YOU HAVE 1 HOUR!!!! Min 150 words! Question 1 Analyze the role of Europe and Russia in the formation of the Evristika - sources study Question 2 Explain why did the Russian empire and Soviets try t
FIRST QUIZ WORD FORMAT OF PPT
What is history
History is a Greek word “ἱοtορία” – historia - "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation”
“history is a systematic account of the origin and development of the humankind
History is the story of human life on Earth
History shapes national identity, sense of patriotism and citizenship
“Guide for society”
“Study the past, if you would divine the future!”
History helps to understand peoples and societies
Who are we and where we come from
To increase sense of patriotism and citizenship
Common memory, common values
To study the past objectively
To understand the past and be able to prepare for the future
To provide moral lessons from history
To appreciate the art, culture and literature
Improve personal growth
Improve skills of careful evaluation and critical judgment that is needed in every field or career
Studying the history provides:
analytical and comparative skills
Critical thinking
Sorting and analyzing the information
Drawing connections
Finding and predicting potential outcomes
Accounts/narratives differ depending on one’s perspective.
• We rely on evidence to construct our accounts of the past.
• We must question the reliability of each piece of evidence.
• Any single piece of evidence is insufficient.
• We must consult multiple pieces of evidence in order to build a reasonable
account.
Sourcing
Inquires about the origins of the document, and it is the first step in understanding historical documents. It incorporates several text-dependent questions as outlined in the following:
• Who wrote this?
• What is the author’s point of view?
• Why was it written?
• When was it written? (A long time or short time after the event?)
• Is this source believable? Why? Why not?
Contextualizing
Historical thinking that involves the ability to connect historical developments to specific circumstances, time and place and to broader regional, national, global processes
What else was going on at the time this was written?
• What was it like to be alive at this time?
• What things were different back then?
What things were the same?
Cross-Checking (Corroboration) –
The consideration of details across multiple sources to determine points of agreement and disagreement
What do other pieces of evidence say?
• Am I finding the same information everywhere?
• Are there different versions of the story?
• What pieces of evidence are most believable?
Close Reading
The critical analysis of the text in order to develop a deep understanding of the text
What claims does the author make?
• What evidence does the author use to
support those claims?
• What words or phrases does the author use to convince me that he/she is right?
Six Historical Thinking Concepts
Establish historical significance.
Use historical evidence to make interpretations.
Identify continuity and change.
Analyze cause and consequence (cause and effect)
Take historical perspectives.
Understand the ethical dimension of historical interpretations.
By Seixas, 2006
HISTORICAL THINKING SPECIFIC COMPONENTS
Content knowledge – recalling facts or concepts, justifying answers with supporting details
Historical reasoning – ability to analyze, synthesize, evaluate historical evidence
Chronological thinking –an understanding of time in relation to history, when events occurred and in what temporal order, an understanding of narrative flow and ability to see patterns
Historical comprehension – ability to understand and make use of historical narratives, documents and artifacts
Analysis and interpretation – ability to use historical information to develop an interpretation of why or how things happened, draw conclusions
Historical research- ability to ask historical questions, find, examine and interpret historical information
Historical issues / analysis and decision-making – ability to investigate the dilemmas of history, identity the historical antecedents (prior) of current social issues, evaluation of results of different decisions
Key words for historical thinking
Historical context – political, social, religious and cultural conditions existed during a certain place and time
Historical fact – smth that is true and known to have existed
Historical knowledge – conceptual understanding of ideas, events, people, places
Interpretation – a way of speaking about and understanding of the event or process
Ideology – a framework of beliefs that guides action
Perspective – a point of view from which historical events are analyzed
Evidence – a fact that allows someone to make a claim or statement of truth
Analysis – a detailed examination of various components of historical context, why smth is important
Compare and contrast—identification of likenesses and differences of events, values, personalities, behaviors
Apply—use details that you’ve been given to demonstrate how an idea, theory or concept works in a particular situation
Cause and effect—relationship between historical events and processes
Relate—show or describe the connections between historical processes and events
Argue—take a side and defend it with historical evidence against the other side
Prove, justify—give reasons or examples to demonstrate how or why something is the truth
Trace – follow evidence, the history of smth
Evaluate, respond—state your opinion of the event or process as good, bad, or some combination of the two, with examples and reasons, facts and arguments
Support—give reasons, facts or evidence for historical processes and events
Critically analyze – analyze event, process and offer views and judgments
Define – provide precise meanings and explanations about smth
Evaluate – analyze smth and form the final conclusion about its value and credibility
Interpret – examine smth to extract its meaning and express it in your own words
Outline – provide a basic overview
Review – read or examine smth and offer your own thoughts and judgments
Summarize – briefly describe the main points or attributes of smth
Understanding historical questions types
Identify questions - a detailed description of an event, process, or idea.
