork o ut fo r a s e le cte d s e t o f tw o a lle le s.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

C au ses o f M ic ro evo lu tio n Y our te xtb ook c o ve rs th e fo llo w in g c a use s o f m ic ro evo lu tio n:

1 .

Muta tio ns c re ate th e r a w m ate ria l fo r e vo lu tio n. M uta tio ns c a use genetic v a ria tio ns w it h in a b re edin g p opula tio n. W hile m any muta tio ns a re e it h er n eutr a l o r d estr u ctiv e , s o m e m ay fa vo r a n adaptiv e a dva nta ge in th e p henoty p e o f s o m e in div id uals in a popula tio n.

2 .

Gene flo w o ccu rs w hen a lle le s a re e xch anged b etw een m ig ra tin g popula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s. B asic a lly , th e in te rb re edin g o f tw o adja ce nt a nim al p opula tio ns te nds to w ork in fa vo r o f s ta ble a lle le co m bin atio ns a nd m ay a ctu ally p re ve nt s p ecia tio n. F ig ure 1 5.1 0 illu str a te s e xa m ple s o f g ene flo w r e la te d to s e ve ra l s u bsp ecie s o f one s p ecie s o f s n ake .

3 .

Random m atin g o ccu rs w hen m ale s a nd fe m ale s m ate b y c h ance acco rd in g to th e la w s o f p ro babilit y , a nd n ot b y s e le ctio n o f a c e rta in genoty p e o r p henoty p e.

Nonra ndom m atin g c a n le ad to mic ro evo lu tio n. In asso rta tiv e m atin g, p eople te nd to m ate w it h people w ho h ave a s im ila r g enoty p e. T all p eople te nd to m arry oth er ta ll p eople , fo r e xa m ple . In se xu al s e le ctio n, p artic u la r phenoty p ic tr a it s m ay in cre ase th e lik e lih ood o f m atin g a nd re pro ductio n. F or e xa m ple , m ore a sse rtiv e m ale s in a p opula tio n may m ate m ore o fte n th an le ss a sse rtiv e m ale s.

4 .

Genetic d rif t r e fe rs to th e te ndency o f a lle le r a tio s to c h ange s im ply by c h ance , e sp ecia lly g iv e n a s u ffic ie ntly lo ng p erio d o f tim e. F or exa m ple , th e g enoty p es o f m em bers o f s p ecie s th at liv e in In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. se para te d h abit a ts te nd to g ra dually d rif t a part— alt h ough u su ally in min or w ays o nly .

A bottle neck e ffe ct m ay o ccu r w hen s o m e k in d o f n atu ra l ca ta str o phe g re atly r e duce s th e s iz e o f a s p ecie s p opula tio n.

The g enoty p es o f th e s u rv iv o rs w ill b eco m e d om in ant; th e genoty p es o f n onsu rv iv o rs w ill b e e ra se d. O ne e xa m ple is th e ch eeta h, a n e ndangere d s p ecie s th at's s u ffe rin g fr o m lo w genetic d iv e rs it y a nd th e e ffe cts o f in bre edin g.

A fo under e ffe ct m ay o ccu r w hen p opula tio ns a re s e para te d to in te rb re ed m ore o r le ss e xclu siv e ly o ve r tim e. T his le ads to a hig her p ro portio n o f r a re a lle le s, s u ch a s th ose fo r e xtr a d ig it s , in a p opula tio n.

R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) 3 .3 E xp la in m acro evo lu tio n a n d t a xo nom ic c la ssif ic atio n E vo lu tio n o n a L arg e S cale R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 6 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

S pecia tio n a n d M acro evo lu tio n D efin in g S pecie s A sp ecie s is c o nsid ere d to b e th e m ost b asic le ve l o f c la ssif ic a tio n a m ong o rg anis m s. In div id uals o f a s p ecie s a re c a pable o f b re edin g w it h e ach o th er u nder n atu ra l c o ndit io ns, b ut a re u nable to b re ed s u cce ssfu lly w it h m em bers o f a noth er s p ecie s. S im ply s ta te d, a s p ecie s i s a g ro up o f fe rtile o rg anis m s th at c a n in te rb re ed a nd p ro duce fe rtile o ffs p rin g o nly a m ong th em se lv e s. F ig ure 1 6.2 s h ow s th re e s p ecie s o f f ly ca tc h ers . T hough s im ila r in a ppeara nce , th ey'r e s e para te s p ecie s b eca use e ach r e pro duce s o nly w it h in th eir p henoty p e.

C erta in r e pro ductiv e b arrie rs e xis t th at p re ve nt r e pro ductio n a tte m pts a nd fe rtiliz a tio n. F or e xa m ple , pre zyg otic is o la tin g m ech anis m s ( th ose o ccu rrin g b efo re th e fo rm atio n o f a z yg ote ) in clu de h abit a t is o la tio n, t e m pora l is o la tio n r e la te d to th e tim e o f y e ar in div id uals m ate , b ehavio ra l i s o la tio n a s in th e c a se o f d if fe re nt c o urts h ip p atte rn s, m ech anic a l i s o la tio n, a nd g am ete is o la tio n.

P ostz yg otic is o la tin g m ech anis m s ( th ose o ccu rrin g a fte r a z yg ote is f o rm ed) in clu de s u ch th in gs a s th e d eath o f n onvia ble h yb rid z yg ote s a nd h yb rid s te rilit y , in w hic h th e a dult is r e pro ductiv e ly s te rile . M ule s a re t h e h yb rid o ffs p rin g o f d onke ys a nd h ors e s. A noth er e xa m ple is c a lle d F 2 fit n ess, w hic h o ccu rs w hen h yb rid s c a n r e pro duce b ut th ey c a n p ro duce o nly s te rile o ffs p rin g.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

M odels o f S pecia tio n S pecia tio n is th e p ro ce ss b y w hic h a d aughte r s p ecie s fo rm s fr o m a p opula tio n o f a p are nt s p ecie s. T his is c a use d b y m uta tio n, n atu ra l s e le ctio n, a nd g enetic d rif t. T here a re th re e w ays s p ecia tio n c a n o ccu r:

1 .

In allo patr ic s p ecia tio n, s o m e ty p e o f p hysic a l b arrie r p re ve nts g ene flo w b etw een s u bpopula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s. R epro ductiv e is o la tin g m ech anis m s b egin to e vo lv e a s c h anges o ccu r in th e se para te d p opula tio ns. E ve ntu ally , th e c h anges a re s o g re at th at th e p opula tio ns c a n n o lo nger s u cce ssfu lly in te rb re ed.

2 .

In sym patr ic s p ecia tio n, a d aughte r s p ecie s a ris e s w it h in a n exis tin g p opula tio n w it h n o p hysic a l b arrie r p re se nt. T his ty p e o f sp ecia tio n h as b een im porta nt in th e e vo lu tio n o f flo w erin g p la nts th at e ngage in s e lf - fe rtiliz a tio n. M uta tio ns in g ene n um ber so m etim es c a use n o h arm fu l e ffe cts , b ut th ey k e ep th e p la nts fr o m bein g a ble to b re ed w it h o th ers o f th e s a m e s p ecie s, a nd a n ew sp ecie s is fo rm ed.

3 .

Specia tio n th ro ugh a daptiv e r a dia tio n o ccu rs w hen n eig hborin g popula tio ns b eco m e s e para te s p ecie s e ve n th ough th eir te rrit o rie s ove rla p in a c e rta in a re a. It's s o m etim es d if fic u lt to d ete rm in e wheth er th ese p opula tio ns a re a ctu ally s e para te s p ecie s, o r m ere ly su bsp ecie s ( g eogra phic a lly d is tin ct p opula tio ns o f th e s a m e sp ecie s) s in ce th ey s o m etim es p ro duce h yb rid o ffs p rin g w here th e te rrit o rie s o ve rla p.

T he F ossil R eco rd In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

T ake tim e to s tu dy T able 1 6.1 , w hic h p re se nts th e g eolo gic a l tim e s ca le , m ajo r d iv is io ns o f g eolo gic a l tim e, a nd a s u m mary o f m ajo r e vo lu tio nary e ve nts th at o ccu rre d fr o m P re ca m bria n tim e to th e p re se nt.

T oday, th ere a re tw o b asic a lly o ppose d id eas a bout th e p ace o f s p ecia tio n. In th e gra dualis tic m odel, e vo lu tio n o ve r tim e h as b een s te ady a nd o rd erly . In th e punctu ate d e quilib riu m m odel, n ew s p ecie s a ppear s u ddenly a nd th en r e m ain la rg ely u nch anged u ntil th ey g o e xtin ct. W hen y o u r e ad th e s e ctio n o n m ass e xtin ctio ns, r e fe r a gain to T able 1 6.1 to s e e w hen th ese e xtin ctio ns o ccu rre d. T hese m ass e xtin ctio ns r e su lt e d fr o m r a dic a l c h anges d ue to s u ch th in gs a s v o lc a nis m a nd p la te te cto nic s, a s w ell a s r a dic a lly flu ctu atin g a tm osp heric a nd c lim ate c o ndit io ns. A ls o n ote th e s e ctio n th at d escrib es w hat s o m e s cie ntis ts c a ll th e s ix th m ass e xtin ctio n e ve nt, h appenin g n ow , th at d if fe rs fr o m th e o th ers in th at it 's h um an-c a use d.

S yste m atic s T he o bje ctiv e o f syste m atic s is th e s tu dy o f th e d iv e rs it y o f o rg anis m s a t a ll le ve ls o f o rg aniz a tio n.

Taxo nom y is a b ra nch o f b io lo gy c o nce rn ed w it h id entif y in g, n am in g, a nd c la ssif y in g o rg anis m s. T he m ost s p ecif ic t a xo nom ic h ie ra rc h y is th e s p ecie s. T he s cie ntif ic n am e o f a s p ecie s c o nsis ts o f it s g enus a nd s p ecie s. A s y o u le arn ed in C hapte r 1 , o rg anis m s a re c la ssif ie d b y genus, fa m ily , o rd er, c la ss, p hylu m , k in gdom , a nd th e b ro adest ta xo nom ic c a te gory , th e dom ain .

A d om ain i s th e m ost in clu siv e c a te gory o f ta xo nom ic a l c la ssif ic a tio n. F ig ure 1 6.1 5 g iv e s y o u th e ta xo nom ic h ie ra rc h y fo r a s p ecie s o f o rc h id , Cyp rip ediu m In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a ca ule .

P hylo gen etic s P art o f th e fie ld o f s yste m atic s in vo lv e s th e tr a cin g o f e vo lu tio nary r e la tio nsh ip s b etw een s p ecie s, k n ow n a s phylo geny.

S cie ntis ts r e ly o n b oth th e fo ssil r e co rd a nd o n m ole cu la r d ata to a naly ze v a rio us k in ds o f c lu es. F ig ure 1 6.1 6 illu str a te s th e c la ssif ic a tio n o f a p hylo genetic tr e e s h ow in g th e e vo lu tio n o f s h eep, c a ttle , d eer, a nd r e in deer fr o m c o m mon a nce sto rs . F ig ure 1 6.1 7 illu str a te s th e u se o f m ole cu la r d ata , s u ch a s D NA b ase s e quence s, to d is co ve r th e r e la tiv e e vo lu tio nary " d is ta nce " b etw een th e g ala go a nd m odern h um ans.

C la d is tic s a n d C la d ogra m s T he g oal o f cla dis tic s yste m atic s is d ete rm in in g te sta ble h yp oth ese s a bout th e e vo lu tio nary r e la tio nsh ip s b etw een o rg anis m s. A cla dogra m is a d ia gra m th at illu str a te s p hylo genetic r e la tio nsh ip s. T he lo gic a nd p ro ce dure s fo r c re atin g a c la dogra m a re illu str a te d fo r y o u in F ig ure 1 6.1 8.

S tu dy th e d if fe re nce s b etw een tr a dit io nal, L in naean c la ssif ic a tio n a nd c la dis tic a ppro ach es to p hylo geny. T he d if fe re nce s d eriv e fr o m d if fe re nt a ssu m ptio ns a bout h ow to d ete rm in e tr a it s d eriv e d fr o m c o m mon a nce sto rs . A ll o f th is s h ould r e m in d y o u th at s cie nce is a n o ngoin g p ro ce ss.

