In a paper of at least 1,800 words (not including title, abstract, and reference pages), persuasively argue that your topic of interest (Adolescent Behaviors related to Social Media) and the specific

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography

John Doe

RES7105: Scholarly Argument I (QAA2026D)

Dr. Jane Doe

August 3, 2020

Annotated Bibliography

Bryant, A. (2018). The effect of social media on the physical, social-emotional, and cognitive development of adolescents.

Bryant (2018) critically evaluates the effects of the social media on the development of the adolescents. Adolescent age is the most vulnerable stage of the development which require a lot of the care to avoid making decisions that for worst might adversely affect moral, social, emotional and physical development. In this study, penetration and widespread of the social media usage by adolescents is reviewed. In particular, it is established that 92% of the adolescents used social media daily as at 2015. The worry is not about penetration of the social media in the adolescents and negative effects of the social media which negatively affect development of the adolescents.

In this article, Bryant (2018) addresses effects of social media manly on four dimensions- physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. Considering physical dimension, adolescents are using social media pictures and photo to create standard measure of attractiveness. Photos on the Facebook, Instagram and others social media platforms are used as model and standard measure of the beauty. This creates dissatisfaction among adolescents with some undergoing behavior change in effort to match themselves with observed models on the social media. Change in eating habits and other measures taken to change appearance of the body affects physical development of the adolescents. Bryant (2018) starts by analyzing Piaget theory of the cognitive development to outline cognitive capability of the adolescent. Adolescents enters realm of logical analysis and abstraction of the ideas. However, social media consume most of the time for the adolescents. They have little time to feed their mind academically, do homework and develop cognitive capability. As result, adolescent who are hooked on the social media record poor academic achievement.

Carlyle, K. E., Guidry, J. P. D., Williams, K., Tabaac, A., & Perrin, P. B. (2018). Suicide conversations on Instagram™: contagion or caring? Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 11(1), 12.

The Journal of Communication in Healthcare collected over 500 samples from Instagram posts within a two-year period solely examined how suicide-related posts were portrayed. The researchers used the intervention method which was quantitative to provoke a measurable result and it was randomized controlled trial, because there was in intervention, control group and random sample. Social media has been reported to negatively affect social and emotional development of the adolescents. Incidences of victimization, rejection and cyber-ostracisms lowers self-esteem, confidence and also the mood of the adolescents. Some teens spend most of the time on the social and have little time for developing constructive relationship.

Geckle, J. (2016). Use of multimedia or mobile devices by adolescents for health promotion and disease prevention: A literature review. Pediatric Nursing, 42(4), 163.

Geckle (2016) summarized a literature review that showed how adolescents phone ownership increased from ages 14-17 at a 97% rate in the United States. Because this is a specific group of a specific age group, then this quantitative study. The method used for this review was also a systematic review, there were a total of 16 articles reviewed and there was a combination of solely quantitative and mixed-method research studies. This study is relevant because it illustrates how social media affects development of the adolescent. The article meets the minimum of the quality standard because all argument made have been referenced. Additionally, author us accomplished academician and professional in the field of psychology. This has helped the author to clearly link effects of social media on adolescent development.

Mills, K. L. (2016). Possible effects of internet use on cognitive development in adolescence. Media and Communication, 4(3), 4-12. Mills (2016) analyzes various ways through which internet use affect cognitive development in adolescence. Cognitive development deals with thinking and reasoning ability. For the adolescents, cognitive development is featured by logical development and abstraction of ideas. In the article, six areas have been evaluated that relates to the cognitive development which are used to explain effects of the internet use on cognitive development to the adolescents. Memory is the first issue which has been analyzed. Memory deals with storage of the information. Internet provides platforms which are used for storage of information. For example, some store information on the e-mail, Facebook nor any other internet platform. Availability of the internet where adolescents store information reduces the memory development of the adolescents.

The internet use has negatively affected the analytical thinking of adolescents. Independent of thinking, creative and critical thinking are features cognitive skills to the adolescents. However, Mills (2016), shows that critical and analytical capability of the adolescents is affected by the internet use. This is because adolescents tend to browse and get everything, they want from internet denying themselves an opportunity to engage in critically which is necessary for cognitive development. Multi-tasking is another that influence cognitive development. According to Mills (2016), 50% of the adolescent were reported to use social media when doing homework which adds load in the cognitive process. Further, social competence, social evaluation and processing of the social cues are other factors which are adversely affected by the internet usage.