(Identify, Define, Describe, Enumerate, List, Summarize)
Explain questions - why, how (Explain, Account for, Analyze, Discuss, Trace, or Outline)
Compare questions: Analyze the similarities and differences; an investigation of a relationship
(Compare, Contrast, Distinguish , Relate)
Argue questions: answer with a defence of a position (Argue, Agree, Disagree, Debate, Defend, Justify, Prove)
Assess Questions: answer with an evaluation
(Assess, Criticize, Evaluate, Interpret, Propose, Review)
Primary & Secondary Sources
Source – any written or non-written resource can be used to investigate the historical issue
“Evristika” – source study
Primary sources - historical documents, written accounts by first-hand witnesses, or objects that have survived from the past
Primary sources types: written, oral and visual
Written sources
Epigraphic monuments
Books
Journals/ newspapers
letters
annals
public records
eyewitness accounts
scripture
inscriptions
Chronicles, diaries
Genealogies
Manuscripts
Laws
Scrolls
Period literature and poetry
Oral sources
Speeches
Myths
Tales
Proverbs
Anecdotes
Oral histories
Ballads
Legends
Recordings (tape & records)
Visual sources
Architectural monuments
Sculpture
photos
portraits
maps
cartoons
films
coins
Posters
engravings
Woodcuts
relics,
historical paintings
Artifacts/ephemeras
Why use primary sources?
Construct knowledge
Deep understanding of events and processes
Develop critical thinking
To explain how major events are related to each other in time
To think critically and distinguish between fact and opinion
Secondary sources
derived from primary sources
interpretations of events written after the examination of primary sources
Summaries of primary sources
Analyses and interpretation of primary sources
Articles Biographies
Documentary about the historical event
journal articles that comment on analyze research
Textbooks/Books
dictionaries and encyclopedias
political commentary
dissertations
newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
criticism of literature, art works or music
Why use secondary sources?
To describe, summarize, analyze, and interpret
To get expert opinions in order to evaluate what really happened
To gain insight by examining the same historical events from different perspectives
To form your own opinion
To save time by reading information collected from a number of different sources
Summing up
Both Primary and Secondary sources may have a slant or bias
Primary sources are original sources of information
Secondary sources summarize, analyze, or critique primary sources
Both primary and secondary sources can be good sources of information, but needs to be critically evaluated
Written sources
Non-Written sources
Archaeological or historical sources: inscriptions, manuscripts, monuments, copper plates, coins and works of art
Written: Narrative/Literary Sources
Non-written (material)
Written sources
Biographies/autobiographies
Diaries, letters and memoirs
Chronicles
Statistical sources
Legislation acts
Works of art and literature
Travelers accounts
Scientific works
Documents of political parties and organizations
Mass media
Non-written slogans
Slogans
Fossils
Coins
Weapons
Painting
Artwork
Interviews
Films
Photos
Artefacts
Clothing
Historical monuments
Reading the sources:
Benefits
Details
Durable
Visible
Made to last
Evidence
Filling in blank
Morphology
Cross-checking information
Pitfalls
Missing pieces
Bias, false and distortions
Not well-preserved/easily destroyed
Inferring meaning
Propaganda
Dating
Interpretation context
3 phases of archeological standpoint in Azerbaijan:
From the beginning of the XIX cent. to 1920 (mostly by foreign amateur archeologists not for learning Azerbaijan, but to find ‘treasure’, to plunder the territory)
Soviet period: 1920-1941: 1923 – establishment of Azerbaijan Archeological Committee; the historical sites and monuments had been listed;
Independence period: after 1991
Sources on Azerbaijan history
Ancient sources (III-I mill. BC) – Accad-Sumerian, Assyrian, Urartu cuneiform scripts, religious books
Antique sources (5th -3rd cent BC)– Greek, Roman accounts
Local narrative sources - ancient, medieval accounts
Turkic sources of early Middle Ages (5th -15th cent)
Armenian and Georgian sources (5th -8th cent)
Arabic sources (7th -13th cent)
Syrian sources (2nd -10th cent)
Persian sources (ancient times- 17th cent)