T he T hre e-D om ain S yste m In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

Y ou'v e a lr e ady s e en th at th ere a re d if fe re nt a ppro ach es to ta xo nom ic s ch em es fo r c la ssif y in g o rg anis m s. B e s u re to b eco m e fa m ilia r w it h th e d if fe re nce s b etw een th e tr a dit io nal fiv e -k in gdom s yste m a nd th e n ew er a ppro ach , th e th re e-d om ain s yste m , w hic h is b ase d o n s yste m atic s.

F ig ure 1 6.2 0 a llo w s y o u to v is u aliz e th e th re e-d om ain s yste m th at i n clu des B acte ria a nd A rc h aea a s P ro ka ry o te s, d if fe re ntia tin g th ese o rg anis m s fr o m th e k in gdom s th at c o m pris e th e E uka ry o te s.

R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) 3 .4 S um mariz e t h e f e atu re s o f v ir u ses, b acte ria , a n d p ro tis ts M ic ro org an is m s: V ir u ses, B acte ria , a n d P ro tis ts R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 7 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

V ir u ses V ir u se s a re tin y n once llu la r o rg anic s yste m s th at h ave s o m e p ro pertie s In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

o f liv in g th in gs, b ut th ey'r e n ot c la ssif ie d a s liv in g o rg anis m s. V ir u se s a re i n fe ctio us a gents th at c a use m any d re aded d is e ase s o f b oth p la nts a nd a nim als . C om mon h um an v ir a l d is e ase s in clu de m um ps, m easle s, c h ic ke n p ox, a nd th e c o m mon c o ld . A v ir u s c o nsis ts o f a p ro te in c o at, o r c a psid , w ra pped a ro und a c h ro m oso m e o f g enetic m ate ria l ( e it h er D NA o r R NA). V ir u se s c a n r e pro duce o nly b y c o m mandeerin g th e m eta bolic m ach in ery o f a h ost c e ll. O nce th ey in fe ct h ost c e lls , v ir a l c ycle s p ro ce ed th ro ugh fiv e p hase s c a lle d th e ly tic c ycle .

F ig ure 1 7.3 s u m mariz e s th e ly tic c ycle a s it r e la te s to th e ly so genic c ycle , in w hic h t h e v ir u s is in te gra te d in to th e D NA o f th e h ost c e ll.

V ir u se s a re a dapte d to p la nts a nd a nim als in d is tin ct w ays. V ir u se s te nd t o e nte r p la nts th ro ugh d am aged tis su es a nd to m ove a bout in th e p la sm odesm ata , th e c yto pla sm ic s tr a nds th at e xte nd b etw een p la nt c e ll w alls . In a nim als , v ir u se s te nd to b ehave lik e th e bacte rio phages th at i n va de b acte ria , e xce pt th ey'r e in va din g e uka ry o tic c e lls . F ig ure 1 7.4 i llu str a te s a n in fe cte d to bacco p la nt. F ig ure 1 7.5 illu str a te s th e r e pro ductio n o f th e H IV r e tr o vir u s in a n a nim al c e ll. A r e tr o vir u s h as a n R NA g enom e e ve n th ough it g oes th ro ugh a D NA s ta ge. F ig ure 1 7.6 i llu str a te s th e r a th er a ppallin g in cid ence o f e m erg in g d is e ase s a ro und t h e g lo be— re m in din g u s th at v ir u se s te nd to e vo lv e a s th ey u se th e n ucle ar m ate ria l o f h ost c e lls .

V ir o id s a n d P rio ns U nlik e v ir u se s, vir o id s a re n ake d s tr a nds o f D NA th at h ave b een i m plic a te d in s e rio us c ro p d is e ase s. T hey'r e s im ila r to v ir u se s in th at In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

t h ey in fe ct c e lls a nd d ir e ct th em to p ro duce m ore v ir o id s. M eanw hile , r e ce ntly d is co ve re d prio ns a re p ro te in -lik e p artic le s th at a ct a s a gents o f d is e ase b y a lt e rin g th e n atu re o f p ro te in s in h ost o rg anis m s in a d estr u ctiv e d ir e ctio n. P rio ns c a n c a use d is e ase s s u ch a s m ad c o w d is e ase , a nd a ls o a re a sso cia te d w it h c h ro nic w astin g s yn dro m es in o th er a nim al s p ecie s.

T he P ro kary o te s T he pro ka ry o te s a re s o rte d in to tw o d om ain s, B acte ria a nd A rc h aea.

B oth a re s im ple u nic e llu la r c re atu re s th at la ck m em bra ne-b ounded n ucle i. T he fir s t c e lls o n E arth w ere p ro ka ry o te s, w hic h w ere lik e ly p re ce ded b y pro to ce lls c o m pose d o f b io m ole cu le s.

B acte ria D om ain B acte ria is c o m pris e d o f 4 00 k n ow n g enera th at a re fo und in p ra ctic a lly e ve ry e nvir o nm ent o n E arth , in clu din g th e h um an b ody. A s d is cu sse d in a p re vio us c h apte r, th e D NA o f p ro ka ry o te s is s to re d w it h in a n ucle oid , n ot a n ucle us. E xa m in e th e d if fe re nt s h apes o f b acte ria in F ig ure 1 7.9 , a s w ell a s th eir g enera l c e llu la r s tr u ctu re in F ig ure 1 7.1 0.

B oth b acte ria a nd a rc h aea r e pro duce th ro ugh bin ary fis sio n, th e s p lit tin g o f a p are nt c e ll in to tw o d aughte r c e lls . B acte ria m ay a ls o r e pro duce b y t h re e m eans o f genetic r e co m bin atio n:

Durin g co nju gatio n, w hic h o ccu rs in c lo se ly r e la te d s p ecie s, D NA is passe d fr o m a d onor c e ll to a r e cip ie nt c e ll th ro ugh tin y tu bes c a lle d pili.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. In tr a nsfo rm atio n, fr a gm ents o f D NA a re p ic ke d u p fr o m su rro undin g liv in g o r d ead b acte ria .

In tr a nsd uctio n, b acte rio phages c a rry p ortio ns o f b acte ria l D NA fr o m o ne c e ll to a noth er.

S om e b acte ria a re photo auto tr o phs ( a ls o c a lle d auto tr o phs), w hic h a re c a pable o f o xyg en-b ase d p hoto syn th esis . M ost b acte ria , h ow eve r, a re c h em ohete ro tr o phs ( h ete ro tr o phs), w hic h o bta in th eir n utr it io n fr o m o th er o rg anis m s. M ost s p ecie s o f b acte ria a re n't h arm fu l, a nd in fa ct, m any a re b enefic ia l to h um ans. H um ans d epend o n b enefic ia l b acte ria f o r d ig estio n, a s w ell a s d eco m pose rs in vo lv e d w it h s e w age tr e atm ent a nd th ose th at b re ak d ow n d ead o rg anic m atte r in th e s o il. B acte ria a re a ls o u se d to p ro duce fo od it e m s s u ch a s y o gurt a nd p ic kle s, a s w ell a s a ntib io tic s. B e s u re to r e ad th e s e ctio n o n b enefic ia l b acte ria .

S om e h ete ro tr o phs a re p ath ogenic , a nd c a use a v a rie ty o f illn esse s i n clu din g b otu lis m , te ta nus, a nd L ym e d is e ase .

A rc h aea D om ain A rc h aea c o nsis ts o f a ncie nt p ro ka ry o te s th at a re a dapte d to e xtr e m e h abit a ts lik e th ose th at w ere m ore p re va le nt o n th e e arly E arth .

T oday, th ey th riv e in o xyg en-fr e e e nvir o nm ents s u ch a s s e w age, s w am ps, a nd a nim al g uts ; s a lt y e nvir o nm ents lik e s a lt la ke s; h ot e nvir o nm ents s u ch a s h ot s p rin gs a nd h ot la va r o ck; a nd h ig hly a cid ic s o ils . T yp es o f a rc h aea in clu de meth anogens, w hic h r e le ase m eth ane i n to th e a ir , a nd halo phile s, w hic h d epend o n e nvir o nm ents r ic h in s a lt s .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

T he P ro tis ts T he pro tis ts in clu de a ll th e e uka ry o tic u nic e llu la r o rg anis m s th at m ay r e se m ble e it h er a nim als o r p la nts . T hey'r e p rim arily a quatic a nd a re w id ely d is tr ib ute d a ll o ve r th e w orld in o ce ans, la ke s, a nd p onds.

B eca use s o m e p ro tis ts liv e in v e ry in hosp it a ble e nvir o nm ents — lik e d eep o ce an s te am v e nts — th ey'r e c o nsid ere d to b e a m ong th e m ost a ncie nt l if e fo rm s o n o ur p la net. T here a re th re e m ajo r g ro ups o f p ro tis ts : a lg ae, p ro to zo ans, a nd s lim e a nd w ate r m old s.

A lg ae a re p la ntlik e p ro tis ts , w hic h a re g enera lly p hoto syn th etic . T hey m ay b e s in gle -c e lle d, o r th ey m ay c lu ste r in c o lo nie s a s in th e c a se o f r e d, b ro w n, a nd g re en ty p es o f a lg ae. F ig ure 1 7.2 2 p re se nts a n in sid e v ie w o f a Chla m yd om onas, a n a uto tr o phic g re en a lg a.

P ro to zo ans a re c a te goriz e d b y th e ty p es o f lo co m otio n th ey e m plo y.

Cilia te s, s u ch a s Para m eciu m , h ave h air lik e c ilia fo r s w im min g about to c a ptu re fo od s u ch a s b acte ria , a lg ae, o r o th er p ro to zo ans.

Am oeboid s u se pse udopods ( fa ls e fe et) fo r m ovin g a ro und a nd ca ptu rin g p re y.

Radio la ria ns a nd fo ra m in if e ra ns a re m arin e a m oeboid s th at fo rm ca lc iu m c a rb onate s h ells . T he a ccu m ula tio n o f th ese s h ells in se dim ents le ads to th e fo rm atio n o f lim esto ne.

Zoofla gella te s m ove a bout b y m eans o f lo ng s le nder e xte nsio ns ca lle d fla gella .

U nder a m ic ro sco pe, fla gella lo ok a b it lik e w hip s.

They fla il a bout to p ro pel th e c re atu re fr o m p la ce to p la ce .

Sporo zo ans a re n't motile ( m obile ) o r c a pable o f s e lf - p ro puls io n.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 1 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. They c o m ple te p art o f th eir lif e c ycle in sid e s p ecif ic h ost c e lls , a nd are th e c a use o f m any h um an d is e ase s, in clu din g m ala ria .

S lim e m old s a nd wate r m old s r e se m ble fu ngi in m any r e sp ects . T hey'r e h ete ro tr o phic a nd fo rm s p ore -b earin g s tr u ctu re s. U nlik e fu ngi, h ow eve r, t h ey p ro duce m otile c e lls d urin g th eir lif e c ycle . T he lif e c ycle o f s lim e m old s is illu str a te d in F ig ure 1 7.2 9. S lim e m old s fe ed o n d ead p la nt m atte r, a nd th ere fo re a ssis t w it h th e c yclin g o f n utr ie nts . T hey a ls o fe ed o n b acte ria , p ro vid in g c h ecks o n b acte ria l p opula tio ns. W ate r m old s a re a ls o d eco m pose rs , b ut c a n b e p ara sit ic o n p la nts a nd a nim als .

R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) D iv ers it y o f L if e : M ic ro org an is m s R EAD IN G S TU DY M ATE R IA L T his r e co rd ed w ebin ar fo cu se s o n k e y c o nce pts fo r th e D iv e rs it y o f L if e M odule c o ve rin g C hapte rs 1 7 to 1 9. T he w ebin ar d is cu sse s v ir u se s, b acte ria , a rc h aea, fu ngi, a nd p la nts .

