See attached. Subject-- Philosophy foundation logical reasoning

① The law of gravity can be broken. ② Only those who believe in miracles believe that the law of gravity may be broken. ③ If I drop this ball and it floats into the sky, the law of gravity would be broken. ④ I drop this ball and it floats into the sky. So, ⑤ I must believe in miracles.

① The criminals who burgled the mansion last night either came in through the upstairs window, or else the basement. ② There were unusual footprints near the basement, and the upstairs window was left open. ③ The criminals must have left the same way that they entered. ④ There is only one set of footprints leading up to the basement. So, ⑤ the criminals must have entered through the upstairs window.

① Astronomers study great cosmic events that cannot be repeated. So ② astronomy is a science that does not depend upon repeatable experiments. And ③ the science of botany does not rely upon repeatable experiments either. ④ Botanists work to discover, identify, and classify the various plant species on Earth. So ⑤ there are at least some sciences don't depend upon experimentation. 

① The plays that William Shakespeare wrote, such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear, are widely thought to be masterpieces. ② That is the reason that many students must read his plays as part of their high school curriculum. ③ The novels of Virginia Woolf, such as The Waves, Mrs. Galloway, and A Room of One's Own, are widely thought to be masterpieces. ④ That is the reason that many students must read her novels as part of their high school curriculum. ⑤ One function of high school education is to introduce students to cultural masterpieces.

① It's morally acceptable for humans to eat anything that tastes good to us. So ② if meat tastes good to us, it's morally acceptable for us to eat it. ③ Meat tastes good to us. That's because ④ it contains complex proteins. So, ⑤ it's morally acceptable for humans to eat meat. 

① Each of the patients suffering from the illness recently ate strawberries that came from California. ② E. coli bacteria are known are known to cause the illness. So ③ the strawberries are probably infected with E. coli. ④ The strawberries should therefore be recalled from grocery stores.

① If both the standard of living and the life expectancy rate have increased in the last one hundred years, we have reason to think that civilization is moving in the right direction. ② The standard of living has increased in the last one hundred years. And ③ the life expectancy rate has increased in that period, too. So all in all, ④ we have reason to think that civilization is moving in the right direction.

① Marriage is an institution that deserves governmental support and social respect. ② It creates jobs for hundreds of people working in the bridal industry. ③ It makes those who are married happy. And ④ it serves to encode a preference for monogamous coupling in our social fabric.

① If I were out of gas, my car would not run. And ② if I were not out of gas, my car would run. ③ Either I'm out of gas, or I'm not out of gas. So, ④ I should probably see a mechanic.

① Only US citizens who were citizens from birth may run run for the office of US President. ② Only US citizens who were citizens from birth may run for the office of Vice President. ③ Mary is considering running for office in the US. So ④ if Mary was not a citizen from birth, she may not run for the office of US President.

① If God is all-knowing, then God already knows whether or not I will have a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. ② If God already knows whether or not I will have a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow, then it is futile for me to struggle to resist eating a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. ③ My fitness trainer wants me to struggle to resist eating a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. So ④ it is futile to do what my fitness trainer wants me to do. After all, ⑤ God is all-knowing.

① Death is either an annihilation in which we have no consciousness at all, or else it is a migration of the soul to another place. ② Yet in either case, it is not something to fear. ③ We should not fear annihilation. ④ It would be like a sound and dreamless sleep. And ⑤ nor should we fear the migration of the soul to another place. 

① If God were all-powerful, then either he could create a rock that he cannot move, or he couldn't create a rock that he cannot move. So it turns out that ② God is not all-powerful. For ③ if he can create a rock that he cannot move, there is something that he cannot do (namely, move the rock!). So ④ if God is all-powerful, he cannot create a rock he cannot move. But ⑤ if he cannot create a rock he cannot move, there is something that he cannot do (namely, create the rock!)

① If all actions in the universe are predetermined, then human beings don't have freedom to act as they wish. But then, ultimately, it follows that ② we shouldn't hold people responsible for their actions. After all, ③ science tells us that all actions in the universe are predetermined. And of course, ④ we should only hold people responsible for their actions if they have freedom to act as they wish. And ⑤ we now know that human beings don't have freedom to act as they wish.

① If all things that currently exist might not have existed, then it is possible that at some point nothing will exist. But ② it is impossible that at some point nothing will exist. For ③ if there is a time where nothing exists, it would follow that nothing can exist now. Yet ④ I certainly exist now. So, ⑤ there must be something existing now that could not have not existed, namely God.  

① All sound arguments are deductive. That's because ② all sound arguments are valid. And ③ all valid arguments are deductive. ④ My logic professor told us that all sound argument are deductive, too.