Historical chronicles, accounts, documents (16-19th cent)
Historiography
Study of the methodology of historians and development of history as a discipline
“The history of history”
Historians perspectives
The way how the history has been written
Study of historians changing interpretations rather than events directly
Periodization of Azerbaijani historiography
Prehistoric period – oral and visual sources
From historical notes to historical written accounts, narratives (III/II mill BC – 4th cent BC) – Urartian, Assyrian sources about Mannean history; historical legends
Creation of specific historical works (III mill BC – 9th cent AD) – Caucasian Albanian and Atropatenian sources, Sassanid, Arabic, Azerbaijani feudal states of 9th-11th cent. sources (“History of Albania” by Moisey Kalankatuklu, Davdak’s poem, Kitabi-Dede Qorqud”)
Rise of importance of historical knowledge (9th-13th cent) – Azerbaijani Renaissance, Arabic – Muslim culture, formation of philosophical and public thoughts
Defining common historical bases (13th-14th cent) – development of historical and philosophical thoughts – sources on Mongol/Ilkhanids reign, Timurids period
Formation of common views of Azerbaijani history (15th- 18th cent) – sources on Qaraqoyunlu, Aqqoyunlu, Safavids states history, epics: “Koroghlu”
Rise of regional history and oral/folk literature (18th – 19th cent) – accounts of Khanates period, Russian invasion and division of Azerbaijan
Turning of history into the independent scientific discipline (19th– beg. of the 20th cent) – Russian era, periodization of Azerbaijani history by A. Bakhikhanov (Gulistani Iram)
The end of the Russian imperial monarchy, the Russian Revolutions and the emergence in Azerbaijan of a national liberation movement, led by native intellectuals led to the formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, proclaimed as an independent state on 28 May 1918. Attempts to write national history (1918-20)- sources on ADR history
Sovietization of Azerbaijani history (1920-50) repressed national history
“Perestroika” in Azerbaijani historiography (end of 80s)- De-Sovietization of history, back to roots
Nationalization of history, main trends – Independence period
Sovietization of Azerbaijani history and nationalization of history
Writing History in Soviet Times
“Perestroika” in Azerbaijani historiography
Back to roots
The nationalization of history and main trends in modern historiography
Soviet times historiography
Paradigms of Marxist theories
Falsification of Azerbaijani history
Soviets “Divide and rule policy”
Construction of Azerbaijanis national identity
Soviets “Taboo topics”
Glorifying role of Russia
Criticism of ADR (1918-1920)
“Perestroyka” in Azerbaijani Historiography
Revision of Azerbaijan history challenged by M. Gorbachev’s liberalization
Revision of “taboo topics” – ethnic roots, ADR, Karabakh history and conflict, Stalin repressions, Azerbaijani legions
January 1990 events – turning point for Azerbaijani historiography
New publications
Back to roots
Early 90s – collapse of the USSR
De-Sovietization of Azerbaijani historiography continued
Back to roots
Rise of Turkism
manifestation of Turkic ethnic self-awareness
concentration on prehistory of Turkic settlements in the Caucasus
Main trends in modern Azerbaijani historiography
History of Karabakh and Karabakh conflict
Regional history
Russian colonization
Sovietization
Military history
History of Turan
History of Southern Azerbaijan
Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis- the process of development or
emergence of ethnic group
Ethnogenesis components:
Anthropogenic - human evolution
Glossogenetics – development and functions of human language
Genetic-cultural interaction – origins of ethnic culture
National conceptions on Azerbaijanis ethnic anthropology:
Indigenousness of Azerbaijanis in the Southern Caucasus
Review of politicized Soviet ethnic anthropology
Study of ethno - linguistic features of Azerbaijanis ancestors
Proto-Turkic character of ancient inhabitants of Azerbaijan
Soviet anthropologic conceptions:
Caspian type was identified with the anthropological types of Northern India and Central Asia
G.F. Debets considered that there are more similarities between physical types of Azerbaijanis and Turkmens with the people of Front Asia and Mediterranean Sea rather than with the people of Kazakhstan and Altaic