Ple ase n ote t h at t h is w eb in ar is o ptio nal ( n ot r e q uir e d ), b ut is h ig hly e n co ura g ed .

h ttp s://a tte ndee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125 ( a tte n In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

d ee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125) 3 .5 A naly ze t h e c la ssif ic atio n o f la n d p la n ts a n d f u ngi L an d E nvir o nm en t: P la n ts a n d F ungi R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 8 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

O verv ie w o f t h e L an d P la n ts P la nts ( k in gdom P la nta e) a re m ult ic e lle d e uka ry o te s th at a re p hoto syn th etic a uto tr o phs. M ost p la nts a re va scu la r, m eanin g th ey h ave i n te rn al tis su es th at c o nduct w ate r a nd s o lu te s th ro ugh r o ots , s te m s, a nd le ave s. G re en p la nts a re th e m ajo r p ro duce rs fo r la nd e co syste m s.

T o tr a ck th e e vo lu tio n o f la nd p la nts , w e c a n b egin w it h gre en a lg ae — w ate r-d w ellin g p hoto syn th etic o rg anis m s in clu din g ch aro phyte s, w hic h a ppear to b e th e c o m mon a nce sto r o f la nd p la nts . M ajo r e vo lu tio nary c h anges in clu ded th e d eve lo pm ent o f v a scu la r tis su es, th en o f s e eds, a nd fin ally th e a rriv a l o f th e flo w erin g p la nts (a ngio sp erm s) d urin g th e a ge o f d in osa urs .

T he lif e c ycle o f a ll p la nts is d if fe re nt fr o m th at o f a nim als . L and p la nts u nderg o a n alt e rn atio n o f g enera tio ns.

T hus, p la nts o ccu r in tw o d if fe re nt fo rm s: a d ip lo id sp oro phyte a nd a h aplo id gam eto phyte .

P la nts v a ry in th e fo rm ta ke n b y e ach g enera tio n.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

D iv ers it y o f L an d P la n ts T he fo ur m ajo r d iv is io ns in th e p la nt k in gdom a re a s fo llo w s:

1 .

Nonva scu la r p la nts , in clu din g mosse s ( b ry o phyte s). T hese p la nts are w ell a dapte d fo r g ro w th in m ois t h abit a ts . A m oss's le aflik e , ste m lik e , a nd r o otlik e p arts h ave n o v a scu la r tis su es. In ste ad, th ey have th re adlik e s tr u ctu re s c a lle d rh iz o id s fo r a bso rb in g w ate r a nd so lu te s. B ry o phyte s in clu de m osse s, liv e rw orts , a nd h orn w orts .

2 .

The va scu la r p la nts h ave r o ots , s te m s, a nd le ave s.

Seedle ss v a scu la r p la nts in clu de c lu b m osse s, h ors e ta ils , a nd fe rn s. A ll o f th ese k in ds o f p la nts r e ach ed h ero ic p ro portio ns durin g th e C arb onif e ro us p erio d 2 86–360 m illio n y e ars a go.

They e ve ntu ally fo rm ed th e s e dim ents w e n ow m in e a s c o al.

Today, s e edle ss v a scu la r p la nts in clu de m aid enhair , r o ya l, a nd hart's to ngue fe rn s. F ern s h ave tr u e r o ots , a nd th eir v a scu la r tis su e in clu des x yle m a nd p hlo em . M ost fe rn s a re fo und in wet, h um id e nvir o nm ents s in ce th ey r e quir e a d ependable wate r s u pply fo r m eta bolis m a nd r e pro ductio n.

Seed-b earin g v a scu la r p la nts , g ym nosp erm s, a nd angio sp erm s h ave a dapte d tis su e s tr u ctu re s fo r lif e in d rie r clim ate s. T hey p ro duce se eds th at e nca se th eir e m bry o nic sp oro phyte s in sid e a p ro te ctiv e c o at. T hey a ls o p ro duce p olle n gra in s a s a m eans fo r s p erm d is p ers a l in th e a bse nce o f w ate r.

Fig ure 1 8.1 1 illu str a te s th e p ro ce ss o f pollin atio n.

In th is pro ce ss, a m ale g am eto phyte p olle n g ra in la nds o n a fe m ale gam eto phyte a nd th en fo rm s a p olle n tu be th at c a rrie s a s p erm In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. ce ll to fe rtiliz e a n e gg c e ll w it h in a n ovu le .

T he r e su lt in g z yg ote beco m es th e s p oro phyte e m bry o th at's n ouris h ed a nd pro te cte d w it h in a s e ed.

3 .

Gym nosp erm s p ro duce " n ake d s e eds," s e eds w it h n o fr u it w all co ve rin g. In fa ct, g ym nosp erm p ollin atio n o ccu rs m ostly b y w in d dis p ers a l o f th e d ry m ale g am eto phyte p olle n g ra in s. T his g ro up in clu des c o nif e rs , c yca ds, a nd th e g in kg o. F ig ure 1 8.1 2 illu str a te s th e a ncie nt c yca ds, a nd F ig ure 1 8.1 3 illu str a te s d if fe re nt c o nif e rs .

4 .

Angio sp erm s a re flo w erin g p la nts in w hic h th e s e ed is e nclo se d wit h in a fr u it w all. T he flo w erin g a ngio sp erm s a re th e m ost h ig hly evo lv e d a nd d iv e rs e o rg anis m s in th e p la nt k in gdom . M ost co evo lv e d w it h p ollin ato rs s u ch a s b ees a nd o th er in se cts , w hic h allo w th e p la nts to " s h ip " p olle n g ra in s to th e fe m ale r e pro ductiv e parts o f o th er p la nts . T here a re a t le ast 2 40,0 00 s p ecie s o f angio sp erm s a cro ss th e w orld . S tu dy F ig ure 1 8.1 5 to le arn th e genera l p arts o f a flo w er, in clu din g th e p eta ls , th e sta m ens, a nd th e ca rp el.

F ig ure 1 8.1 6 p ortr a ys th e lif e c ycle o f a flo w erin g eudic o t, illu str a tin g th e r e pro ductiv e m ech anis m s in vo lv e d in a lt e rn atin g genera tio ns.

T he F ungi F ungi a re d is tin ct fr o m b oth p la nts a nd a nim als . R evie w th e o ve rv ie w o f t h e w ays fu ngi d if fe r fr o m p la nts a nd a nim als . In g enera l, fu ngi a re n ongre en, h ete ro tr o phic o rg anis m s th at g ro w in d ark , m ois t h abit a ts .

F ungi in clu de m ush ro om s, m old s, a nd y e asts . F ig ure 1 8.1 9 d epic ts th e e vo lu tio nary r e la tio nsh ip s a m ong th e d if fe re nt g ro ups o f fu ngi. T he m ain In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

b ody o f a fu ngus is c a lle d a myce liu m . T he c h ain s o f c e lls ( fila m ents ) t h at c o m pose th e m yce liu m a re c a lle d hyp hae.

F ungal h yp hae c re ate a n e xp anded s u rfa ce a re a, a llo w in g th em g re ate r e ffic ie ncy in e xtr a ctin g w ate r a nd n utr ie nts fr o m s o ils . B e s u re to r e vie w th e lif e c ycle o f a ty p e o f z yg osp ore fu ngi, b la ck b re ad m old . C lu b a nd s a c fu ngi o fte n p ro duce a fr u it in g b ody, o r m ush ro om , fo llo w in g s e xu al r e pro ductio n. A noth er g ro up o f fu ngi is th e ch ytr id s, w hic h a re u nic e llu la r a nd m otile .

M ost fu ngi a re sa pro tr o phs, w hic h d eco m pose d ead o rg anic m atte r.

F ungi m ay h ave mutu alis tic r e la tio nsh ip s w it h o th er o rg anis m s.

Lic h ens, f o r e xa m ple , in vo lv e a m utu alis tic r e la tio nsh ip b etw een a fu ngus a nd p hoto syn th etic o rg anis m .

M any fu ngi h ave b enefic ia l fu nctio ns.

Myco rrh iz a l fu ngi s u sta in a m utu alis tic , s ym bio tic a sso cia tio n b etw een a fu ngus a nd th e r o ots o f a y o ung p la nt. S om e fu ngi— lik e m ush ro om s— are a p opula r s o urc e o f f o od fo r h um ans a nd o th er a nim als . F ungi a re a ls o u se d to m ake b eer, w in e, a nd c h eese .

P ara sit ic fu ngal p ath ogens, h ow eve r, a re a noth er m atte r. S eve ra l m yco se s —dis e ase s c a use d b y fu ngi— ca n p la gue h um ans.

Candid a a lb ic a ns p ro duce s th e w id est v a rie ty o f fu ngal d is e ase s.

Candid a i n fe ctio ns a re g enera lly c a lle d " y e ast in fe ctio ns" w hen th ey in fe ct w om en's v a gin as, b ut Candid a in fe sta tio ns c a n a ls o c a use w hat's c a lle d o ra l th ru sh , a c o m mon c o ndit io n in n ew born s a nd A ID S p atie nts . In p eople w it h s u ppre sse d im mune s yste m s, Candid a c a n a tta ck o th er t is su es, in clu din g th ose o f th e h eart a nd b ra in .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

R in gw orm , a c a use o f a th le te 's fo ot, is a cu ta neous ( s kin s u rfa ce ) i n fe ctio n th at m ay a ppear in o th er s kin a re as b esid es th e fe et. F ig ure 1 8.2 9 illu str a te s o ra l th ru sh a nd r in gw orm in fe ctio ns, w hic h a re d escrib ed a lo ng w it h o th er p ara sit ic fu ngi.

R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) D iv ers it y o f L if e : M ic ro org an is m s R EAD IN G S TU DY M ATE R IA L T his r e co rd ed w ebin ar fo cu se s o n k e y c o nce pts fo r th e D iv e rs it y o f L if e M odule c o ve rin g C hapte rs 1 7 to 1 9. T he w ebin ar d is cu sse s v ir u se s, b acte ria , a rc h aea, fu ngi, a nd p la nts .

Ple ase n ote t h at t h is w eb in ar is o ptio nal ( n ot r e q uir e d ), b ut is h ig hly e n co ura g ed .

h ttp s://a tte ndee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125 ( a tte n d ee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125) 3 .6 A naly ze t h e e vo lu tio nary s eg re g atio n a n d In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c la ssif ic atio n o f t h e a n im al k in gdom B oth W ate r a n d L an d: A nim als R EAD IN G A SSIG NM EN T R ead th is a ssig nm ent, th en r e ad C hapte r 1 9 o f y o ur te xtb ook.

E vo lu tio n o f A nim als D om ain E uka ry a , k in gdom A nim alia c o nta in s m ult ic e lle d o rg anis m s w it h c e lls a rra nged in to tis su es a nd o rg ans. T he m ore c o m ple x a nim als h ave t h eir o rg ans a rra nged in to o rg an s yste m s. A ll a nim als a re h ete ro tr o phic a nd r e quir e o xyg en fo r a ero bic r e sp ir a tio n. M ost a re m otile a t s o m e p oin t d urin g th eir lif e c ycle , w hic h in clu des s ta ges o f e m bry o nic d eve lo pm ent.

S om e s cie ntis ts b elie ve th at a ncie nt a nce sto rs o f a ll th e a nim als n ow l iv in g o n E arth a ppeare d a ll a t o nce a t th e o uts e t o f th e s o -c a lle d C am bria n e xp lo sio n.

R evie w th e p ro pose d e vo lu tio nary tr e e o f a nim als i n te rm s o f m ole cu la r d ata . R ead a bout e vo lu tio nary tr e nds in c e ll s p ecia liz a tio n a nd d eve lo pm ent o f th e b ody c a vit y in d if fe re nt g ro ups o f a nim als . N ote th e b asic c h ara cte ris tic s th at d eve lo ped a lo ng th e 6 00- m illio n-y e ar p ath to th e a nim als w e k n ow to day. T hey in clu de tr u e t is su es, w hic h a re s p ecia liz e d c e lls o rg aniz e d fo r s p ecif ic fu nctio ns; r a dia l s ym metr y , in w hic h th e a nim al is o rg aniz e d c ir c u la rly ; a nd bila te ra l s ym metr y , in w hic h th e a nim al h as d efin it e r ig ht a nd le ft h alv e s.

