Chapter 3 proposes that individuals can develop skills to become effective leaders. This is similar to Trait Theory in that it focuses on the leader's characteristics but is different in that it opens

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 3 Behavioral Approach Description Perspective  Emphasizes the behavior of the leader  Focuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act Definition  Composed of two general kinds of behaviors  Task behaviors  Facilitate goal accomplishment: Help group members achieve objectives  Relationship behaviors  Help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, each other, and the situation Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 4 Ohio State Studies (1 of 2)  Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)  Identify number of times leaders engaged in specific behaviors • 150 questions  Participant settings (military, industrial, educational)  Results • Particular clusters of behaviors were typical of leaders Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 5 Ohio State Studies ( 2 of 2)  LBDQ-XII (Stogdill, 1963)  Shortened version of the LBDQ  Most widely used leadership assessment instrument  Results--Two general types of leader behaviors:

• Initiating structure--Leaders provide structure for subordinates  Task behaviors --organizing work, giving structure to the work context, defining role responsibility, and scheduling work activities • Consideration--Leaders nurture subordinates  Relationship behaviors --building camaraderie, respect, trust, and liking between leaders and followers Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 6 University of Michigan Studies  Exploring leadership behavior  Specific emphasis on impact of leadership behavior on performance of small groups  Results--Two types of leadership behaviors conceptualized as opposite ends of a single continuum  Employee orientation • Strong human relations emphasis  Production orientation • Stresses the technical aspects of a job  Later studies reconceptualized behaviors as two independent leadership orientations--possible orientation to both at the same time Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 7 Blake and Mouton’s Grid Historical Perspective  Leadership Grid Components  Authority-Compliance (9,1)  Country Club Management (1,9)  Impoverished Management (1,1)  Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5)  Team Management (9,9)  Paternalism/Maternalism (1,9; 9,1)  Opportunism Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 8 Historical Perspective Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Leadership Grid Development  Developed in early 1960s  Used extensively in organizational training & development Purpose  Designed to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes  Two factors • Concern for production  How a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks • Concern for people  How a leader attends to the members of the organization who are trying to achieve its goals Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 9 Authority-Compliance (9,1) Definition  Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work such that human interference is minimal Role Focus  Heavy emphasis on task and job requirements and less emphasis on people  Communicating with subordinates mainly for task instructions  Results driven-- people regarded as tools to that end  9,1 leaders-- seen as controlling, demanding, hard-driving, and overpowering Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 10 Country Club (1,9) Definition  Thoughtful attention to the needs of people leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo Role Focus  Low concern for task accomplishment coupled with high concern for interpersonal relationships  Deemphasizes production ; leaders stress the attitudes and feelings of people  1,9 leaders -- try to create a positive climate by being agreeable, eager to help, comforting, noncontroversial Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 11 Impoverished (1,1) Definition  Minimal effort exerted to get work done is appropriate to sustain organizational membership Role Focus  Leader unconcerned with both task and interpersonal relationships  Going through the motions, but uninvolved and withdrawn  1,1 leaders -- have little contact with followers and are described as indifferent, noncommittal, resigned, and apathetic Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 12 Middle-of-the-Road (5,5) Definition  Adequate organizational performance possible through balancing the necessity of getting work done while maintaining satisfactory morale Role Focus  Leaders who are compromisers; have intermediate concern for task and people who do task  To achieve equilibrium, leader avoids conflict while emphasizing moderate levels of production and interpersonal relationships  5,5 leader -- described as expedient; prefers the middle ground; soft-pedals disagreement; swallows convictions in the interest of “progress” Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 13 Team (9,9) Definition  Work accomplished through committed people; interdependence via a “common stake” in the organization’s purpose, which leads to relationships of trust and respect Role Focus  Strong emphasis on both tasks and interpersonal relationships  Promotes high degree of participation and teamwork, satisfies basic need of employee to be involved and committed to their work  9,9 leader -- stimulates participation, acts determined, makes priorities clear, follows through, behaves open- mindedly and enjoys working Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 14 Paternalism/Maternalism Definition  Reward and approval are bestowed on people in return for loyalty and obedience; failure to comply leads to punishment Role Focus  Leaders who use both 1,9 and 9,1 without integrating the two  The “ benevolent dictator” ; acts gracious for purpose of goal accomplishment  Treats people as though they were disassociated from the task  Regards the organization as a family  Makes most of the key decisions  Rewards loyalty and punishes non-compliance Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 15 Opportunism Definition  People adapt and shift to any grid style needed to gain maximum advantage Role Focus  Performance occurs according to a system of selfish gain  Leader uses any combination of the basic five styles for the purpose of personal advancement  May be seen as ruthless and cunning  May also be seen as adaptable and strategicLeaders usually have a dominant grid style used in most situations and a backup style that is reverted to when under pressure Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 16 How Does the Behavioral Approach Work?

 Focus of behavioral approach  Strengths  Criticisms  Application Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 17 Behavioral Approach Focus  Primarily a framework for assessing leadership as behavior with a task and relationship dimension Overall Scope  Offers a general means of assessing the behaviors of leaders Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 18 Strengths  Behavioral approach marked a major shift in leadership research from exclusively trait focused to include behaviors and actions of leaders  Broad range of studies on leadership style validates and gives credibility to the basic tenets of the approach  At conceptual level, a leader’s style is composed of two major types of behaviors: task and relationship  The behavioral approach is heuristic--leaders can learn a lot about themselves and how they come across to others by trying to see their behaviors in light of the task and relationship dimensions Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 19 Criticisms  Research has not adequately demonstrated how leaders’ styles are associated with performance outcomes.

 No universal style of leadership that could be effective in almost every situation. Contextual factors such as team goals or cross functional team membership may require varied leadership styles.

 Implies that the most effective leadership style is High-High style (i.e., high task/high relationship); research finding support is limited.

 Most of the research comes from United States--centric perspective.

Different cultures may prefer different leadership styles than those favored by current U.S. management practices.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 20 Application  Many leadership training and development programs are designed along the lines of the style approach.

 By assessing their own style, managers can determine how they are perceived by others and how they could change their behaviors to become more effective.

 The style approach applies to nearly everything a leader does.

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