N. N. Cheboksarov’s assigned Caspian type to Mediterranean Sea-Balkan type.
V.V. Bunak for the 1st time shaped the term of Caspian race and included Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis - Caspian (Oghuz) anthropological type of Europeoid race
Caspian race - Dolichocephalic (long headed) form of skulls
French anthropologist T. Ami investigations
Since 1995 - Caspian race as an Oghuz race
Azerbaijanis and Turkmens relativeness
Soviet “ethnic engineering”:
seizure of Azerbaijanis from other Turkic originated nations – Soviet Turkmens, Turks and Iranian Azerbaijanis
Indigenousness of Azerbaijanis
“Brotherhood” of Azerbaijanis with Georgians and Armenians - the same primordial common ancestors
Official conception of Azerbaijani historiography:
The ancient Azerbaijan - Turkic cultural center
Migration of Turkic originated tribes
Consolidation of local tribes with arrived tribes and its role in Azerbaijanis formation as a nation
Azerbaijanism – national state ideology
Azerbaijanism - a unity of cultures and traditions of dominant Turkic and non-Turkic ethnic groups
Identity
Identity – phenomenon of collective consciousness
Collective mentality
Ethnicity
Language
Culture
Religion
Ethno-linguistic, cultural and religious characteristics
Stages of the formation of Azerbaijani national identity
Azerbaijani ethnicity evolution – long historical process
Proto-Turkic element and consolidation of local tribes with arrived
Albanian – Atropatenian ethno-linguistic heritage
7-8th centuries - Islamization
Post-Arab period – formation of independent local states
11th century - Seljuks influx, the identity was in the process of formation and Turkic-speaking population had uniform ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity
post - Seljuk period and rise of local independent states
14th century – rise of Qaraqoyunlu state and gradual integration of Shiism into Azerbaijani identity
14-15th century Qaraqoyunlu and Aqqoyunlu states– further strengthening of Turkic component in Azerbaijani identity
16th century Safavids empire – strengthening of unique Azerbaijani identity by Turkic factor and Twelver Imam Shiism
18th century Khanates - reinforcing the uniquely Azerbaijani cultural identity
19th century Russian era - definition of Azerbaijani as an ethno-national factor
1st half of the 20th century –the evolution of Azerbaijani identity and challenges for Azerbaijanis national self-determination
Armenian –Azerbaijani confrontation and rise of awareness of common ethnic roots between Turks and Azerbaijanis
Evolution of Azerbaijanis religious identity into national identity
ADR – strengthening of independent national identity
The Sovietization of Azerbaijan – Bolshevik era of development of independent Azerbaijani identity
1991 - the restoration of Azerbaijani statehood and new challenges for identity
1991-1992 – domination of Turkic factor in the definition of Azerbaijani nationalism
Since 1993 – Azerbaijanism as a state ideology
Toponym of Azerbaijan
Toponym – the study of names, places, their origins and meaning
Azerbaijan – the geographical name appeared 2,000 years ago
“Andarpatianu” in Assyrian sources
F. Rashidaddin connected toponym with mythical Oghuz khan’s activity
Turkic originated “Az”, “Azer” and “Baygan”
Islamic chronicles - Zoroastrian temples and the name of the country – “Azerabad”
Deprived from the name of Caspian sea – Hazarbaijan
From Atropat’s name – founder of Atropatena state
Azerbaijan could be geographically defined in two ways: constituting and historical - ethnographic
Constituting:
1918 - nation –state, ADR
from 1922 till 1991 - Soviet Azerbaijan
Since 1991 – independence – Azerbaijan Republic
Historical – ethnographic: the territory populated by Azerbaijanis in Northern Azerbaijan and the large portion in Southern (Iranian) Azerbaijan
North and South Azerbaijan - politicized historical and geographical term
Caucasian and Persian Azerbaijan obtained different political status
Wars for the Caucasus, Khanates abolishment, end of Azerbaijani statehood
Since Turkmanchay treaty – Southern Azerbaijan as one of Iranian provinces
Pahlavi’s period – “divide and rule” policy
Since 1937 new law province - “ostan”
Break-up of territorial integrity and forcible assimiliation
Fragmentation of Azerbaijan territory and “cropping” of Azerbaijani people
Historic homeland – from Derbent in the north to Hamadan in the south, from the Caspian Sea in the east to Asia Minor in the west
Azerbaijani lands partial or complete unification within one single state
Ancient Mannean state
Southern lands - Atropatena; Northern land – Caucasian Albania
Northern kust of Sasanid empire – all historical lands of Azerbaijan
Since Arabic invasion – Azerbaijan as on of Caliphate’s provinces
Azerbaijani feudal states of 9-15th centuries
During Safavids empire – 4 beylerbeylik
Nadir shah reign – new administrative unit
Khanates – short independence period
formation of Armenian region on 298,000 sq km on Western Azerbaijan lands
1st half of the 20th - National-liberation movement and independence
Reunification ideas of Azerbaijani intellectuals
From geographical name into political – ADR
Since 1991 Azerbaijan official announced about not having any territorial claims on Iranian Azerbaijan
2012 – Milli Majlis deputies raised the issue of renaming the country’s name into Northern Azerbaijan
Overview of ancient Azerbaijan history
What shaped Azerbaijan ancient history?