P ro to sto m es c a n b e d is tin guis h ed fr o m deute ro sto m es o n th e b asis o f t h eir e m bry o nic d eve lo pm ent. P ro to sto m es in clu de fla tw orm s, r o undw orm s, m ollu sks, a nnelid s, a nd th e e norm ous fa m ily o f a rth ro pods t h at in clu des in se cts , c ru sta ce ans, a nd s p id ers . D eute ro sto m es in clu de In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

e ch in oderm s ( s ta rfis h a nd s e a u rc h in s) a nd ch ord ate s ( c re atu re s w it h b ackb one s tr u ctu re s).

S ponges a n d C nid aria n s: T he E arly A nim als I n ve rte bra te s a re a nim als th at d on't h ave b ackb ones. T hey'r e s e para te d i n to d if fe re nt p hyla w it h r e sp ect to s ym metr y , ty p e o f g ut, ty p e o f b ody c a vit y , a nd s e gm enta tio n. T he fir s t g ro ups o f in ve rte bra te s d is cu sse d in y o ur te xtb ook a re th e m ost p rim it iv e , th e s p onges a nd th e c n id aria ns.

S ponges: M ult ic ellu la rit y S ponges, w hic h b elo ng in p hylu m P orif e ra , a re m ult ic e lle d b ut d on't d is p la y a ny ty p e o f s ym metr y , o rg aniz e d tis su es, o r o rg ans. T here a re 8 00 s p ecie s r a ngin g in s iz e fr o m le ss th an o ne in ch to s e ve ra l fe et.

S ponges a re filt e r fe eders , a nd w ate r flo w s in to th eir b odie s th ro ugh m ic ro sco pic o penin gs a nd o ut th ro ugh la rg er o penin gs.

Colla r c e lls th at l in e th e in sid e o f th e s p onge tr a p s m all fo od p artic le s. S ponges r e pro duce s e xu ally b y r e le asin g s p erm in to th e w ate r. A fte r th e e ggs a re f e rtiliz e d, a s w im min g la rv a l s ta ge is fo rm ed th at w ill la te r d eve lo p in to a n a dult s p onge.

C nid aria n s: T ru e T is su es P hylu m C nid aria d is p la y tr u e tis su es. T he p hylu m in clu des je lly fis h es, t h e h yd ra , s e a a nem ones, a nd c o ra ls . T he c n id aria h ave r a dia l s ym metr y . T hey'r e a ls o fa m ous fo r te nta cle s w it h s tin gin g c e lls c a lle d n em ato cysts .

T w o c o m mon b ody fo rm s a m ong th ese c re atu re s a re th e In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

b ell- s h aped medusa a nd th e tu be-lik e poly p .

C nid aria ns a re o rg aniz e d t o a llo w th eir s p ecia liz e d tis su es to c o opera te ; th ey a ls o fe atu re a s a clik e g ut fo r fo od p ro ce ssin g. E xa m ple s in clu de th e h yd ra , s e a a nem one, th e P ortu guese m an-o f- w ar ( o ne o f th e m any k in ds o f j e lly fis h ), a nd c o ra ls , w hic h fo rm a nd liv e in c a lc iu m c a rb onate s h ells a nd p ro duce c o ra l r e efs .

F la tw orm s, M ollu sks, a n d A nnelid s: T he L ophotr o ch ozo an s L ophotr o ch ozo ans a re a g ro up o f p ro to sto m e a nim als th at in clu des f la tw orm s, m ollu sks, a nd a nnelid s. T hey d if fe r fr o m o th er p ro to sto m es in t h at th ey'r e a ble to g ro w la rg er w it h out m olt in g.

F la tw orm s: B ila te ra l S ym metr y P hylu m P la ty h elm in th es in clu des a g ro up o f a nim als c a lle d fla tw orm s.

F la tw orm s w ere th e fir s t a nim als to d is p la y b ila te ra l s ym metr y a nd a ctu al o rg an s yste m s. O fte n th ese o rg anis m s a re herm aphro dit e s; th at i s , th ey h ave b oth m ale a nd fe m ale r e pro ductiv e p arts . T hey r e pro duce s e xu ally b y e xch angin g s p erm w it h a noth er in div id ual. C la sse s o f f la tw orm s in clu de pla naria ns, w hic h a re fr e e-liv in g o rg anis m s.

P la naria ns h ave m any o f th e fe atu re s fo und in a nim als h ig her u p th e e vo lu tio nary la dder. S om e e xa m ple s o f p ara sit ic fla tw orm s in clu de th e t a pew orm a nd th e b lo od flu ke .

M ollu sks P hylu m M ollu sca in clu des c o elo m ate o rg anis m s th at a re b ila te ra lly In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

s ym metr ic a l, w it h a fle sh y, s o ft b ody o fte n e nclo se d w it h in a s h ell c o m pose d o f c a lc iu m c a rb onate . T he m ollu sk b ody is c o m pose d o f t h re e p arts :

The vis ce ra l m ass o r s o ft- b odie d p art, w hic h h old s th e in te rn al org ans A s tr o ng m uscu la r fo ot th at's u se d fo r m ove m ent A m uscu la r o r m em bra nous mantle th at d ra pes o ve r th e v is ce ra l mass T here a re th re e m ajo r c la sse s o f m ollu sks:

1 .

Gastr o pods in clu de s o m e 9 0,0 00 s p ecie s o f s n ails a nd s lu gs. M ost have a s p ir a lly c o ile d s h ell, a lt h ough s o m e s p ecie s h ave a r e duce d sh ell o r n o s h ell a t a ll.

2 .

Cephalo pods in clu de s q uid s, o cto puse s, c u ttle fis h , a nd th e ch am bere d n autilu s. T his c la ss c o nta in s th e fa ste st- s w im min g in ve rte bra te s ( s q uid s) a nd th e s m arte st ( o cto puse s). T hese a re th e only m ollu sks to d is p la y a c lo se d c ir c u la to ry s yste m fo r a dva nce d oxyg en u pta ke .

3 .

Biv a lv e s in clu de o yste rs , c la m s, a nd s ca llo ps. T hey'r e c a lle d biv a lv e s b eca use th eir s h ells h ave tw o h alv e s.

A nnelid s: S eg m en te d W orm s P hylu m A nnelid a, th e s e gm ente d w orm s, a re o rg anis m s w it h h ig hly p ro nounce d s e gm enta tio n a s w ell a s b ila te ra l s ym metr y . T heir b ody p la ns p erm it c o m ple x in te rn al o rg ans a nd s yste m s, in clu din g nephrid ia , In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 2 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

t u bule s th at c o lle ct a nd e xcre te w aste . T he p hylu m c o nta in s e arth w orm s a nd le ech es. E arth w orm s a re v a lu able a id s to s o il fo rm atio n, a nd s o m e s p ecie s o f le ech es a re p ara sit ic b lo od fe eders .

R oundw orm s a n d A rth ro pods: T he E cd yso zo an s A noth er g ro up o f in ve rte bra te p ro to sto m e o rg anis m s is th e e cd yso zo ans.

T hese in ve rte bra te s d if fe r fr o m lo photr o ch ozo ans in th at t h ey m ust p erio dic a lly molt , o r s h ed, a n o ute r c u tic le to g ro w la rg er. T he e cd yso zo ans in clu de th e r o undw orm s a nd th e a rth ro pods.

R oundw orm s: P seu doco elo m ate s P hylu m N em ato da c la ssif ie s a g ro up o f n onse gm ente d w orm s c a lle d r o undw orm s.

R oundw orm s d is p la y b ila te ra l s ym metr y , a nd th e b ody is u su ally ta pere d a t b oth e nds. A p ro te ctiv e c o ve rin g c a lle d a cu tic le s u rro unds th e b ody. R oundw orm s a re th e s im ple st a nim als to h ave a c o m ple te d ig estiv e s yste m . M ost a re fr e e-liv in g, b ut s o m e a re p ara sit ic s p ecie s th at d o g re at h arm to h um ans, c a ts , d ogs, c a ttle , a nd s h eep.

R oundw orm s a re m ale o r fe m ale , n ot b oth a s in th e c a se o f fla tw orm s.

A rth ro pods: J o in te d A ppen dag es P hylu m A rth ro poda in clu des a n e norm ous d iv e rs it y o f s p ecie s a nd, in t h at r e sp ect, m ay b e c o nsid ere d th e m ost s u cce ssfu l a nim al p hylu m .

T he te rm arth ro pod m eans jo in t- fo ote d. E xta nt ( liv in g) a rth ro pods in clu de c ru sta ce ans ( c ra bs a nd lo bste rs ), ara ch nid s ( s p id ers , tic ks, a nd s co rp io ns), a nd th e m ore th an o ne m illio n s p ecie s o f in se cts .

Six c h ara cte ris tic s a re c o nsid ere d to h ave c o ntr ib ute d to th e s u cce ss o f th e In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a rth ro pods.

F ig ure 1 9.1 7 illu str a te s a n e xo ske le to n a nd jo in te d a ppendage in a l o bste r. F ig ure 1 9.1 8 illu str a te s th e m eta m orp hosis o f a m onarc h b utte rfly . L ook a t c ru sta ce an d iv e rs it y a s w ell a s a sso rte d a rth ro pods— f r o m th e b la ck w id ow s p id er to th e " liv in g fo ssil" k n ow n a s th e h ors e sh oe c ra b.

E ch in oderm s a n d C hord ate s: T he D eu te ro sto m es E ch in oderm s P hylu m E ch in oderm ata in clu des s e a s ta rs , s e a lilie s, s e a c u cu m bers , b rit tle s ta rs , s e a u rc h in s, a nd s a nd d olla rs . T he e ch in oderm b ody w all c o nta in s a n um ber o f s p in es th at a re u se d fo r d efe nse . M ost h ave a w ell- d eve lo ped in ner s ke le to n a nd th ey u su ally d is p la y r a dia l s ym metr y , w it h s o m e b ila te ra l fe atu re s d urin g la rv a l s ta ges. In s p it e o f h avin g n o b ra in , th ey h ave a w ell- d eve lo ped d ece ntr a liz e d n erv o us s yste m .

C hord ate s P hylu m C hord ata ( th e c h ord ate s) is d iv id ed in to in ve rte bra te s a nd v e rte bra te s. In g enera l, ch ord ate s in clu de b ila te ra lly s ym metr ic a l a nim als th at h ave a b ackb one c o m pose d o f e it h er c a rtila ge o r b one.

T here a re fo ur d is tin ct fe atu re s p re se nt a t s o m e s ta ge o f d eve lo pm ent:

1 .

A dors a l s u pportin g r o d c a lle d a noto ch ord , w hic h is a lo ng s tif f tis su e th at s u pports th e b ody 2 .

A dors a l tu bula r n erv e c o rd r u nnin g p ara lle l to th e n oto ch ord a nd In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. gut, p ro vid in g th e fr a m ew ork fr o m w hic h th e n erv o us s yste m deve lo ps 3 .

Phary n geal p ouch es, o penin gs in th e w all o f th e m uscu la r tu be, whic h s e rv e fu nctio ns r e la te d to fe edin g o r r e sp ir a tio n 4 .

A ta il fo rm ed in e m bry o s a nd e xte ndin g p ast th e a nus C om pare d to th e v e rte bra te g ro up, th e c h ord ate in ve rte bra te g ro up is r a th er s m all. It in clu des tu nic a te s a nd la nce le ts .

P hylu m C hord ata is fu rth er d iv id ed in to c la sse s:

Cla ss A gnath a ( ja w le ss fis h ) in clu des th e h agfis h a nd la m pre y.

Cla ss C hondric h th ye s in clu des c a rtila gin ous fis h es lik e s h ark s, ska te s, a nd r a ys.

Cla ss O ste ic h th ye s ( b ony fis h es) is th e m ost d iv e rs e a nd a bundant ve rte bra te c la ss.

Cla ss A m phib ia in clu des fr o gs, to ads, a nd s a la m anders .

Cla ss R eptilia in clu des tu rtle s, s n ake s, a llig ato rs , a nd c ro co dile s.