This article is relevant to topic of interest because it addresses various ways through which internet usage affects cognitive development of the adolescent. Further, all resources used in the study are peer-reviewed obtained from PubMed database which provides guarantee quality of all resources and evidence used in the study.

Weinstein, E. (2017). Influences of Social Media Use on Adolescent Psychosocial Well-Being:‘OMG’or ‘NBD’? (Doctoral dissertation).

In this dissertation, Weinstein (2017) reports in detail ways through which use of the social media impact psychosocial well-being. Weinstein uses relevant resources which addresses the subject matter of interest. Various dimensions have been evaluated to show they affect wellbeing of the adolescents. Hostility on the social media which arises when the adolescents are harassed and humiliated on the social media, results to emotional stress. Adolescent feel unacceptable about their lives. On extreme cases, adolescent develops suicidal ideations which causes some of the adolescent develop mental health problems which affects the wellbeing of the adolescents.

Breaches of the digital communicator is common with adolescents. Others get access to unwanted sexts which grows to watching of phonographic materials. Engaging in sexting grows to romantic relationship and all chats finally turns practical sex with found partners from the social media. This greatly affects the psychosocial wellbeing of the adolescents with some contracting diseases and others expectant traceable from the social media. It is noted that heavy users of the social media have poor psychological well-being than non-users. They argue that those that not heavy users of social media are better and happier which affects social wellbeing of the adolescents.

Elevated post on the social media are source dissatisfaction to the adolescence. Adolescents search for celebrities on Facebook and Instagram which causes them to change their ways of life and others taking some drugs to help them secure figure of the celebrities seen on the Instagram. Therefore, there are wealth factors associated with use of social media which adversely affect psychosocial wellbeing of the adolescents.

Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 258-274.

In the articles, Vannucci (2020) and other authors have explored different ways through which social media has contributed or is related risk behavior among the adolescents. Considering displacement theory, social media has taken substantial amount of the time that adolescent used to have to participate in extra-curricular activities and other health related activities. With social media, youth and teenagers spend most of time connecting with friends and hooked developments new things on the social media which puts the life of the young people at the dangers attributable to use of the social media.

Social media platforms expose adolescent to risk behaviors in varying capacities. For example, Facebook influence construct behavior and cognitions of the adolescents aligning them desirable peer influence. Through Facebook, adolescent get access to risk behavior content posted by minority but overarching negative effects of the social media is great. It is established that adolescents are attracted to neutral and risky behavior photos on the social media. For example, a photo of an individual drinking posted on Instagram will have higher than photo of someone that is not drinking which illustrates that adolescents are inclined more to the risk behaviors.

Finally, social media exposes adolescents to the risky behaviors such drinking and participation in the sexual activities. Majority of adolescents have virtually developed friendships which have led many astray. Others are suffering from depression, low confidence because of cyberbullying, cyberstalking and victimization on the social media. Generally, the article address issues that adolescents are going through which are attributable to social media. Authors have remained consistent in addressing adolescent risk behaviors related to social media.

Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93.

Keles, McCrae and Grealish are accomplished authors that have written numerous articles on the health information. For example, Keles has written more than 100 articles. All authors work at Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing. Quality of the article is unquestionable because the authors have systematically reviewed articles from databases that are distinguished for quality healthcare information with 13 eligible sources found which were analyzed by authors.

Based on the sources used by authors, it is noted that about 92% of the teenagers are proactive users of the social media. This is a significant number and continues increasing hence creating need to evaluate and establish possible positive and negative effects of social media usage by the adolescents.

Keles, McCrae and Grealish (2020) bring to our attention that social media has both advantages and disadvantages. To the advantages, social media has created a platform through which people can share their downturn moments and receive overwhelming social support on the social media. However, social media is related to psychological problems. In the article, in meta-analysis of 23 studies, problematic Facebook use was correlated to psychological distress in the adolescent and children.

