See attached. Subject-- Philosophy foundation logical reasoning

Question 3

Select the argument below that has the following map:

①          ②    

└─────┘

        ↓         

      ③             ④      

        ↘︎       ↙︎

            ⑤

  

① Mr. Green is well-liked by everyone. ② Those who are well-liked by everyone are very suspicious. So, ③ Mr. Green is very suspicious. ④ If Mr. Green is very suspicious, the police should check his alibi. So, ⑤ the police should check Mr. Green's alibi. 

① Col. Mustard is known to carry a service revolver with him. ② Mr. Boddy died from a gunshot wound. So ③ we've some reason to think that Col. Mustard shot Mr. Boddy. ④ We also know that Col. Mustard is a military hero who fought in the war. So ⑤ it's likely that Col. Mustard has killed at least one person. 

① If Mrs. Peacock are Mr. Boddy were overheard fighting, we know she had a motive to kill him. ② Mrs. Peacock and Mr. Boddy were overheard fighting. So ③ Mrs. Peacock had a motive to kill him. And ④ only people with a motive to kill actually commit murder. So, ⑤ Mrs. Peacock probably murdered Mr. Boddy.

① Prof. Plum is trusted by anyone who trusts in his credentials. ② If Mr. Boddy hired Prof. Plum to evaluate the authenticity of an artifact, Mr. Boddy trusted Prof. Plum's credentials. ③ Mr. Boddy hired Prof. Plum to evaluate the authenticity of an artifact. Hence, ④ Mr. Boddy trusted Prof. Plum's credentials. So, ⑤ if Prof Plum is the killer, Mr. Boddy was murdered by someone he trusted.

① Ms. Scarlett was found guilty of theft last year. ② Ms. Scarlett's room was also next to Mr. Boddy's. ③ She is a known criminal. ④ Only a criminal would kill Mr. Boddy. So, ⑤ Ms. Scarlett probably killed Mr. Boddy.

Question 4

Select the argument below that has the following map:

②           ④

└───────┘

          ↓

         ① 


① People who are extremely sarcastic are generally speaking quite insecure. ② A lot of insecure people feel inadequate. And ③ those who feel inadequate tend to be extremely sarcastic. So ④ if your sister is being sarcastic, it's because she's insecure.

① All sound arguments are deductive. That's because ② all sound arguments are valid. And ③ all valid arguments are deductive. ④ My logic professor told us that all sound argument are deductive, too.

① That glass contains an alcoholic beverage. After all, ② it was either beer or cider that the barman poured into the glass. ③ Beer is an alcoholic beverage. And ④ cider is an alcoholic beverage, too.

① Questions cannot occur within an argument. That's because ② arguments are made up of statements. ③ Questions are not statements. ④ Statements are sentences that are either true or false.

① The only reason to think that there is life on other planets is if extraterrestrials traveled to our solar system. ② No extraterrestrial life has traveled to our solar system. ③ We lack the means of traveling to other solar systems. So, ④ there is no reason to think that there is life on other planets. 

Question 5

Select the argument below that has the following map:

①               ④ 

↓                  ↓

②               ③

   ↘︎       ↙︎

        ⑤

① The plays that William Shakespeare wrote, such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear, are widely thought to be masterpieces. ② That is the reason that many students must read his plays as part of their high school curriculum. ③ The novels of Virginia Woolf, such as The Waves, Mrs. Galloway, and A Room of One's Own, are widely thought to be masterpieces. ④ That is the reason that many students must read her novels as part of their high school curriculum. ⑤ One function of high school education is to introduce students to cultural masterpieces.

① Astronomers study great cosmic events that cannot be repeated. So ② astronomy is a science that does not depend upon repeatable experiments. And ③ the science of botany does not rely upon repeatable experiments either. ④ Botanists work to discover, identify, and classify the various plant species on Earth. So ⑤ there are at least some sciences don't depend upon experimentation. 