Reptile s a re th e fir s t v e rte bra te c la ss to e sca pe d ependency o n wate r in th eir h abit a t d ue to d eve lo pm ent o f in te rn al fe rtiliz a tio n, to ugh s kin , a nd am nio tic e ggs, w hic h h ave in te rn al m em bra nes th at co nse rv e w ate r a nd p ro te ct th e e m bry o .

Cla ss A ve s in clu des b ir d s. T hese a re th e o nly a nim als w it h fe ath ers , w hic h a re d eriv e d fr o m s kin a nd u se d fo r flig ht a nd in su la tio n. L ik e m am mals , b ir d s r e ly o n m eta bolic h eat a nd a fo ur- ch am bere d h eart to m ain ta in b ody te m pera tu re .

Cla ss M am malia in clu des th e m am mals — th e o nly o rg anis m s w it h In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. hair a nd m am mary g la nds, w hic h p ro duce m ilk fo r th eir y o ung.

Hum ans a re in clu ded in th is c la ss. M ost m am mals c a re fo r th eir yo ung fo r e xte nded p erio ds o f tim e, w it h a dult s a ctiv e ly te ach in g ce rta in b ehavio rs . F em ale pla ce nta l m am mals d eve lo p a pla ce nta , a s p ongy tis su e th at d eliv e rs o xyg en a nd n utr ie nts to th e deve lo pin g e m bry o a nd d is p ose s o f it s w aste s.

Mars u pia ls a nd monotr e m es a re m am mals th at d on't h ave a p la ce nta . M onotr e m es la y e ggs; m ars u pia ls g iv e b ir th to u nderd eve lo ped y o ung th at matu re in th e m oth er's p ouch .

H um an E vo lu tio n M ost e vo lu tio nary s cie ntis ts b elie ve th at h um an e vo lu tio n b egin s w it h p ro sim ia ns, lik e th e r in g-ta ile d le m ur, a nd p ro ce eds a cro ss th e s p ectr u m o f a nth ro poid s o nw ard to th e h om in id s.

Anth ro poid s in clu de a ll k in ds o f N ew W orld a nd O ld W orld m onke ys, a pes, a nd h um ans.

Hom in id s a re m am mals th at h ave a n a nato m y s u it a ble fo r s ta ndin g e re ct a nd w alk in g o n tw o fe et. In th e s u ggeste d e vo lu tio nary tr e e o f p rim ate s, th e c o m mon a nce sto r o f th e w hole g ro up is c lo se st in a ppeara nce to m odern le m urs .

T he e vo lu tio n o f h om in id s r e m ain s c lo uded in d egre es o f m yste ry , l a rg ely b eca use th e fo ssil r e co rd is th in a nd n ew d is co ve rie s k e ep c h angin g th e p ro pose d fa m ily tr e e. B asic a lly , e vo lu tio nis ts p ro pose th e p ro gre ss o f o ur s p ecie s th ro ugh b asic s ta ges, in clu din g th e a ustr a lo pit h ecin es, H om o h abilis , a nd Hom o e re ctu s.

R ead th e d escrip tio n o f th e v a rio us h um an-lik e hom in in s.

V ir tu ally a ll o f th e e arly f o ssil e vid ence o f th e h um an-lik e hom in in s h as b een fo und in A fr ic a .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

H om o e re ctu s, h ow eve r, im mig ra te d o ut o f A fr ic a in to A sia a nd E uro pe.

C om pare th e d if fe re nt h yp oth ese s o n th e e vo lu tio n o f m odern h um ans.

R evie w V id eo : D arw in a n d E vo lu tio n V ID EO S TU DY M ATE R IA L W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

W atc h th is v id eo fo r a r e vie w o f im porta nt to pic s in th is le sso n.

B rig htc o ve V id eo T it le ( p la ye rs .b rig htc o ve .n et/1 642697353001/d efa ult _ d e fa ult /in dex.h tm l? vid eoId = 2272316806001) D iv ers it y o f L if e : M ic ro org an is m s R EAD IN G S TU DY M ATE R IA L T his r e co rd ed w ebin ar fo cu se s o n k e y c o nce pts fo r th e D iv e rs it y o f L if e M odule c o ve rin g C hapte rs 1 7 to 1 9. T he w ebin ar d is cu sse s v ir u se s, b acte ria , a rc h aea, fu ngi, a nd p la nts .

Ple ase n ote t h at t h is w eb in ar is o ptio nal ( n ot r e q uir e d ), b ut is h ig hly e n co ura g ed .

h ttp s://a tte ndee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125 ( a tte n d ee.g oto w ebin ar.c o m /r e gis te r/1 503542971533274125) L esso n 3 R evie w S elf -C heck In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

1 .

Whic h o f th e fo llo w in g fa cto rs is r e quir e d fo r n atu ra l s e le ctio n to o ccu r? a . O rg anis m s h ave n onherit a ble d if fe re nce s.

b . O rg anis m s c o m pete fo r lim it e d r e so urc e s.

c . O rg anis m s h ave th e s a m e fit n ess.

d . O rg anis m s a re m em bers o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

2 .

How c a n y o u te ll a p opula tio n is e vo lv in g?

a . O ve r g enera tio ns, a la rg er p ortio n e xh ib it s fa vo ra ble a dapta tio ns.

b . P opula tio n s iz e is g ro w in g r a pid ly .

c . In div id uals a re r e pro ducin g o nly in p artic u la r e nvir o nm ents .

d . E nvir o nm enta l fa cto rs a re a ffe ctin g a n in div id ual’s s u rv iv a l. 3 .

Hum ans h ave a ta ilb one b ut n o ta il. T his is a /a n _ ______ s tr u ctu re .

a . v e stig ia l b . h om olo gous c . e lu siv e d . a nalo gous 4 .

Fro m th e D arw in ia n p oin t o f v ie w , w hen h um ans b re ed c a ttle fo r c e rta in tr a it s , th ey’r e e ngaged in _ ______ s e le ctio n.

a . p opula tio n b . c o m merc ia l c . a rtif ic ia l d . fit n ess 5 .

As a r e su lt o f r e adin g T hom as M alt h us o n th e to pic o f h um an p opula tio n in cre ase , D arw in c a m e u p w it h th e c o nce pt o f a . s u rv iv a l o f th e fit te st.

b . s p ecia tio n.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c . n atu ra l s e le ctiv it y .

d . s e le ctiv e r e pro ductio n.

6 .

Evid ence s u ggests th at lif e ’s d iv e rs it y h as c o m e a bout a s th e r e su lt o f v e ry s lig ht d if fe re nce s in c e rta in g enes. T his s o rt o f o bse rv a tio n is most l ik e ly to h ave a ris e n th ro ugh e xa m in in g _ ______ e vid ence .

a . a nato m ic a l b . b io geogra phic a l c . fo ssil d . m ole cu la r 7 .

What m ech anis m c re ate s n ew a lle le s? a . In dustr ia l m ela nis m b . M uta tio n c . R andom m atin g d . In dependent a sso rtm ent 8 .

If w e o bse rv e s m all c h anges in th e fr e quency o f a n a lle le ’s a ppeara nce in a p opula tio n’s o ffs p rin g d ue to m uta tio n, n atu ra l s e le ctio n, a nd g enetic d rif t, w e’r e o bse rv in g a . m ic ro evo lu tio n.

b . p oly m orp his m .

c . g enetic e quilib riu m .

d . m uta tio n r a te .

9 .

Gene flo w is th e m ove m ent o f a lle le s in to a nd o ut o f a p opula tio n a s a r e su lt o f a . s ta biliz in g s e le ctio n.

b . m ig ra tio n.

c . m uta tio n.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

d . fe rtiliz a tio n.

1 0.

A g ro up o f in div id uals o f th e s a m e s p ecie s o ccu pyin g a g iv e n a re a is a a . p opula tio n.

b . g enera tio n.

c . p henoty p e.

d . g ene p ool. 1 1.

The g enes s h are d b y a n e ntir e g ro up a nd th eir o ffs p rin g c o nstit u te s a /a n a . g ene p ool. b . a lle le fr e quency.

c . p opula tio n.

d . p henoty p ic v a ria tio n.

1 2.

If w e'r e lo okin g fo r th e p ro portio ns o f r e ce ssiv e to d om in ant a lle le s A a nd a u nder th e H ard y-W ein berg e quatio n p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 , a nd p 2 is t h e fr e quency o f h om ozyg ous d om in ant (A ) in div id uals , th en q m ust r e pre se nt th e fr e quency o f a . h om ozyg ous r e ce ssiv e in div id uals .

b . h om ozyg ous g enetic d rif t.

c . r a ndom m atin g.

d . h ete ro zyg ous in div id uals .

1 3.

When w e s e e th at tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e p henoty p es o f fie ld m ic e a re f a vo re d o ve r a ny in te rm edia te p henoty p e fo r th is s p ecie s, w e’r e d ete ctin g _ ______ s e le ctio n.

a . d ir e ctio nal b . s ta biliz in g In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c . d is ru ptiv e d . m ain te nance 1 4.

If s o m e m em bers o f a p opula tio n e xh ib it a dapta tio ns th at in cre ase t h eir a bilit y to a ttr a ct m ate s, _ ______ s e le ctio n is o ccu rrin g.

a . fit n ess b . s e xu al c . d ir e ctio nal d . s ta biliz in g 1 5.

The e vo lu tio n o f m any n ew s p ecie s fr o m a s in gle lin eage is lik e ly to i n vo lv e a . m ass e xtin ctio n.

b . a daptiv e r a dia tio n.

c . g am etic m orta lit y .

d . a nagenesis .

1 6.

In _ ______ e vo lu tio n, tw o s p ecie s a cq uir e tr a it s s im ila r to th ose o f v e ry d is ta ntly r e la te d e vo lu tio nary a nce sto rs .

a . p hylo genetic b . c o nve rg ent c . p ara lle l d . h om olo gous 1 7.

Whic h o f th e fo llo w in g is a p ostz yg otic is o la tin g m ech anis m ?

a . G am ete is o la tio n b . B ehavio ra l is o la tio n c . H abit a t is o la tio n d . H yb rid s te rilit y 1 8.

The c o urts h ip r it u als p erfo rm ed b y s o m e m ale b ir d s to a ttr a ct In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

f e m ale s o f th e s a m e s p ecie s a re a n e xa m ple o f _ ______ is o la tio n.

a . m ech anic a l b . b ehavio ra l c . e co lo gic a l d . te m pora l 1 9.

Specia tio n d ue to g eogra phic b arrie rs s e para tin g p opula tio ns is c a lle d _ ______ s p ecia tio n.

a . a llo patr ic b . s ym patr ic c . p ara patr ic d . a rc h ip ela go 2 0.

All o f th e fo llo w in g fa cto rs h ave b een im plic a te d in m ass e xtin ctio ns, e xce pt a . lo ss o f h abit a t.

b . m ete orit e im pact.

c . c o ntin enta l d rif t.

d . p unctu ate d e quilib riu m .

2 1.

Sym patr ic s p ecia tio n m ay o ccu r in p la nts d ue to a . g am etic m orta lit y .

b . p oly p lo id y.

c . m ech anic a l is o la tio n.

d . g eogra phic is o la tio n.

2 2.

Rece nt a dva nce s in th e fie ld o f s yste m atic s h ave le d m any s cie ntis ts t o a dopt a _ ______ s yste m o f c la ssif ic a tio n o f o rg anis m s.

a . fiv e -d om ain b . fiv e -k in gdom In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 3 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c . th re e-d om ain d . th re e-k in gdom 2 3.

In fe ctio us, d is e ase -c a usin g a gents a re c a lle d a . p ro tis ts .

b . m ic ro org anis m s.

c . b acte ria .

d . p ath ogens.

2 4.

_______ a re s e lf - fe eders th at d epend o n s u nlig ht to s p lit w ate r a nd f o r th e r e ductio n o f c a rb on d io xid e.

a . P hoto hete ro tr o phs b . P hoto auto tr o phs c . C hem oauto tr o phs d . C hem ohete ro tr o phs 2 5.

