The Research Paper is a ten- to twelve-page paper (excluding title and references pages) that provides the student the opportunity to investigate a specific natural disaster topic, apply graduate-leve
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Strategic planning is a discipline that is well understood and used in many businesses and competitive health care organizations. However,strategic planning is not as widely used in many nonprofit and public health organizations. This is unfortunate because nonprofit and publichealth organizations, like other health organizations, can benefit significantly from the strategic planning process. All health organizationsface competition for limited resources, and all have the capability to make better use of those resources and produce more quality andvalue for consumers and the public.
Strategic planning helps an organization develop an overall sense of direction for the future. This is essential because an organizationthat does not identify and make strategic choices loses opportunities to learn about its market and its capabilities to serve and endangersfulfillment of its organizational mission. Strategic planning is an important competency for managers because it stimulates new ideas andemphasizes continuous improvement in quality and value relative to alternative or competing organizations.
3.2 STRATEGIC PLANNINGTwo definitions are necessary to understand strategic planning. Strategy addresses the question of how to position an organization in itsenvironment. A strategy is a major course of action an organization uses to pursue its mission and vision. Strategic planning is the processof developing strategies. As a result of conducting a strategic planning process, an organization will make significant, nonrecurring decisionsabout its nature and the directions it will take in the future. As a first step, an organization must first clearly articulate its mission.
MissionAn organization’s mission statement delineates its purpose and reason for existence. It establishes boundaries for the organization’sactivities, programs, and services. It creates focus, assuring that the organization does not attempt to be all things to all people. Missionstatements are as important for what they exclude as for what they include.
A mission statement is typically brief, usually not exceeding two or three sentences. It communicates the current intentions of theorganization. Mission statements are often accompanied by statements of vision and values.
Vision and ValuesDecision makers in many organizations develop a targeted description of the future outcomes expected if the organization is successful.This description is called a vision. Visions are somewhat idealistic because they are intended to motivate people and enroll the hearts, aswell as the minds, of organizational stakeholders. Many organizations also produce a written statement of the values upon which anorganization is built. This is especially true in organizations with a religious affiliation or foundation. They may rely on explicit values to agreater degree than their secular counterparts. Strategic planning activities are based on the mission, vision, and values of the organization.
Guiding statements (the mission, vision, and values documents) from two different organizations provide useful examples. FairviewHealth Services (FHS) is a large, nonprofit integrated health delivery system in Minnesota. FHS is comprised of 7 hospitals, has over 2000employed and affiliated physicians, and is supported by more than 21,000 staff. The mission of FHS is to improve the health of thecommunity and support research and education efforts (Fairview Health Services 2010). The vision of FHS is to be the best health caredelivery system in America. The values of FHS—dignity, integrity, service, and compassion—reflect beliefs regarding ways to serveindividuals.
A second example of a guiding statement comes from Healthy People 2020, which lists strategic priorities for national health promotionand disease prevention efforts to improve the health of people in the United States by 2020. It is used as a tool for strategic planning by alllevels of government and the health system to prioritize targets and to measure progress for health issues in specific populations (USDepartment of Health and Human Services 2010). The mission of Healthy People 2020 is to identify priorities for improving healthnationwide and engage multiple sectors to take health actions based on scientific evidence. The vision of Healthy People 2020 is to helppromote a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. The values of Healthy People 2020 are embedded in its overarching goals—thevalues emphasize a desire to improve community health, nurture healthy behaviors, and eliminate health disparities.
Both guiding statements (FHS and Healthy People 2020) set stretch goals—becoming the best health care delivery system in America(FHS) and creating a society where all people live long, healthy lives (Healthy People 2020). Stretch goals are important to the improvementprocess because they challenge employees and stakeholders to perform at even higher levels. The mission, vision, and values of eachorganization create the foundation for aspirations and strategic plans of the organization.
Strategic Planning StepsThe strategic planning process is depicted in Figure 3–1 and consists of six steps that proceed from the mission, vision, and values. Notethat the mission, vision, and values have two roles in the strategic planning process. First, they form the foundation of the planning efforts.Second, the results of the planning effort should serve to validate the continuation of the mission. The mission of the organization (andmore rarely, the vision or values) is occasionally changed as a result of the strategic planning process, as shown by the feedback loop in Figure 3–1. Although not a common occurrence, it is important for an organization to alter its mission when the environment, the people,or the community it serves changes, or when it undergoes a major transformation.