① The law of gravity can be broken. ② Only those who believe in miracles believe that the law of gravity may be broken. ③ If I drop this ball and it floats into the sky, the law of gravity would be broken. ④ I drop this ball and it floats into the sky. So, ⑤ I must believe in miracles.

① The criminals who burgled the mansion last night either came in through the upstairs window, or else the basement. ② There were unusual footprints near the basement, and the upstairs window was left open. ③ The criminals must have left the same way that they entered. ④ There is only one set of footprints leading up to the basement. So, ⑤ the criminals must have entered through the upstairs window.

① It's morally acceptable for humans to eat anything that tastes good to us. So ② if meat tastes good to us, it's morally acceptable for us to eat it. ③ Meat tastes good to us. That's because ④ it contains complex proteins. So, ⑤ it's morally acceptable for humans to eat meat. 

Question 6

Select the argument below that has the following map:

①         ②         

└─────────┘

              ↓

             ④

① Marriage is an institution that deserves governmental support and social respect. ② It creates jobs for hundreds of people working in the bridal industry. ③ It makes those who are married happy. And ④ it serves to encode a preference for monogamous coupling in our social fabric.

① If both the standard of living and the life expectancy rate have increased in the last one hundred years, we have reason to think that civilization is moving in the right direction. ② The standard of living has increased in the last one hundred years. And ③ the life expectancy rate has increased in that period, too. So all in all, ④ we have reason to think that civilization is moving in the right direction.

① Only US citizens who were citizens from birth may run run for the office of US President. ② Only US citizens who were citizens from birth may run for the office of Vice President. ③ Mary is considering running for office in the US. So ④ if Mary was not a citizen from birth, she may not run for the office of US President.

① If I were out of gas, my car would not run. And ② if I were not out of gas, my car would run. ③ Either I'm out of gas, or I'm not out of gas. So, ④ I should probably see a mechanic.

① Each of the patients suffering from the illness recently ate strawberries that came from California. ② E. coli bacteria are known are known to cause the illness. So ③ the strawberries are probably infected with E. coli. ④ The strawberries should therefore be recalled from grocery stores.

Question 7

Select the argument below that has the following map:

①          ②           ④  

└──────────┘

               ↓

              ③


① If Huey sees a ghost tonight at the old hotel and he's there all by himself, he'll scream and run for the hills. ② Huey is at the old hotel by himself tonight. So, ③ he'll scream and run for the hills. For ④ he sees a ghost. 

① If Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower, they'll get into an argument about Marcus. ② If they get into an argument about Marcus, the bride will run to her bedroom and cry. ③ Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower. Hence, ④ the bride runs to her bedroom and cries.

① It will storm this evening. ② Whenever we three meet in the woods, it storms. ③ We'll meet in the woods this evening. So, ④ we're certain to get drenched in the downpour. 

① I need to have a computer with a webcam to take classes remotely this semester. ② The Apple Mac Pro has a webcam. ③ The Google Pixelbook has one too. So ④ I should either buy an Apple Mac Pro, or a Google Pixelbook.

① We should buy tickets to go to the opera if it would make Granddad happy. ② It would make Granddad happy to go to the opera. So ③ we should buy tickets to go to the opera. ④ The Marriage of Figaro is playing downtown next summer.

Question 8

Consider the following argument:

We should raise the age of retirement. It would decrease an expenditure. And it would generate revenue. It would reduce the number of years that citizens draw from social security. People would continue to pay income and social security taxes during their additional years of employment.

④                ⑤

↓                  ↓

②               ③

   ↘︎       ↙︎

         ①

⑤               ④ 

↓                  ↓

②               ③

   ↘︎       ↙︎

         ①

②     ③        ④     ⑤

└───────────┘

                 ↓

                ①  

④                ⑤

↓                  ↓

②               ③

└──────┘

          ↓

         ①

⑤               ④

↓                  ↓

②               ③

└──────┘

          ↓

         ①

Question 9

Consider the following argument: 

Believing that God exists because one hopes He does is rationally justified, according to William James. Deciding to believe something is true on the basis of feeling is justified when there is no rational evidence against it. There is no rational evidence against the existence of God.   Deciding to believe in God based on the hope that He exists is to believe on the basis of feeling. 