A _ ______ is a r o d-s h aped p ro ka ry o tic c e ll. a . b acillu s b . fla gellu m c . s p ir illu m d . c o ccu s 2 6.

Meth anogens, e xtr e m e h alo phile s, a nd e xtr e m e th erm oacid ophile s a re a ll c la ssif ie d a s a . p ro tis ts .

b . a rc h aea.

c . e ubacte ria .

d . p hoto auto tr o phs.

2 7.

In w hic h o f th ese p hase s o f th e ly tic c ycle d o w e o bse rv e th e a sse m bly o f v ir a l c o m ponents w it h in a h ost c e ll? In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a . B io syn th esis b . A tta ch m ent c . P enetr a tio n d . M atu ra tio n 2 8.

Com ple te th is a nalo gy: A m ong p ro to zo ans, c ilia te s a re to c ilia a s _ ______ a re to p se udopods.

a . s p oro zo ans b . r a dio la ria ns c . tr y p anoso m es d . a m oebas 2 9.

Slim e m old s d if fe r fr o m w ate r m old s in th at a . s lim e m old s a re u niq ue in th eir c a pacit y to c o nsu m e p la nt r e m ain s.

b . w ate r m old s a re u niq ue in th eir c a pacit y to c o nsu m e p la nt r e m ain s.

c . w ate r m old s a re a ctu ally a m oebas w hile s lim e m old s a re p ara sit ic .

d . w ate r m old s m ay b e p ara sit ic to b oth p la nts a nd a nim als .

3 0.

_______ is th e id ea th at th e fir s t e uka ry o tic c e lls a ro se fr o m b enefic ia l a sso cia tio ns b etw een p rim it iv e e uka ry o te s a nd b acte ria .

a . L aw o f s ym bio sis b . E ndosym bio tic th eory c . E cto sym bio tic la w d . E ndom em bra ne th eory 3 1.

The m ain b ody o f a fu ngus is c o m pose d o f a m ass o f h yp hae c a lle d a a . fila m ent.

b . c h it in .

c . h yp ha.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

d . m yce liu m .

3 2.

The p olle n s a cs in th e flo w er o f a n a ngio sp erm a re lo ca te d in th e a . a nth er.

b . s ty le .

c . s ta m ens.

d . o va ry .

3 3.

The tw o h alv e s w it h in a p eanut s h ell a re a ctu ally a . s tig m as.

b . c o ty le dons.

c . p olle n g ra in s.

d . s p oro phyte s.

3 4.

Dro ught- re sis ta nt m ale g am eto phyte s a re c a lle d a . s e eds.

b . c o nif e rs .

c . p olle n g ra in s.

d . o vu le s.

3 5.

In v a scu la r p la nts , _ ______ c o nducts w ate r a nd m in era ls , w hile _ ______ c o nducts o rg anic n utr ie nts .

a . p hlo em , x yle m b . p hlo em , lig nin c . lig nin , p hlo em d . x yle m , p hlo em 3 6.

The m ost c o m mon b ry o phyte s in clu de a . m osse s a nd fe rn s.

b . liv e rw orts a nd Ir is h m oss.

c . liv e rw orts a nd m osse s.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

d . c o m mon m osse s a nd c lu b m osse s.

3 7.

Where d oes g erm in atio n ta ke p la ce in a flo w erin g p la nt? a . S ta m en b . O va ry c . S tig m a d . A nth er 3 8.

In te rm s o f n um bers a nd d iv e rs it y , _ ______ a re th e m ost s u cce ssfu l p la nts .

a . b ry o phyte s b . a ngio sp erm s c . fe rn s d . g ym nosp erm s 3 9.

Unlik e a nim als , p la nts u nderg o _ ______ a nd d is p la y d if fe re nt fo rm s t h ro ughout th eir lif e c ycle .

a . g enera tio nal c h ange b . a lt e rn ate fo rm atio n c . a lt e rn atio n o f g enera tio ns d . c h angin g fo rm s 4 0.

A s a nd d olla r o r a b rit tle s ta r d is p la ys _ ______ s ym metr y .

a . s e gm ente d b . r a dia l c . b ila te ra l d . c e phaliz e d 4 1.

The m ost d iv e rs e a nd n um ero us o f th e v e rte bra te s a re th e a . b ony fis h es.

b . b ir d s.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c . r e ptile s.

d . lo be-fin ned fis h es.

4 2.

Sponges b elo ng to p hylu m a . M ollu sca .

b . P orif e ra .

c . P la ty h elm in th es.

d . C nid aria .

4 3.

Am ong c e phalo pods, th e _ ______ h as b een fo und to b e h ig hly i n te llig ent.

a . s q uid b . n autilu s c . o cto pus d . s n ail 4 4.

Je lly fis h a re e xa m ple s o f th e _ ______ b ody fo rm o f c n id aria ns.

a . p la nula b . n em ato cystic c . m edusa d . p oly p 4 5.

Am ong m am mals , th e s p in y a nte ate r is d is tin ctiv e in th at it ’s a /a n a . e gg la ye r.

b . m ars u pia l. c . p la ce nta l m am mal. d . p ro sim ia n.

4 6.

The fir s t h om in id g ro up k n ow n to u se fir e is n ow c a lle d a .

Austr a lo pit h ecin es.

b . N eanderth als .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

c . C ro -M agnon.

d .

Hom o e re ctu s.

4 7.

Fre e-liv in g ( n onpara sit ic ) fla tw orm s a re c a lle d a . p la naria ns.

b . flu ke s.

c . ta pew orm s.

d . n em ato des.

4 8.

_______ a re a nim als w it h r e peatin g s e gm ents th at e xh ib it b ila te ra l s ym metr y .

a . D eute ro sto m es b . M ollu sks c . C hit in s d . A nnelid s 4 9.

Sea c u cu m bers , b rit tle s ta rs , a nd s e a u rc h in s b elo ng to th e p hylu m o f a . m ollu sks.

b . c ru sta ce ans.

c . a rth ro pods.

d . e ch in oderm s.

5 0.

Shark s a nd s ka te s a re c la ssif ie d a s _ ______ fis h es.

a . c a rtila gin ous b . a m phib io us c . r a y-fin ned d . b ony 5 1.

Genetic c h ange in a lin e o f d esce nt o ve r tim e is k n ow n a s a . m uta tio n.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

b . n atu ra l s e le ctio n.

c . a dapta tio n.

d . e vo lu tio n.

5 2.

The th eory o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n is a c o nce pt a bout e vo lu tio n d eve lo ped b y a . R ene D esca rte s.

b . G re gor M endel. c . A le xa nder F le m in g.

d . C harle s D arw in .

5 3.

_______ is th e s tu dy o f d is tr ib utio n o f p la nts a nd a nim al s p ecie s.

a . G enetic s b . A rc h eolo gy c . D em ogra phy d . B io geogra phy 5 4.

Whic h ty p e o f a nato m ic a l e vid ence a re fo und in s o m e s p ecie s a nd i n dic a te e vo lu tio nary a dapta tio n fr o m e arlie r a nce sto rs ? a . H om olo gous s tr u ctu re s b . A nalo gous s tr u ctu re s c . M ole cu la r s tr u ctu re s d . V estig ia l s tr u ctu re s 5 5.

Whic h ty p e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen a n e xtr e m e p henoty p e i s fa vo re d?

a . S ta biliz in g s e le ctio n b . D is ru ptiv e s e le ctio n c . S exu al s e le ctio n d . D ir e ctio nal s e le ctio n In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

5 6.

_______ s e le ctio n is a ty p e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n th at r e su lt s in a daptiv e c h anges th at le ads to in in cre ase in th e a bilit y to a ttr a ct a nd s e cu re a m ate .

a . D is ru ptiv e b . S ta biliz in g c . D ir e ctio nal d . S exu al 5 7.

_______ s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e p henoty p es a re fa vo re d o ve r in te rm edia te ty p es.

a . S ta biliz in g b . D ir e ctio nal c . S exu al d . D is ru ptiv e 5 8.

_______ o ccu rs w hen a lle le s a re e xch anged b etw een m ig ra tin g p opula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

a . M uta tio ns b . R andom m atin g c . G enetic d rif t d . G ene flo w 5 9.

The te ndency o f a lle le r a tio s to c h ange s im ply b y c h ance is k n ow n a s a . g ene flo w .

b . m uta tio ns.

c . r a ndom m atin g.

d . g enetic d rif t.

6 0.

In _ ______, s o m e ty p e o f p hysic a l b arrie r p re ve nts g ene flo w In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

b etw een s u bpopula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

a . s ym patr ic s p ecia tio n b . s p ecia tio n th ro ugh a daptiv e r a dia tio n c . g enetic m uta tio n d . a llo patr ic s p ecia tio n 6 1.

_______ is a b ra nch o f b io lo gy c o nce rn ed w it h id entif y in g, n am in g, a nd c la ssif y in g o rg anis m s.

a . S yste m atic s b . P hylo genetic s c . C la dis tic s d . T axo nom y 6 2.

The g oal o f _ ______ is d ete rm in in g te sta ble h yp oth ese s a bout th e e vo lu tio nary r e la tio nsh ip s b etw een o rg anis m s.

a . p hylo genetic s b . ta xo nom y c . s p ecia tio n d . c la dis tic s yste m atic s 6 3.

_______ a re tin y n once llu la r o rg anic s yste m s th at h ave s o m e p ro pertie s o f liv in g th in gs, b ut a re n ot c la ssif ie d a s liv in g o rg anis m s a . B acte ria b . F ungi c . A m oebas d . V ir u se s 6 4.

Whic h o f th e fo llo w in g a re n ake d s tr a nds o f D NA th at h ave b een i m plic a te d in s e rio us c ro p d is e ase s? a . P rio ns In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

b . P ro ka ry o te s c . V ir u se s d . V ir o id s 6 5.

Whic h ty p e o f p ro tis ts h ave h air lik e c ilia fo r s w im min g a bout to c a ptu re fo od s u ch a s b acte ria , a lg ae, o r o th er p ro to zo ans? a . A m oeboid s b . R adio la ria ns c . Z oofla gella te s d . C ilia te s 6 6.

Whic h o f th e fo llo w in g is a n e xa m ple o f a n onva scu la r p la nt? a . F ern b . T om ato c . R ose b ush d . M oss 6 7.

Whic h d iv is io n o f p la nts p ro duce " n ake d s e eds" o r s e eds w it h n o f r u it w all c o ve rin g?

a . V ascu la r b . N onva scu la r c . A ngio sp erm s d . G ym nosp erm s 6 8.

Most fu ngi a re _ ______ a nd d eco m pose d ead o rg anic m atte r.

a . a uto tr o ughs b . h ete ro tr o phs c . c h em otr o ph d . s a pro tr o phs 6 9.

Sponges a re In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 4 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

a . a uto tr o ughs.

b . s a pro tr o phs.

c . h erb iv o re s.

d . filt e r fe eders .

7 0.

_______ a re a g ro up o f p ro to sto m e a nim als th at in clu de fla tw orm s, m ollu sks, a nd a nnelid s.

a . C nid aria ns b . S ponges c . E cd yso zo ans d . L ophotr o ch ozo ans 7 1.

Phylu m _ ______ in clu des s e a s ta rs , s e a lilie s, s e a c u cu m bers , a nd s a nd d olla rs .

a . C hord ate s b . A rth ro poda c . N em ato da d . E ch in oderm ata S elf -C heck A nsw er K ey 1 .

Org anis m s c o m pete fo r lim it e d r e so urc e s.

Exp la natio n: O ne o f th e m ost im porta nt fa cto rs r e quir e d fo r n atu ra l se le ctio n, a p ro ce ss th at r e su lt s in e vo lu tio n o f o rg anis m s w ell adapte d to th eir e nvir o nm ent , is th at o rg anis m s c o m pete fo r lim it e d re so urc e s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 2 .