① People who are extremely sarcastic are generally speaking quite insecure. ② A lot of insecure people feel inadequate. And ③ those who feel inadequate tend to be extremely sarcastic. So ④ if your sister is being sarcastic, it's because she's insecure.

① The only reason to think that there is life on other planets is if extraterrestrials traveled to our solar system. ② No extraterrestrial life has traveled to our solar system. ③ We lack the means of traveling to other solar systems. So, ④ there is no reason to think that there is life on other planets. 

① Questions cannot occur within an argument. That's because ② arguments are made up of statements. ③ Questions are not statements. ④ Statements are sentences that are either true or false.

① That glass contains an alcoholic beverage. After all, ② it was either beer or cider that the barman poured into the glass. ③ Beer is an alcoholic beverage. And ④ cider is an alcoholic beverage, too.

① If Huey sees a ghost tonight at the old hotel and he's there all by himself, he'll scream and run for the hills. ② Huey is at the old hotel by himself tonight. So, ③ he'll scream and run for the hills. For ④ he sees a ghost. 

① If Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower, they'll get into an argument about Marcus. ② If they get into an argument about Marcus, the bride will run to her bedroom and cry. ③ Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower. Hence, ④ the bride runs to her bedroom and cries.

① It will storm this evening. ② Whenever we three meet in the woods, it storms. ③ We'll meet in the woods this evening. So, ④ we're certain to get drenched in the downpour. 

① I need to have a computer with a webcam to take classes remotely this semester. ② The Apple Mac Pro has a webcam. ③ The Google Pixelbook has one too. So ④ I should either buy an Apple Mac Pro, or a Google Pixelbook.

① We should buy tickets to go to the opera if it would make Granddad happy. ② It would make Granddad happy to go to the opera. So ③ we should buy tickets to go to the opera. ④ The Marriage of Figaro is playing downtown next summer.

②           ③

└───┘

       ↓

      ④                ⑤

      └────┘

                 ↓

                ①

                 ②           ③

                  └───┘

                           ↓

      ④                ⑤

      └────┘

                 ↓

                ①

②             ③

    ↘     ↙

         ④                ⑤

         └────┘

                    ↓

                   ①

②             ③

    ↘     ↙

         ④                ⑤

               ↘     ↙

                   ①

②                ③

└────┘

         ↓

        ④                ⑤

              ↘     ↙     

                   ①

  ④        ②         ③                             

     ↘     ↓     ↙

            ①              

④         ②            ③  

             └─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

  ④

   ↓

  ②         ③

 └──┘ 

      ↓      

     ①  

④         ②            ③  

└─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

④         ②            ③  

└───────────┘ 

            ↓

            ①

 ①     ②    ③      ④  

└──────┘ 

              ↓ 

             ⑤ 

②           ③

  ↘︎   ↙︎

        ①           ④  

           ↘︎   ↙︎

                ⑤ 

②           ③

  ↘︎   ↙︎

        ①            ④  

        └───┘ 

                 ↓ 

                ⑤ 

②         ③

└──┘ 

         ↓ 

        ①            ④  

        └───┘ 

                 ↓ 

                ⑤ 

②         ③

└──┘ 

         ↓ 

        ①            ④  

           ↘︎   ↙︎

                ⑤ 

④         ②            ③  

└───────────┘ 

            ↓

            ①

④         ②            ③  

             └─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

④         ②            ③  

└─────┘ 

         ↘     ↙

              ①

  ④

   ↓

  ②         ③

 └──┘ 

      ↓      

     ①  

  ④        ②         ③                             

     ↘     ↓     ↙

            ①              

②          ③          ④        

     ↘     ↓     ↙

            ①                

①          ②         ③   

     ↘     ↓     ↙

             ④              

②    ③   ④

└───┘

        ↓

       ① 

    ④

     ↓

     ②         ③

    └───┘ 

            ↓

           ①

①    ②    ③ 

└───┘

        ↓

       ④

It is the conclusion of the argument

It is an independent premise that supports ①

It is a joint premise that, together with ③, supports ④

It is an independent premise that supports ③

It is a joint premise that, together with ④, supports ①

It is a joint premise that, together with ③, supports ④

It is an independent premise that supports ⑤

It is the conclusion of the argument

It is a joint premise that, together with ③ and ④, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ①, ②, and ④, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ①, ②, and ④, supports ⑦

It is a joint premise that, together with ①, supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that together with ①, ②, and ④ supports ⑤

It is a joint premise that, together with ①, ②, ④, ⑤, and ⑥ supports ⑦ 

It is a joint premise that, together with ②, supports ④