What is the correct map for this argument? 


④         ②            ③  

└──────────┘ 

            ↓

            ①

④         ②            ③  

└─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

  ④        ②         ③                             

     ↘     ↓     ↙

            ①              

  ④

   ↓

  ②         ③

└──────┘

      ↓      

     ①  

④         ②            ③  

            └─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

Question 10

Consider the following argument: 

Kant was overly obsessive about his daily schedule. Additionally, his ethical framework is impractical. Thus, I shouldn't have to read his work in class. 

What is the correct map for this argument?

 ②         

 ↓ 

 ①       

 ↓

 ③       

 ①               ③

 └───────┘ 

          ↓

         

①                ②    

   ↘       ↙

          ③

 ①         

 ↓ 

 ②       

 ↓

 ③

①               ②

└───────┘ 

         

        ③

Question 11

Consider the following argument:

The size of the Empire makes it incredibly difficult to govern effectively. That is why, ultimately, it will collapse. In addition, of course, an enormous Barbarian horde has recently invaded our Northern border. 

What is the correct map for this argument?

①                ②  

   ↘       ↙

         ③     

①               ③

 └───────┘ 

           

          ②

②               ③

 └───────┘ 

           

          ①

①                ③  

   ↘       ↙

         ②     

①               ②

 └───────┘ 

           

          ③

Question 12

consider the following argument:

Thomas Jefferson had a profound effect upon America. He drafted the Declaration of Independence. He also served as ambassador to France during a crucial period in the country's history. And he negotiated the Louisiana purchase.

What is the correct map for this argument?

②       ④

└──────┘

        ↓

       ① 

②          ③          ④        

     ↘     ↓     ↙

            ①                

①    ②     

└──────┘

        ↓

       ④

①          ②         ③   

     ↘     ↓     ↙

             ④              

    ④

     ↓

     ②         ③

    └─────┘    

            ↓

           ①

Question 13

Consider the following argument:

Salt is required for every recipe in this cookbook. My dad wants me to cook a meal for his 70th birthday. My dad's doctor has told him to cut salt out of his diet. If I cook my dad a recipe from this cookbook, his doctor will be mad. So I can't cook a recipe from this cookbook. After all, I don't want my dad's doctor to be mad. I need to get a new cookbook before my dad's 70th birthday.

In a map of this argument, what is the role of ②?

It is an independent premise that supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ④ and ⑥, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ③ and ④, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ⑤, supports ⑦

It is the conclusion of the argument


Question 14

Consider the following argument:

Salt is required for every recipe in this cookbook. My dad wants me to cook a meal for his 70th birthday. My dad's doctor has told him to cut salt out of his diet. If I cook my dad a recipe from this cookbook, his doctor will be mad. So I can't cook a recipe from this cookbook. After all, I don't want my dad's doctor to be mad. I need to get a new cookbook before my dad's 70th birthday.

In a map of this argument, what is the role of ⑥?

It is an independent premise that supports ④

It is a joint premise that, together with ⑤, supports ④

It is a joint premise that, together with ④ and ⑤, supports ⑦

It is an independent premise that supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ④, supports ⑤

Question 15


consider the following argument:

People are allowed to vote when they turn 18. Males aged 18 are eligible for the draft. 18-year-olds are considered old enough to have important responsibilities. Being able to drink alcoholic beverages is an important responsibility. The age at which one can legally drink should therefore be lowered. For the current legal drinking age is 21.

In a map of the argument, what is the role of ⑥?

It is a joint premise that, together with ①, ②, and ④, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ③, supports ④

It is an independent premise that supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ③ and ④, supports ⑤

It is the conclusion of the argument

1 points