Ove r g enera tio ns, a la rg er p ortio n e xh ib it s fa vo ra ble a dapta tio ns.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. Exp la natio n: W hen a la rg e p ortio n o f a p opula tio n e xh ib it s fa vo ra ble adapta tio n o ve r a lo ng p erio d o f tim e, th e e vo lu tio n is e vid ent.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 Sectio n 3 .2 3 .

ve stig ia l Exp la natio n: H um ans h ave a ta ilb one b ut n o ta il ; th is is a v e stig ia l str u ctu re . Its p re se nce c a n b e e xp la in ed b y th e c o m mon d esce nt hyp oth esis .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 4 .

artif ic ia l Exp la natio n: W hen h um ans b re ed c a ttle fo r c e rta in tr a it s , th ey a re engaged in a rtif ic ia l s e le ctio n. M ost o f th e a nim als th at a re u se d in modern a gric u lt u re a re th e o utc o m e o f th ousa nd s o f y e ars o f artif ic ia l s e le ctio n b y h um ans.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 Sectio n 3 .2 5 .

su rv iv a l o f th e fit te st.

Exp la natio n: A lf r e d W alla ce a nd C harle s D arw in r e ad th e th eory o n hum an p opula tio n in cre ase b y T hom as M alt h us, a nd c o nce iv e d th e id ea o f " s u rv iv a l o f th e fit te st." T hey s h are d s im ila r id eas th at stu nned D arw in . A jo in t e ssa y b y W alla ce a nd D arw in e xp lo re d th e pro ce ss o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n s u bsta ntia te d b y D arw in 's d eta ile d th esis . D arw in 's On th e O rig in o f S pecie s w as p ublis h ed in 1 859, In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. but W alla ce 's s e ctio n w as tit le d “ O n th e T endency o f V arie tie s to Depart In defin it e ly fr o m th e O rig in al T yp e.” Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 6 .

mole cu la r Exp la natio n: T he b asic b io lo gic a l m ole cu le s a re th e s a m e in a ll liv in g o rg anis m s, in clu din g D NA, A TP , and m any id entic a l a nd nearly id entic a l e nzym es. T here fo re , d iv e rs it y in liv in g o rg anis m s has c o m e a bout a s th e r e su lt o f v e ry s lig ht d if fe re nce s in c e rta in genes ; th is o bse rv a tio n is a n o utc o m e o f e xa m in in g m ole cu la r evid ence .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 7 .

Muta tio n Exp la natio n: M uta tio n p ro duce s n ew a nd n ove l a lle le s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 8 .

mic ro evo lu tio n.

Exp la natio n: M ic ro evo lu tio n o bse rv e s s m all e vo lu tio nary c h anges in th e fr e quency o f a n a lle le 's a ppeara nce in a p opula tio n's offs p rin g d ue to m uta tio n, n atu ra l s e le ctio n , a nd g eneric d rif t fr o m genera tio n to g enera tio n.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 9 .

mig ra tio n.

Exp la natio n: M ig ra tio n r e su lt s in g ene flo w , w hic h is th e m ove m ent In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. of a lle le s in to a nd o ut o f a p opula tio n.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 0 .

popula tio n.

Exp la natio n: A g ro up o f in div id uals o f th e s a m e s p ecie s o ccu pyin g a g iv e n a re a a t th e s a m e tim e, r e pro ducin g w it h o ne a noth er, is a popula tio n. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 1 .

gene p ool. Exp la natio n: T he n um ber o f in div id uals th at s h are th e s a m e g enes co nstit u te a g ene p ool. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 2 .

hom ozyg ous r e ce ssiv e in div id uals .

Exp la natio n: If w e'r e lo okin g fo r th e p ro portio ns o f r e ce ssiv e to dom in ant a lle le s A a nd a u nder th e H ard y-W ein berg e quatio n p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 , a nd p 2 is th e fr e quency o f h om ozyg ous d om in ant ( A ) in div id uals , th en q m ust r e pre se nt th e fr e quency o f h om ozyg ous re ce ssiv e in div id uals . p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1 , s o p 2 = 1 − 2 pq − q 2 ; b y re pla cin g th e v a lu e o f p 2 w e g et 1 − 2 pq − q 2 + q 2 = 1 . − q 2 a nd + q 2 n egate e ach o th er, s o w e a re le ft w it h 1 − 2 pq = 1 . H ence , 2 pq = 0. T hus th e v a lu e o f p 2 is 1 . T he r a tio o f p 2 to q 2 is 1 :1 . If p 2 re pre se nts h om ozyg ous d om in ant a lle le s, th en q 2 a uto m atic a lly re pre se nts h om ozyg ous r e ce ssiv e a lle le s. In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 3 .

dis ru ptiv e Exp la natio n: In d is ru ptiv e s e le ctio n , tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e phenoty p es a re fa vo re d o ve r a ny in te rm edia te p henoty p e.

There fo re , tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e p henoty p es o f fie ld m ic e fa vo rin g ove r a ny in te rm edia te p henoty p e fo r th is s p ecie s e xh ib it d is ru ptiv e se le ctio n.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 4 .

se xu al Exp la natio n: S exu al s e le ctio n d escrib es a daptiv e c h anges in e it h er se x th at le ad to a n e xtr e m e a bilit y to s e cu re a m ate .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 1 5 .

adaptiv e r a dia tio n.

Exp la natio n: E vo lu tio n o f m any n ew s p ecie s fr o m a s in gle a nce str a l sp ecie s in vo lv e s a daptiv e r a dia tio n.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 Sectio n 3 .3 1 6 .

co nve rg ent Exp la natio n: In c o nve rg ent e vo lu tio n, tw o s p ecie s a cq uir e tr a it s sim ila r to th ose o f v e ry d is ta ntly r e la te d e vo lu tio nary a nce sto rs .

Analo gy is th e te rm u se d to d efin e s im ila rit y d ue to c o nve rg ence .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 1 7 .

Hyb rid s te rilit y Exp la natio n: P ostz yg otic is o la tin g m ech anis m s o ccu r a fte r a z yg ote is fo rm ed, w hic h in clu des a n onvia ble h yb rid z yg ote a nd h yb rid ste rilit y , in w hic h th e a dult is r e pro ductiv e ly s te rile . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 Sectio n 3 .3 1 8 .

behavio ra l Exp la natio n: T he b ehavio ra l is o la tio n p ro ce ss e nable s m ale s a nd fe m ale s of th e s a m e s p ecie s to r e co gniz e e ach o th er.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 1 9 .

allo patr ic Exp la natio n: A llo patr ic s p ecia tio n o ccu rs d ue to s o m e k in d o f physic a l b arrie rs in th e flo w o f g ene s b etw een s u bpopula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 2 0 .

punctu ate d e quilib riu m .

Exp la natio n: In th e c a se o f th e p unctu ate d e quilib riu m m odel, n ew sp ecie s a ppear s u ddenly a nd u su ally r e m ain u nch anged u ntil extin ctio n. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 2 1 .

poly p lo id y.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. Exp la natio n: S ym patr ic s p ecia tio n m ay o ccu r in p la nts d ue to poly p lo id y. W hen th e n um ber o f s e ts o f c h ro m oso m es in cre ase to 3n a nd a bove , it c a use s p oly p lo id y.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 2 2 .

th re e-d om ain Exp la natio n: T he th re e-d om ain s yste m is b ase d o n s yste m atic appro ach es th at in clu de A rc h aea a nd b acte ria a s p ro ka ry o te s. T his fa cto r d if fe re ntia te s it fr o m th e tr a dit io nal fiv e -k in gdom a ppro ach . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 2 3 .

path ogens.

Exp la natio n: In fe ctio us, d is e ase -c a usin g a gents a re c a lle d path ogens. T hey c a n s tic k to s u rfa ce s, p ro duce to xin s, a nd in va de org ans o r c e lls .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 2 4 .

Photo auto tr o phs Exp la natio n: P hoto auto tr o phs a re s e lf - fe eders th at d epend o n su nlig ht to s p lit w ate r a nd to r e duce c a rb on d io xid e b y e nerg iz in g o f ele ctr o ns.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 2 5 .

bacillu s Exp la natio n: B acillu s is a r o d-s h aped p ro ka ry o tic c e ll. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 2 6 .

arc h aea.

Exp la natio n: D om ain A rc h aea a re a daptiv e to e xtr e m e h abit a ts a nd ca n th riv e in o xyg en-fr e e h abit a ts . T here a re d if fe re nt ty p es o f arc h aea, s u ch a s m eth anogens th at r e le ase m eth ane a nd halo phile s th at d epend o n s a lt s in th e e nvir o nm ent. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 2 7 .

Matu ra tio n Exp la natio n: V ir a l c ycle s co m pose d o f fiv e phase s a re r e fe rre d to as th e ly tic c ycle . In th e m atu ra tio n s ta ge of th e ly tic c ycle , w e obse rv e th e a sse m bly o f v ir a l c o m ponents in th e h ost c e ll.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 2 8 .

am oebas Exp la natio n: C ilia te s u se h air lik e s tr u ctu re s c a lle d c ilia fo r move m ent a nd c a ptu rin g o f p re y, w here as a m oebas u se pse udopods fo r th eir m ove m ent a nd c a ptu rin g o f p re y. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 2 9 .

wate r m old s m ay b e p ara sit ic to b oth p la nts a nd a nim als .

Exp la natio n: W ate r m old s a re d if fe re nt fr o m s lim e m old s b eca use th ey a re p ara sit e s o f b oth pla nt a nd a nim al d eco m pose d r e m ain s, where as s lim e m old s o nly dis p ose o f p la nt m ate ria ls a nd fe ed o n bacte ria .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 3 0 .

Endosym bio tic th eory Exp la natio n: E ndosym bio tic th eory is th e id ea th at th e fir s t org anelle s o f e uka ry o tic c e lls a ro se fr o m b enefic ia l a sso cia tio ns betw een p rim it iv e e uka ry o te s a nd b acte ria . T he p re se nce o f d ouble mem bra nes a ro und c h lo ro pla sts a nd m it o ch ondria s u pport th e endosym bio tic th eory .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 3 1 .

myce liu m .

Exp la natio n: A m yce liu m is c o m pose d o f c h ain s o f c e lls o r fila m ents , o r h yp hae, in a fu ngi. T he fu nctio n o f h yp hae is to in cre ase th e e ffic ie ncy o f e xtr a ctin g w ate r a nd n utr ie nts fr o m s o ils . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 2 .

anth er.

Exp la natio n: A nth ers a re c o m pose d o f p olle n s a cs. H aplo id s p ore s fo rm ed in th e a nth ers p ro duce m ale g am eto phyte s th at a re c a lle d polle n g ra in s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 3 .

co ty le dons.

Exp la natio n: T he tw o h alv e s w it h in a p eanut s h ell a re a ctu ally co ty le dons th at h ave th e e m bry o in b etw een.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 3 4 .

polle n g ra in s.

Exp la natio n: D ro ught- re sis ta nt m ale g am eto phyte s in s e ed p la nts are c a lle d p olle n g ra in s. T hey h ave a s tr o ng p ro te ctiv e w all th at ke eps g am ete s, z yg ote s, a nd s p ore s fr o m d ry in g o ut. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 5 .

xyle m , p hlo em Exp la natio n: T he v a scu la r tis su e in p la nts is c o m pose d o f tw o dif fe re nt ty p es o f tis su es: x yle m a nd p hlo em . C ells in x yle m tis su es are c o m pose d o f v e sse l e le m ents th at c h anneliz e w ate r flo w in th e pla nt b ody, w here as p hlo em c o nducts s o lu te s a nd s u gar in th e pla nt b ody th ro ugh c e lls c a lle d s ie ve tu be m em bers . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 6 .

liv e rw orts a nd m osse s.

Exp la natio n: B ry o phyte s a re n onva scu la r p la nts lik e m osse s, liv e rw orts , a nd h orn w orts th at g ro w in m ois t h abit a ts . T hese p la nts have th re adlik e s tr u ctu re s c a lle d r h iz o id s fo r a bso rb in g s o lu te s a nd wate r.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 7 .

Stig m a Exp la natio n: T he fe m ale r e pro ductiv e s tr u ctu re in p la nts is c a lle d a ca rp el a nd it is c o m pose d o f a s tig m a, a s ty le , a nd a n o va ry . D urin g pollin atio n, th e p olle n g ra in s a re tr a nsfe rre d fr o m a nth er to s tig m a, where it g erm in ate s in th e p olle n tu be th at c o nnects to th e o va ry .