The six steps of strategic planning include the following:
1a. Analyze the internal organization
1b. Analyze the external environment
2a. Analyze internal strengths and weaknesses
2b. Analyze external opportunities and threats
3. Identify and evaluate strategic issues and options
4. Select strategic priorities
FIGURE 3–1 The Strategic Planning Process
Although the steps in the process are presented in a linear fashion for simplicity, in reality, they are interdependent. Identification of keystrategic issues can result in a reassessment of external opportunities and threats, for example. A selection of priorities can mean changesin internal operations that alter the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization. The strategic planning process is morerealistically described as an interdependent cycle than a series of discrete steps (Begun and Heatwole 1999).
Steps 1a and 1b: Analyze the Internal Organization and the External EnvironmentStrategic planning begins with an analysis of the internal environment of the organization and the external environment in which theorganization operates. Because the internal and external environments of organizations are constantly changing, regular review is essentialin order to identify and assess the impact of changes and how they affect an organization. Factors that typically are reviewed to assesschanges include laws, regulations, payment mechanisms, competitors, workforce supply, trends in quality and safety, demography of theservice area, and customer or client satisfaction.
An internal organizational analysis consists of a review of the health organization’s resources and performance. An internal analysistypically includes measures of productivity, staffing ratios compared to industry standards, key financial ratios, patient and clientsatisfaction rates, employee morale, and other performance measures.
An external environmental analysis looks at the key factors outside the organization such as economic, political, and legal trends thataffect the service area and the health care organization. It is also important to examine the demographics and disease risks in thecommunity carefully. Conducting an external environmental analysis is an extensive activity undertaken to gain a complete understanding ofrelevant external forces affecting the organization. At a minimum, this component of the environmental audit should include keydemographic trends, employment data, poverty data, workforce supply, and health status of the community. It also should includecharacteristics of the client or customer populations served by the organization, where they come from, and market penetration trends.
Steps 2a and 2b: Analyze Internal Strengths and Weaknesses and External Opportunities and Threats (SWOT Analysis)The analysis of the internal and external environments forms the basis for determining the organization’s internal strengths andweaknesses as well as external threats and opportunities. Taken together, these two steps are often referred to as SWOT analysis. Thisacronym refers to the Strengths and Weaknesses inside the organization and the Opportunities and Threats outside the organization.
A SWOT analysis uses the findings from the environmental audit to perform a critical self-assessment of the organization. Step 2aanalyzes the list of factors identified in the internal organizational assessment performed in Step 1a, identifying those factors that represent strengths of the organization (what the organization does well) or weaknesses of the organization (what the organization does not do well).For example, strengths of a health organization may include the high quality of services it delivers to its constituents, a highly committedstaff, and low staff turnover. In contrast, weaknesses may include productivity problems, financial difficulties, falling client base, and agingphysical plant.
Step 2b analyzes the list of factors identified in the external environmental assessment, identifying those factors that represent opportunities for the organization (favorable trends outside the organization) and threats to the organization (unfavorable trends outsidethe organization). For example, opportunities for a health organization may include improving community economic growth, increasedgovernmental funding, and grant opportunities. In contrast, threats may include potential funding decreases, the opening of a neworganization that serves the same needs and may encroach on the organization’s activities, or deteriorating socioeconomic trends in theconstituent group.
Step 3: Identify and Evaluate Strategic Issues and OptionsAnalyzing the internal and external environments of a health care organization in terms of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, andthreats (SWOT) enables the organization to recognize specific areas where improvement is necessary and development is possible. The fifthcomponent of the strategic planning model (Step 3) is to identify and evaluate major strategic issues and choices. Managers of healthorganizations have the responsibility to understand all the issues facing their organization completely in order to prioritize theirimportance and make decisions to address the priority issues adequately. This process of prioritizing is essential for health organizations,which often have limited resources to meet the seemingly unlimited needs of their stakeholders. The strategic issues must be monitoredcontinually and choices must be identified so that the organization stays responsive to the patients and population it serves. Anorganization that tries to do everything will end up doing nothing.
