I attached about 5 different assignments that need to be follow in the format of the outline chart im attaching. you can use all my info on the assignments but into 3 pages only. I need like 10-15 sou

RES ASSIGNMENT 2 12

Literature Review

Glynn (2015) defines autism as a developmental disability that significantly affects social interaction and cognitive functions. Other common characteristics linked with autism include stereotyped movement and queer responses to sensitive experiences. Far from that autism has become an increasingly fundamental public health issue as the number of children with this disorder continues to go up. A good number of people with this condition report unique behaviors with respect to academic-related issues or reactions to normal situations. As Glynn (2015) mentioned, people with ASDs portray various levels of intelligence ranging from gifted type or severely challenged. At this point it imperative to note that the disorder can crop as early as 3 years and last throughout one’s entire life. It’s surprising to note that irrespective of ethnic or socioeconomic group, boys are more vulnerable in comparison to girls. Autistic children not only lack normal behaviors but they are also associated with extreme withdraw. In this regard, autistic children are difficult to raise because they require special attention and care. Caregivers of victims with autism spectrum disorder have more parenting tension in comparison to those with normal children, children with trisomy 21. Outstanding upbringing problems can be detrimental because they can interfere with the quality of service provided by the caregivers. As many studies have confirmed this results in poor health or stress which prevent proper growth and development. Bearing this in mind, it is imperative to find out parenting problems and efforts applied in intervention and prevention. Based on the problem, this paper identifies a theoretical perspective that could provide the framework of the study. In this context, the paper will compose a coherent literature review to demonstrate the current research based on the identified problem.

Conferring with Weilauf et al (2014) parenting kids with ASD can be tough and more stressful in comparison to parenting children with normal development. Besides, parents of ASD victims are vulnerable to other health problems. For better insight, stress is the major causes of diseases. One group comparison confirmed that parents of kids with this condition are constantly under stress and besides they have a lower level of health compared to parents raising normal developing children. The most common sources of stress in caregivers of children with ASD vary greatly. Unpredictable emotion is is of the major sources of anxiety/stress. Zaidman-Zait et al (2016) goes on to explain that financial worries play a significant part in contributing to stress in parents with ASD.

According to Cidav, Marcus & Mandell (2012), ASD children require treatment interventions and special education which may stress parents and sometimes cause depression. However, research demonstrates the fundamental role of social support in upbringing victims of autism spectrum disorder. Cidav, Marcus & Mandell (2012) emphasis on the importance to gain support from experts in health care fields. Sharing the same thoughts as Estes et al (2013), social support can help parents raising children with developmental disabilities cope with stress. For instance, with the intervention of medical professions, parents can be taught basic skills to help them relate with their children. It is imperative to note that most of the people with ASD have problems communicating. As such, it is very hard to address their needs which may further escalate their anger or emotions.

According to Huang et al (2014) different factors may contribute to parenting stress. The research by Huang et al (2014) found that both the behavioral and emotional problems a child remarkably results in caregiver’s stress. The findings in this study are very significant because they stress the importance of diagnosing for other predictors that might show the cause of stress in caregivers. As Brezis et al (2015) mentioned there have been diverging views regarding the differences in stress levels experienced by parents. Some studies have found the increased level of stress to be caused by couples other than the child condition. Interestingly different studies report different levels of stress in among parents. Conferring with Glynn (2015) mothers are greatly affected by autism spectrum children in comparison to fathers. Cultural is another important element that plays a fundamental role when determining victims of ASD. Arguably lack of information about the condition is a major problem which worsens the already escalating problem. The argument is that the lack of information may lead to parents of children with autism to face stigma and be affected by cultural beliefs.

As May et al (2015) reveals, the autism spectrum does not discriminate against in terms of size, culture or backgrounds. However, culture plays a very integral role in influencing how the conditions are viewed. More importantly, culture can also change how the condition is understood and accepted in different societies. Some cultural myths deter people from seeking assistance. Research reveals that some communities mostly the non-white families have challenging getting developmental services causing a delay. Many of the people at the societal level lack adequate knowledge about the condition. Parents of children with ASD struggle with their children complex behavior which eventually results in stress. To clearly understand the connection between the condition and parenting stress, Lize et al (2014) familiarizes us with various factors that play prominent roles in the level of parenting stress. Social support is one the coping strategy used to reduce the level of stress. Specifically, social support comes from learning institutions, immediate family members and families experiencing the same condition. The spousal relationship is also fundamental in lowering the severity of stress among parents. According to Lize et al (2014) professional assistance also play a fundamental role in helping parents raise an autism kid. In a study conducted in Singapore, escalated parental stress was linked with higher professional consultations. The collaboration between parents and profession remarkably predicted parental stress. Large scale research reveals that informational support plays a great role in enhancing the social relationship between caregivers and their autism children.

Conferring with Zaidman-Zait et al (2016) severity of autism symptoms has profound effects among parents of children experiencing this condition. In other words, child severity of child characteristics affects the maternal outcome. In an instance where child symptoms are severe, parents have reported adverse stressful conditions. Zaidman-Zait et al (2016) reveals that mother tiredness is an adamant variable in determining a mother-child relationship. Child behavioral challenges contribute to maternal stress. In this regard, the western countries awareness toward the condition is higher in comparison to other regions of the world. In Asia for example, parents of autism children deal with more stress in the sense that there are is little or no awareness. In other cases, funding policies in learning institutions as well as in mental health care is insufficient. With little intervention in these regions, parents of kids with this condition, experience high level of stress. On the other hand parents of children with mild autism symptoms experience a lower level of stress and are better able to cope with children condition.