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 5 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 8 .

angio sp erm s Exp la natio n: F lo w erin g p la nts in w hic h th e s e ed is e nclo se d w it h in a fr u it w all a re c a lle d a ngio sp erm s. It is a n e xce ptio nally la rg e a nd su cce ssfu l g ro up o f la nd p la nts .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 3 9 .

alt e rn atio n o f g enera tio ns Exp la natio n: L if e c ycle o f a p la nt u nderg oes d if fe re nt fo rm s in e ach genera tio n. M ost p la nts u nderg o tw o d if fe re nt fo rm s, s u ch a s d ip lo id sp oro phyte a nd h aplo id g am eto phyte .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 4 0 .

ra dia l Exp la natio n: P hylu m E ch in oderm ata in clu des s p ecie s lik e b rit tle sta r, s a nd d olla rs , a nd s e a c u cu m bers th at u su ally h ave a w ell- deve lo ped in ner s ke le to n a nd d is p la y r a dia l s ym metr y . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 1 .

bony fis h es.

Exp la natio n: T he m ost d iv e rs e a nd n um ero us o f a ll v e rte bra te s a re th e b ony fis h es. M ost o f th ese fis h es a re r a y-fin ned; b ony s p ik e s whic h s u pport th e th in fin s a re u se d in b ala ncin g a nd p ro pellin g th e body.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 0 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 4 2 .

Porif e ra .

Exp la natio n: P hylu m P orif e ra s p ecie s a re m ult ic e llu la r o rg anis m s th at d o n ot h ave a ny p artic u la r b ody s ym metr y , o rg ans, o r org aniz e d tis su es. S in ce s p onges h ave th e s a m e c h ara cte ris tic s, th ey b elo ng to p hylu m P orif e ra .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 3 .

octo pus Exp la natio n: S cie ntif ic e xp erim ents r e ve al th at o cto puse s in partic u la r a re h ig hly in te llig ent a m ong c e phalo pods.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 4 .

medusa Exp la natio n: C nid aria ns s p ecie s a re c a te goriz e d u nder tw o b ody ty p es— one is a b ell- s h aped m edusa a nd a noth er is a tu be-lik e poly p . J e lly fis h h ave a b ell- s h aped b ody ty p e, s o th ey a re ca te goriz e d u nder m edusa .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 5 .

egg la ye r.

Exp la natio n: T he s p in y a nte ate r is d is tin ctiv e in th at it 's a n e gg la ye r; it is a m onotr e m e m am mal th at h as a p ouch o n th e b elly s id e fo rm ed b y s w olle n m am mary g la nds a nd lo ngit u din al m uscle .

Hatc h in g ta ke s p la ce in th e p ouch , a nd th e o ffs p rin g r e m ain s th ere fo r 5 3 d ays.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 1 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 6 .

Hom o e re ctu s.

Exp la natio n:

Hom o e re ctu s w as th e fir s t h om in id g ro up to u se fir e aid ed b y a dva nce d to ols . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 7 .

pla naria ns.

Exp la natio n: P la naria ns dis p la y b ila te ra l s ym metr y , a nd s in ce fr e e- liv in g fla tw orm s c o nsis t o f b oth m ale a nd fe m ale r e pro ductiv e syste m s, th ey a re c o nsid ere d to b e in th e s a m e c la ss o f p la naria ns.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 8 .

Annelid s Exp la natio n: A nnelid s s p ecie s s u ch a s e arth w orm s a nd c la m worm s h ave e xte rn al r in glik e s tr u ctu re s th at e ncir c le th eir b odie s.

Annelid s s p ecie s u se it s h yd ro sta tic s ke le to n fo r th eir m ove m ents . Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 4 9 .

ech in oderm s.

Exp la natio n: E ch in oderm s a re r e fe rre d to th ose s p ecie s th at la ck fe atu re s lik e v e rte bra e a nd a re u su ally r e la te d to c h ord ate s. S ea cu cu m bers , b rit tle s ta rs , a nd s e a u rc h in s d o n ot h ave v e rte bra e; hence , th ey a re c o nsid ere d e ch in oderm s. Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 2 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 5 0 .

ca rtila gin ous Exp la natio n: S hark s a nd s ka te s a re c a te goriz e d u nder c a rtila gin ous fis h es s in ce th eir s ke le to ns a re m ade u p o f ca rtila ge in ste ad o f bones.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 5 1 .

evo lu tio n.

Exp la natio n: G enetic c h ange in a lin e o f d esce nt o ve r tim e is kn ow n a s e vo lu tio n.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 5 2 .

Charle s D arw in .

Exp la natio n: T he th eory o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n is a c o nce pt a bout evo lu tio n d eve lo ped b y C harle s D arw in .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 5 3 .

Bio geogra phy Exp la natio n: B io geogra phy is th e s tu dy o f d is tr ib utio n o f p la nts a nd anim al s p ecie s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 5 4 .

Vestig ia l s tr u ctu re s Exp la natio n: V estig ia l s tr u ctu re s are fo und in s o m e s p ecie s a nd in dic a te e vo lu tio nary a dapta tio n fr o m e arlie r a nce sto rs ? Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .1 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 3 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 5 5 .

Dir e ctio nal s e le ctio n Exp la natio n: D ir e ctio nal s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen a n e xtr e m e phenoty p e is fa vo re d.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 5 6 .

Sexu al Exp la natio n: S exu al s e le ctio n is a ty p e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n th at re su lt s in a daptiv e c h anges th at le ads to in in cre ase in th e a bilit y to attr a ct a nd s e cu re a m ate .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 5 7 .

Dis ru ptiv e Exp la natio n: D is ru ptiv e s e le ctio n o ccu rs w hen tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e phenoty p es a re fa vo re d o ve r in te rm edia te ty p es.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 5 8 .

Gene flo w Exp la natio n: G ene flo w o ccu rs w hen a lle le s a re e xch anged betw een m ig ra tin g p opula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 5 9 .

genetic d rif t.

Exp la natio n: T he te ndency o f a lle le r a tio s to c h ange s im ply b y ch ance is k n ow n a s g enetic d rif t.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .2 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 4 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 6 0 .

allo patr ic s p ecia tio n Exp la natio n: In _ ______, s o m e ty p e o f p hysic a l b arrie r p re ve nts gene flo w b etw een s u bpopula tio ns o f th e s a m e s p ecie s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 6 1 .

Taxo nom y Exp la natio n: T axo nom y is a b ra nch o f b io lo gy c o nce rn ed w it h id entif y in g, n am in g, a nd c la ssif y in g o rg anis m s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 6 2 .

cla dis tic s yste m atic s Exp la natio n: T he g oal o f c la dis tic s yste m atic s is d ete rm in in g te sta ble h yp oth ese s a bout th e e vo lu tio nary r e la tio nsh ip s b etw een org anis m s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .3 6 3 .

Vir u se s Exp la natio n: V ir u se s a re tin y n once llu la r o rg anic s yste m s th at h ave so m e p ro pertie s o f liv in g th in gs, b ut a re n ot c la ssif ie d a s liv in g org anis m s Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 6 4 .

Vir o id s Exp la natio n: V ir o id s a re n ake d s tr a nds o f D NA th at h ave b een im plic a te d in s e rio us c ro p d is e ase s Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 5 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 6 5 .

Cilia te s Exp la natio n: C ilia te s h ave h air lik e c ilia fo r s w im min g a bout to ca ptu re fo od s u ch a s b acte ria , a lg ae, o r o th er p ro to zo ans? Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .4 6 6 .

Moss Exp la natio n: M oss h as n o v a scu la r tis su e a nd is a n e xa m ple o f a nonva scu la r p la nt.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 6 7 .

Gym nosp erm s Exp la natio n: G ym nosp erm s p ro duce " n ake d s e eds", s e eds w it h n o fr u it w all c o ve rin g.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 6 8 .

sa pro tr o phs Exp la natio n: M ost fu ngi a re s a pro tr o phs a nd d eco m pose d ead org anic m atte r.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .5 6 9 .

filt e r fe eders .

Exp la natio n: S ponges a re filt e r fe eders , a nd w ate r flo w s in to th eir bodie s th ro ugh m ic ro sco pic o penin gs a nd o ut th ro ugh la rg er openin gs.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 6 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c. 7 0 .

Lophotr o ch ozo ans Exp la natio n: L ophotr o ch ozo ans a re a g ro up o f p ro to sto m e a nim als th at in clu de fla tw orm s, m ollu sks, a nd a nnelid s.

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 7 1 .

Ech in oderm ata Exp la natio n:

Phylu m Ech in oderm ata in clu des s e a s ta rs , s e a lilie s, se a c u cu m bers , a nd s a nd d olla rs .

Refe re nce : S ectio n 3 .6 F la sh C ard s 1 . T erm :

Evo lu tio n D efin it io n:

Genetic c h ange in a lin e o f d esce nt o ve r tim e 2 . T erm :

Fossils D efin it io n:

Im pre ssio ns, o r c a sts , in s e dim enta ry r o cks o f lo ng d ece ase d o rg anis m s 3 . T erm :

Bio geogra phy D efin it io n:

The s tu dy o f th e d is tr ib utio n o f p la n a nd a nim al s p ecie s 4 . T erm :

Dir e ctio nal S ele ctio n D efin it io n:

Typ e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n th at o ccu rs w hen a n e xtr e m e p henoty p e is fa vo re d In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 7 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

5 . T erm :

Sta biliz in g S ele ctio n D efin it io n:

Typ e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n th at o ccu rs w hen a n e xtr e m e p henoty p e a re s e le cte d a gain st 6 . T erm :

Dis ru ptiv e S ele ctio n D efin it io n:

Typ e o f n atu ra l s e le ctio n th at o ccu rs w hen tw o o r m ore e xtr e m e p henoty p es a re fa vo re d o ve r in te rm edia te ty p es.

7 . T erm :

Specie s D efin it io n:

The m ost b asic le ve l o f c la ssif ic a tio n a m ong o rg anis m s.

8 . T erm :

Cla dogra m D efin it io n:

A d ia gra m th at illu str a te s p hylo genetic r e la tio nsh ip s.

9 . T erm :

Vir u s D efin it io n:

A tin y, n once llu la r o rg anic s yste m th at h as s o m e p ro perty o f l iv in g th in gs, b ut is n ot c la ssif ie d a s a liv in g o rg anis m 1 0. T erm :

Vir o id s D efin it io n:

Nake d s tr a nds o f D NA th at h ave b een im plic a te d in s e rio us c ro p d is e ase s.

1 1. T erm :

Bacte ria D efin it io n:

Sim ple u nic e llu la r c re atu re s th at la ck m em bra ne-b ound n ucle i; fo und in p ra ctic a lly e ve ry e nvir o nm ent o n E arth In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 8 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.

1 2. T erm :

Nonva scu la r P la nts D efin it io n:

Pla nts th at h ave n o v a scu la r tis su e, in ste ad th ey u se r h iz o id s fo r a bso rb in g w ate r a nd s o lu te s; e x: m osse s 1 3. T erm :

Vascu la r P la nts D efin it io n:

Pla nts w it h r o ots , s te m s, a nd le ave s 1 4. T erm :

Fungi D efin it io n:

Nongre en, h ete ro tr o phic o rg anis m s th at g ro w n in d ark , m ois t h abit a ts ; e x: m ush ro om s, m old s, a nd y e asts 1 5. T erm :

In ve rte bra te s D efin it io n:

Anim als w it h out b ackb ones 1 6. T erm :

Sponges D efin it io n:

Mult ic e llu la r a nim als th at d o n ot d is p la y a ny ty p e o f s ym metr y , o rg aniz e d tis su e, o r o rg ans 1 7. T erm :

Hom in id s D efin it io n:

Mam mals th at h ave a n a nato m y s u it a ble fo r s ta ndin g e re ct a nd w alk in g o n tw o fe et.

In tr o ductio n to B io lo gy ( P rin t) ( v 2 ) : L esso n 3 : P age 6 9 © 2 020 P enn F oste r In c.