Essay #2: Assignment Topics and Instructions NB: Before starting your essay, you should read this entire document as well as the information in the ‘Essay Assignments: Grading Criteria and Helpful Inf

Study Guide: Chapter 8 Part 2

1. What is a “maxim,” according to Kant? Section G

2. What is the “happiness calculus,’ and by whom is it used? Section H

3. What is a categorical imperative? What is a hypothetical imperative? Section G

4. How has mothering been seen in history of moral theory? Section J

5. What view of women has dominated the history of moral theory? Section J

6. According to Mill, what end do virtues promote? Section H

7. What are higher and lower pleasures for Mill? Section H

8. What is Kant’s imperative that relates to how we should treat others? Section G

9. According to Kant, how does one determine the moral validity of a maxim? Section G

10. What kind of theory is utilitarianism? Section H

11. What were some objections to Bentham’s type of utilitarianism? Section H

12. Who created the principle of utility? Section H

13. Theories that focus on pleasure are called what? Section H

14. According to utilitarianism, what is the highest good? Section H

15. How do utilitarians defend their claim that pleasure is an important human good? Section H

16. Which philosophers objected to the idea that morality should be based on feelings? Section G

17. According to Bentham how might we characterize pain and pleasure? Section H

18. Who changed the direction of ethics by claiming that women think differently than men about moral issues? Section J