Regarding financial challenges, there is always the assumption that this factor may result in higher levels of stress in fathers as opposed to mothers. Accordingly, McStay et al (2014) in the study found that financial constraints are a common source of stress particularly to fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Although the findings may reflect the paternal dominance there is some sense in how Huang et al (2014) argues that this whole aspect of finance depends on who the breadwinner of the family is. In some cultures, the man is the sore breadwinner of the family meaning which means he would be responsible for taking care of family members in terms of education and health. A study conducted by McStay et al (2014) confirmed that stress many be specific to both parents. Mothers, for example, report stressful conditions concerning their children symptoms and disabilities. On the contrary, fathers often worry that their kids will never be “normal” and the child dependency nature.

To emphasize on the role of mothers in child development, mothers feel that they are responsible for their child an urge that will make most of them resign from their work. Consequently, fathers bear a sense of responsibility in term of meeting the child educational, health as well as financial needs. Whilst most studies show that nurturing underlies the factors that determine the level of stress among parents, each party, is more likely to respond to stress based on their perceived role in the family.

The findings by Hayes & Watson (2013) seem to contradict most of the studies to support the notion of possible gender differences in how caregivers of victims of these conditions experience stress. According to the study by Hayes & Watson (2013) mothers are victims of physiological distress which comes in the form of anxiety and depression. In line with this notion, Hayes & Watson (2013) suggests that cultural beliefs as well play a significant role in influencing the level of stress to parent. This stems backs to how society views the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. In this regard, parents who are persuaded by societal beliefs are likely to feel helpless and use drugs as a coping mechanism. However, this may be less common in western context because of their higher awareness and interventions in comparison to devolving nations. Glynn (2015) insists that parents need to adopt positive coping behaviors to effectively raise their kids. Some of the previously affected areas in terms of cultural beliefs like Asian nations are beginning to denounce from cultural beliefs and slowly understanding the condition.

In regard to treatment and intervention, there is no specific procedure for all victims. Instead, the type of treatment or intervention prescribed depends on specific individual needs. This is because a child may have severe or mild symptoms each of which has its unique treatments. As aforementioned autism cause abnormalities in the brain. The fact that these abnormalities are not known makes it very difficult to cure. Nevertheless, there are various types of treatment and interventions including therapy and tools. As Glynn (2015) pointed out to treat autism some people seek mental help, some rely on special diets while others bond with animals. Worth noting is that the effectiveness of each method depends on the individual’s specific needs. Withstanding all these therapies has been mentioned as the best treatment for autism. As earlier mentioned an autistic child portrays poor verbal and nonverbal communication skills. Through therapy, however, a child can regain communication skills. It is also imperative to note that the treatment of autism is very undertaking involving different parties from a child’s family members to mental health professionals. As May et al (2015) mentioned some of these treatments can be home-based while other others can be offered in specialized classrooms.

A study conducted by Brezis et al (2015) reveals that autism spectrum disorder is a condition that most parents do not want to hear. As most parents reported in a structured survey, these are words that instill sadness and worry. It’s a condition that raises many questions. As such early intervention services like speech therapy or occupational therapy before the age of 3 can help improve the development of children with this condition. Moreover, teachers are also fundamental in this entire process. They should, therefore, be well educated to know as well as understand early interventions approaches. According to research early diagnosis helps improve early child development abilities. Bearing in mind that autistic children portray cognitive delay, early intervention means such characteristics would be noted early and appropriate treatment or intervention recommended. In this notion, there is a need to boost public sensitization and increase social support at the societal level. This is based on the fact some people have no clue how to treat or respond to children with autism increasing the level of stress for parties, parents and children.

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by an array of disorders ranging from inability to communicate and antisocial behaviors. As victims of autism increases, it is imperative to understand the features, diagnostic not to mention intervention and treatment approaches. This is fundamental because it informs parents on how to interact and support their autism children. A victim of the condition can potentially present a challenge to those in their lives. Bearing this in mind being familiar with current information regarding autism will the process of interacting and working with people having the condition more congenial. As mentioned in most studies, autistic mannerism, as well as behavioral manners, is widely discussed particularly considering encounters with parenting pressures. Children living with autism are viewed differently from their peers who lack developmental disabilities. Large scale studies reveal that autistic children are a series of hardship during socialization with their peers. In this context, they often have problems interacting with other people. Their antisocial behavior makes it difficult for them to make friends. Moreover, autism needs to be justified to benefit both parents and children. Family’s upbringing kids with this condition lack access to opportunities due to limited finances.

References

Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(3), 629-642.

McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18(5), 502-510.

Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18(2), 194-198.

Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35(2), 133-138.

Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.

Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Smith, I. M., Szatmari, P., ... & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2016). Impact of personal and social resources on parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 1362361316633033.

Lize, S. E., Andrews, A. B., Whitaker, P., Shapiro, C., & Nelson, N. (2014). Exploring adaptation and fidelity in parenting program implementation: Implications for practice with families. Journal of Family Strengths, 14(1), 8.

May, C., Fletcher, R., Dempsey, I., & Newman, L. (2015). Modeling relations among coparenting quality, autism-specific parenting self-efficacy, and parenting stress in mothers and fathers of children with ASD. Parenting, 15(2), 119-133.

Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.