LITERATURE SYNTHESIS ON THE TOPIC: How do ethnicity and gender influence access to sport and recreation opportunities? Ive attached the 4 articles along with the annotated bibliography written earlier

Article gathering: Topic# 6

Umna Imran

Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba

KPER2120

Dr. Russel Field & Colleen Plumton

October 30, 2020

Ahmad, A. (2011). British football: Where Are The Muslim Female Footballers? Exploring The Connections Between Gender, Ethnicity and Islam. Soccer & Society, 12(3), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.568110

Aisha Ahmed (2011) explores the topic of ethnicity and its relationship with sport, particularly football. She focuses on gender and ethnicity and refers to women and their participation in British Football. First, the author connects the issue of sport with gender and ethnicity and brings in other factors. The topic evaluates Muslim women's participation in sports and how their ethnicity and gender connect with this participation. Ahmed's article's research question is “where the Muslim female footballers are in the British Football arena?” Moreover, the research hypothesis is assessing the connection between Islam, ethnicity, and gender. All these aspects play a central role in Ahmed's research of women and sports based on their ethnicity and gender. Aisha Ahmed uses important data to present her point, and she obtains the information from people via interview transcript material. Ahmed's research used a multimethod interview approach since it enables result corroboration and efficient information production. Aisha Ahmed presented several findings regarding her research topic. First, she discovered that women in Islam do not participate in sports because traditional roles expect differently. Secondly, Ahmed also presented that some people view women as too pretty to participate in football activities. In other words, most of these people relate football with masculinity hence considering it not for women. Additionally, the author also finds out that cultural values also hinder women in Islam from participating in football activities. Aisha Ahmed concluded that cultural values and other critical aspects prevent women Islam from taking part in sport.

Laar, R., Zhang, J., Yu, T., Qi, H., & Ashraf, M. A. (2018). Constraints To Women’s Participation In Sports: A Study of Participation of Pakistani Female Students In Physical Activities. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(3), 385– 397. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1481875

Laar et al. (2019) explore the barriers women face while attempting to participate in sporting activities and use Pakistan's provinces as the location for study. The topic revolves around the historical discouragement of women from competing in sports and other physical activities. The authors' study's research question is, "what are the barriers women face in sporting activities?" The hypothesis for this analysis entails the challenges in sporting activities based on gender. However, the authors also utilize the ethnicity factor since they only use Pakistani women. Laar et al. (2019) used observational information and other field data in the investigation. The methods used in the study entails stratified random sampling executed by application of questionnaires. The questionnaires were modified and designed specifically for Laar et al. (2019) 's study and helped with data collection. To enhance the study method, the authors used M-plus to eliminate questions with no influence on women's participation in sports. Several results are associated with the study conducted by Laar et al. (2019). First, the authors discovered that sub dimensions of challenges, including cultural values and mass media influences, were the core factors that hindered women from participating in sports in Pakistani provinces. Additionally, the authors also found out that religious values also hinder women from sports participation. The authors concluded that people in urban areas provide women more opportunities compared to people in rural areas due to cultural values and strict adherence. For further research, Laar et al. (2019) point out that it is significant to study reasons that promote minimal sport participation by students in institutions.

Sawrikar, P., & Muir, K. (2010). The Myth of a ‘Fair Go’: Barriers to Sport and Recreational Participation Among Indian and Other Ethnic Minority Women in Australia. Sport Management Review, 13(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.005 Sawrikar and Munir (2010) explore the barriers that prevent women from participating in recreational and sports activities. The authors focus on ethnicity and gender, and women in India and other Australian ethnic minority females. The research question and hypotheses used by the authors is, "What are the issues and challenges to sport and recreation participation among ethnic minority women?". Public data sets and field information were used to help with the investigation. To answer the study questions, Sawrikar and Munir (2010) focused on using two distinct methods. First, they used a literature review to evaluate existing research and evidence regarding barriers to women's participation in sports and other recreational activities. They evaluated international and national literature to identify a theoretical framework for comprehending challenges women from ethnic minority groups encounter in sports. Secondly, the authors used focus groups to collect field data and evidence of barriers to women's participation in sport and recreational activities. The results from the authors' study present essential insight regarding women's sport participation and barriers. For example, the authors discovered several barriers prevented Indian women from participating in sports, including socio-cultural issues, access to sporting activities, resources, and interpersonal challenges. For other women in ethnic minority groups, similar barriers prevented them from participating. The authors concluded that addressing such barriers can uplift Indians and other women from minority ethnic groups to participate in sports activities. Lastly, Sawrikar and Munir (2010) suggest that it is important to create and execute strategies that promote women's participation in sport and recreational activities.

Strandbu, Å., Bakken, A., & Sletten, M. A. (2017). Exploring the Minority–Majority Gap in Sport Participation: Different Patterns for Boys and Girls? Sport in Society, 22(4), 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1389056 Strandbu et al. (2019) explore majority and minority young people's participation in sports activities. The research topic focuses on the gaps involving majority and minority sport participation, particularly the difference in participation between young boys and girls. This study's research question is, "What is the difference in participation between boys and girls in sports?" The authors seek to evaluate the patterns and gaps in sport participation based on gender among young individuals. The authors base their study on a conducted survey in this research area and use it as a guide to present answers to the study question. Strandbu et al. (2019) used the survey method to collect data in their study, and they also used secondary schools as the foundation of the study. It was a voluntary participation, and parents were informed before the actual survey was taken. The authors discovered that several factors contributed to the gap in sport participation involving boys and girls. First, both minority and majority boys were more active in sports than girls, where majority girls participated more in sports than the minority girls. Strandbu et al. (2019) also discovered that these gaps were influenced by several reasons, including socio- economic resources, religious impact, age, parental labor market, and daily life. The authors concluded that the study indicated the essence of considering gender when evaluating sports participation discrepancies involving youth from the majority and minority backgrounds. Girls from minority groups participated less in sports than those from majority backgrounds. However, for the boys, there was no significant gap in sports participation for both backgrounds.

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