Rough Draft Review Process Evaluation Purpose: The primary goal of this weekly assignment is to enable you to understand the revision process and revise your paper with the help of a writing specialis

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography

Angela Williams

GEN 499: General Education Capstone

July 1, 2020

Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography

The size of the global illicit drug market is estimated at US$ 321.6 billion. Various drugs are illegally smuggled into many countries all over the world. Because of international drug trafficking, many people around the world have access to drugs. The fact that various drugs are trafficked to various countries is proof that further research is needed to identify how people smuggle drugs and what can be done to stop drug trafficking. International drug trafficking reduces the overall performance of people and risks human life. International drug trafficking has increased the level of exposure to drugs among people living in various places and made them vulnerable to injuries and diseases and adversely impacted social and economic development of people; therefore, it is important for every nation to be vigilant when inspecting various products being imported and the luggage of those who travel from one country to another and ensure that all illicit drug use is banned domestically.

Jenner, M. S. (2011). International drug trafficking: A global problem with a domestic solution. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(2), 901-927.

Matthew S. Jenner provides a history of the illegal drug industry and focuses on drug traffickers. He also examines previous attempts to control the illegal drug industry. The strengths and weaknesses of previous strategies used to control the illegal drug industry have been explained. Jenner also proposes a solution to international drug trafficking: universal legalization. He argues that international drug trafficking has been thriving because the traffickers can make money as no one else is in business. If it is universally legalized, the drug traffickers will run out of business. Jenner also explains the regulatory framework that national governments can use to control domestic drug problems when drug trafficking is legalized. Jenner’s article is relevant to my paper because it explains the possible solutions to international drug trafficking. The paper gives an adequate explanation of the role that national governments have to play to ensure that the problem of domestic drug use is resolved.

Hughes, C. E., Chalmers, J., Bright, D. A., & McFadden, M. (2016). Poly-drug trafficking: Estimating the scale, trends, and harms at the Australian border. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 80-89.

Caitlin Elizabeth Hughes, Michael McFadden, Jenny Chalmers, and David Anthony Bright explore the extent, nature, and the harms of poly-drug trafficking at the Australian borders. They argue that there has been an increase in the number of drugs that drug traffickers deal with. The researchers relied on data from the Australian Federal Police (AFP). They also used the unit-record data on various cases of drug trafficking. "Between 5 % and 35 % of commercial importations at Australian borders involve poly-drug trafficking" (Hughes et al, 2016). The authors argued that poly-drug traffickers pose the greatest risk to law enforcers and governments. The article is relevant to my paper because it describes the extent of international drug trafficking and gives harms of drug trafficking. The harms of drug trafficking explained in the article would be useful to explain why it is important to conduct further research on international drug trafficking and relate to its ethical issues.

Enderwick, P. (2016). The transnational organization of the drug trade. In Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues (pp. 309-327). Springer, Cham.

Peter Enderwick examines the nature of the illicit drug industry, its method of organization, and its size. He also analyzes the impact that new technologies have had on the illicit drug industry. The ethics in international drug trafficking have also been considered in the article. The study finds out similarities in the organization of legal and illegal international businesses. It explains that globalization has had an impact on the organization of both legal and illegal international businesses. The author argues that transnational criminal organizations have continually used new technologies to enhance their operations and reduce the likelihood of being detected. Law enforcement agencies have faced challenges in stopping the operations of transnational criminal organizations because of their advanced skills in the use of the latest technologies. The article is relevant to my paper because it explains the ethics involved in international drug trafficking and how the drug traffickers are able to use technology to avoid being detected. Research on new technologies would be needed by governments to combat drug trafficking.

Marinescu, B. (2018). CONTEMPORARY ISSUES RELATED TO ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING AND CONSUMPTION TARGETING THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF ROMANIA. Challenges of the Knowledge Society, 1069-1076.

Bogdan Marinescu explains the contemporary issues that are related to international drug trafficking. He argues that international drug trafficking has reduced the level of national productivity because some people cannot work efficiently. He also argues that it has caused a population decrease because of juvenile mortality, and the number of criminals has increased. Marinescu thinks that international drug trafficking affects all of us because as a society, we lag behind in development. He explains how the number of prisoners especially those who are young has increased and the increased risk to individual safety. The author also explains what should be done to control drug trafficking. First of all, he explains that corruption should be fought to ensure that drugs are not smuggled into countries by bribing the officials. He also explains the need for detecting the drug traffickers and ensuring that there is a more efficient control in the customs. The article is relevant to my paper because it explains the effects and solutions to international drug trafficking.

Smakhtin, E. V., Sidorov, A. S., & Sidorova, N. V. (2019). Drug trafficking through the internet: Problems of the counteraction and methods of their solution. Astra Salvensis, 7(S1), 443-456.

Evgeniy V. Smakhtin, Anatoly S. Sidorov, and Natalya V. Sidorova of Tyumen State University explain the extent of drug trafficking through the internet and propose measures that can be taken to prevent it. They also explain the effects of drug addiction such as the effect on national security, legal order, the society, and individual health of those who abuse the drugs. Some of the problems identified in the counteraction of drugs are in the detection of the crimes. Others are more technical. "The scientific and technical problems of using the information technologies in the intelligence operations" (Smakhtin et al, 2019). They also explain that the implementation of proposed measures to prevent international drug trafficking is usually a huge challenge. They argue that bilateral international scientific cooperation between countries should be increased to help counter international drug trafficking. The authors also argue that law enforcement officers should have adequate technical capabilities to solve the problem of drug trafficking through the internet. The article is relevant to my paper because it explains possible solutions to international drug trafficking.