Once the most important issues facing a health organization are identified, strategic choices must be made to guide the organization’sattempts to address them adequately. First, the SWOT analysis can be used to identify strategies to (1) take advantage of strengths and tomaximize opportunities (max-max strategies); (2) take advantage of strengths to reduce vulnerability to threats (max-min strategies); (3)minimize weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities (min-max strategies); and (4) minimize weaknesses and avoid threats (min-minor defensive strategies). Strategies in the first category, which draw on strengths and opportunities, are ideal and usually involve growthand expansion. Strategies in the last category, which address weaknesses and threats, often involve downsizing and retrenching.
Two other techniques assist in the process of making strategic choices: key issue analysis and forecasting. These techniques help anorganization analyze its priorities in the context of the changing external environment to make useful strategic choices for the future.
Key Issue Analysis A key issue is an event that, if it occurs or does not occur, will have an important impact on the organization. In astrategic planning process, it is important to identify and prioritize all key issues in the context of the internal and external environment ofthe organization, which is constantly changing. For example, emergency preparedness is often identified as a key issue for public healthdepartments. Until September 11, 2001, however, concerns regarding emergency preparedness would normally have received a lowpriority in an issue analysis. Today, it receives a much higher priority. Among hospitals, implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 isa key current issue.
Assumptions are often made when identifying key issues. An assumption is an estimate of an important future event over which anorganization has little or no control. For example, as a result of the economic downturn that began in 2008, state and local governmentsface substantial problems in balancing governmental budgets. Assumptions need to be made by publicly funded health organizationsregarding the impact of these budget reductions on health programming.
Identifying how changing external circumstances and events will influence or alter the priority issues of health organizations in thefuture is an important component of key issue analysis.
Forecasting Forecasting consists of predicting or estimating future events in the environment. Forecasting is usually based on extrapolationof past or present trends into the future. Many trends in public health are readily subject to forecasting techniques. This includes forecastsof population trends, death rates and their causes, health behaviors and risk factors, and economic predictors.
However, forecasting trends can also be inexact and elusive. Some events are the result of discontinuities or turbulent developments inthe environment and may not be identified through a forecast of past trends. For example, the outbreak of an epidemic or an unexplainedplant closure of a major employer in a community is an event not likely to be anticipated or included in a forecasting exercise.
Step 4: Selecting Strategic PrioritiesThe last activity of the strategic planning model (Step 4) is selecting strategic priorities, in which managers decide what an organizationmust do in order to capitalize on strengths and opportunities, improve areas of weakness, and respond to threats. As a result of theenvironmental audit, the SWOT analysis, and evaluating major strategic issues, the organization makes strategic choices. Building on thepriority issues identified in step 3 of the strategic planning process, decision makers select strategies to address these priorities andprovide a focus for the organization. The resulting strategic priorities should answer three essential questions:
1. Where is the health organization at present?
2. Where does it want to go?
3. What actions must take place to achieve the goal from the previous question?
3.3 OPERATIONAL PLANNINGAs shown in Figure 3–1, the strategic planning process is followed by planning at the operational level of the organization. Operationalplanning requires setting goals and objectives at the tactical level, usually the departmental and subunit levels, for carrying out theorganization’s strategies. Plans of the operating units of the organization then form the basis of the goals and objectives of the operatingunits and the workforce of the operating units. Operational plans typically are revised annually, whereas strategic plans have a longer shelflife, usually 2 to 5 years.
A business plan is a common type of operational plan. Business plans describe new services, products, or programs and their marketsand make projections concerning the personnel and other resources needed to implement the new items. A key element is the financialanalysis, which often includes projected expenditures and revenues and a breakeven analysis (analysis of volume required so that the newservice does not lose money for the organization).
Ideally, departmental goals and objectives are also translated into individual employee objectives by managers and workers as part ofthe employee performance evaluation process. With evaluation of results and continuous feedback to the strategic planning process,individual and departmental goals and objectives may be incrementally adjusted but still are expected to maintain consistency with theorganization’s strategy.
3.4 BUDGET PLANNINGFinally, as depicted in Figure 3–1, operational plans require funding. Budget plans, in the form of a capital budget for major purchases, anoperating budget for annual revenues and expenses, and a cash budget to predict the inflow and outflow of cash, are common planningmechanisms in organizations. Budgeting is covered in more detail later in this book.
Reference
Fallon, F. L., Begun, J. W., & Riley, W. (2013). Managing health organizations for quality and performance. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu