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Running Header: SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Veronica Casado

John Jay College

11-19-20

Summary

The research focuses on valence knowledge amongst pre-school children on morality, likes, and effects of behavior. This has been achieved by researching such scenarios as positive valence, negative valence, conduct meaning, the valence of temperament, and how children's choices can be affected. The author analyzed the impact of pre-school valence knowledge on the spiritual, affection, and effect of actions like reward or punishment decisions of forty-seven girls, either like or not liked by a peer. The writers proposed eight scenarios representing conduction valence, constructive meaning either half or shared, negative valence, and character's temperament in a social relationship with a friend. Overall, the temperament of character and authenticity of actions affected the decisions of children greatly. Morale, liking, and behavioral consequences differed significantly based on the aspects of all constructive behavior cases.

Private pre-schools in an urban metropolitan area were visited by children (Jones et al. 2009) in the study. There were no distinctions into unique classes of participants. Nevertheless, 60% of the European Americans included the African Americans (34%), while the remaining 6% consisted of one Asian American, one Latin American, and a single biracial boy. There were twenty-three girls and twenty-four boys involved. The ages ranged from four to five years and eleven months between four years. The children came from middle- and working-class backgrounds. For this information to be obtained, the researchers performed interviews to conduct analysis. They interviewed the children by asking them questions about the character after seeing photographs and hearing the character stories. In answering the questions, the children used examples, images, and ranking scales. The authors' critical observation was that knowledge about the valence of the disposition and the actions of character could affect spiritual, likes, and behavioral effects for pre-school children.

The use of ranking scales, illustrations, and decision scenarios was among the methods used to assess the researchers' forecasts. The liking, spiritual, and behavioral effect ranking of the participants was measured using a seven-point Likert-type assessment scale. As the concerned study people, both their guardians and the children themselves requested permission. Inclusively certain variables were used to conduct the research. These dependent variables consisted of the age of the children, race or ethnicity, and the gender of the children. The researchers measured the thoughts or feelings or, even better, the participants' behavior through the use of questionnaires and the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).

The main results indicated that there were significant findings for the positive –behavior valence scenarios. The moral judgment of the children was correlated with their liking ratings. The study did not support a broader scope of research and thus recommended the broadening of the scope to address the child's moral and social judgments towards others. This study is significant because it can be used to support the hypothesis that social influence affects behavior. The authors concluded that the pre-school children found both sources of information to be important factors upon which to differentiate the characters' judgment from both sources.

The study suggests it would be fruitful to broaden the scope of research on the contexts of social, moral events, and children's moral and social judgments of others. Researchers need to examine the influences of various physical-contact transgressions and various nonphysical- contact transgressions, authors say. Findings of the present study also suggest the need to examine the possibility of age-related changes in children’s moral and social justice as a function of misbehaviors depicted in scenarios.

References

Jones, E. F., Tobias, M., Pauley, D., Thomson, N. R., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Character disposition and behavior type: Influences of valence on pre-school children's social judgments. The Journal of genetic psychology, 170(4), 310-325.