Social media consume substantial amount for the adolescents. Some of the adolescent have more than one accounts which demand high attention for successful management. Adolescent have little time to rest and sleep because of constant engagement on the social media which leads to anxiety disorder and mental health problem. Adolescent us the period of identity development. However, proliferation of the social media interferes with adolescent development because they do not have self-regulation to avoid some factors that are detrimental to their growth. Therefore, in general, article clearly outline mental health problems to the adolescents which are related to use of social media.

Strasburger, V. C., & Donnerstein, E. (1999). Children, adolescents, and the media: issues and solutions. Paediatrics, 103(1), 129-139.

Strasburger and Donnerstein (1999) reports that in the period of the study, impact of media to the children and adolescents is under recognized. However, parents, educators and health sector need to put a spirited effort to ensure negative effects of media to the adolescents is limited. Adolescents spend approximately 40 hours watching televisions. Play games, listening radio and watching are other ways through which adolescents and children according to the period when research was carried.

Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/

The article discusses the use of technology by the teenagers. it also focuses on how technology has the young generations in terms of behaviors. According to the article, about 24% of teens are constantly online with the widespread availability of smartphones. Among this numbers, the large number is majorly the girls with boys being more prone to video games. Again, the number of African American and Hispanic youth are more used to internet than the whites. The major online platforms that these teens visit are Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat among other social media platforms. The major means of accessing online content is through a computer, smartphones, tablets or game console. The article also focuses on addressing the gap that exist access to technology along ethnic, racial or socio-economic lines.

Access to internet at a younger age has both positive and negative impacts to the lives of the children. The negative effects are in fact dominant. According to Lenhart, the social media platforms are majorly used as messaging apps by the teenagers. the interactions in messaging affects their school life and their social behavior. Concentrating on a phone for an extended period of time affects one’s socialization behavior. They tend to be less concerned with the physical interactions and focus more on online messages.

The target audience in this article is both the teenagers and their parents. Teens are cautioned against engaging in social media interactions at an early age. The most notable group who are more prone to access to internet are the African American and the Hispanic youth. Secondly, the parents should always take caution and advise their children wisely on the use of smartphones and access to social media platforms.

Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S67-S70. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/Supplement_2/S67

The article is primarily focused on addressing the benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Social media usage among the adolescents is currently on the rise. The use of these social media platforms is mainly to share information, development of a coherent identity and creating interactions among the peers. The current state shows that the adolescents can use several mechanisms to access the social media platforms. The use of smartphones is the biggest contributor to the access to internet by this age group. Some of the frequently used social media platforms include Instagram, Tumblr and Snapchat.

Social media possesses some benefits to the youth. First, it provides a platform for an identity and aspirational development. It is also a good platform in which peers can engage in different angles. According to Uhls (2017), social media increases self-esteem and social capital as the adolescents’ progress to their adult life. Besides, most of the teens find it as a platform that promotes and maintains long friendships. On the other side, the social media comes with costs. It has an adverse effect on health and development of its frequent users. With social media, there are issues of cyberbullying, social anxiety, exposure to immoral content at early ages and depression. Over the past few years, the issue of depression and cyberbullying has been hitting this age group negatively.

The target audience of the article is the adolescents. They should use social media appropriately. If social media is used inappropriately, it is bound to adversely affect them. Their health and social relationships be always at risk the correct measures on use of internet are not effectively applied. It is a good idea to use smartphones at the right time.

References

Bryant, A. (2018). The effect of social media on the physical, social-emotional, and cognitive development of adolescents.

Carlyle, K. E., Guidry, J. P. D., Williams, K., Tabaac, A., & Perrin, P. B. (2018). Suicide conversations on Instagram™: contagion or caring? Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 11(1), 12.

Geckle, J. (2016). Use of multimedia or mobile devices by adolescents for health promotion and disease prevention: A literature review. Pediatric Nursing, 42(4), 163.

Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Stepler, R., Rainie, L., & Parker, K. (2015). Pew Research Center

Organization for Social Media Safety. (2020). Making Social Media Safe for All. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.ofsms.org/

Strasburger, V. C., & Donnerstein, E. (1999). Children, adolescents, and the media: issues and solutions. Paediatrics, 103(1), 129-139.

Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 258-274.

Weinstein, E. (2017). Influences of Social Media Use on Adolescent Psychosocial Well-Being:‘OMG’or ‘NBD’? (Doctoral dissertation).