Crossroads factor – between Europe and Asia
Major migration routes, conquest and trade
Crossroads factor formed demographic and ethnographic history
Prehistory –started about 5 million years ago and finished about
6 000 years ago
Azerbaijan - the one of the oldest spots of civilization
Earth beginning can be dated back to 4,5 billion years ago
Prehistory - human life before written records documented human activity — roughly from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C.
The Stone Age marks a period of prehistory
The main stages of primitive society are the same throughout the world
Long period of time and slow rate of development
Periodization
1st century BC Roman poet Lucretius argued about the time before human know metal
16th century Vatican curator Mercati mentioned about the stone axes
17th century traveler Dampier called attention to the fact of the usage of stone tools by native Americans
Term “Stone Age” for the 1st time coined by Christian Thomsen in the mid 19th century - “Three Age System”
Prehistory division based on technological advances in weaponry and tools
By using an object-oriented slant, Thomsen moved archaeology away from history to geology and comparative anatomy
Primitive society
Ages of prehistoric time:
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Stages of development:
The earliest hominid groups (1.5 million-40 thousand years ago)
Tribal communities
End of prehistory and emergence of early state formations
Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) – the
longest periods
Covers human technological history
Primitive stone tools
Absolute dependence on nature – environmental parasitism (hunting and gathering)
Clan society and nomadic life style
Early religious beliefs and primitive art
Fire usage
Matriarchal society
The Lower Paleolithic until 100 millennium BCE
Azikh Cave (Guruchay culture)
Era of Homo Habilis
The Middle Paleolithic - 100 to 40 millennium BCE
Azikh Cave, Taghlar Cave
Era of the Neanderthals
The Upper Paleolithic period - 40th to 12th millennium BCE
Taglar, Dashsalahli, Aveydaq
Era of Homo : Azikhantrop (350-400,000 years ago)
Azikh cave
Discovery of ancient human settlement by M. Huseynov (1960-1985)
Valuable hominid remains
1.2 million years tools
bears skulls (similar to findings in Bilzingsleben in Germany)
Graphically repeated crosses on bears skulls – phenomena ever known
1st fire-places in history of humankind - 700,000-500,000 years ago
“Guruchay culture” compared with Olduvai culture of Tanzania
1968 – discovery of lower jaw of ancient man called “Azikhantrop”
An outstanding scientific discovery – the 4th in the history of archaeology
the oldest in the world area inhabited by Pre-Neanderthals in Europe
boundary between Europe and Asia
migratory route-way between African subcontinent and Eurasia
inhabited by 3 different hominid groups
the oldest findings ever identified in the former Soviet Union
Cast of Azikh jaw was used in reconstruction of young Neanderthal girl’s mockup (Museum of Natural History, London)
Soviet Armenia claims on Azikh
1920s intensification of Armenian claims – formation of NKAO
Nagorniy Karabakh war and Azikh is under Armenian control
Destruction of historical heritage of Azikh –universal crime
Post Soviet Armenian nationalism and Armenian falsifications
military ammunition depot by Armenian and Russian forces till 1999
Artificial Armenianization of Azikh history - “Azokh vorvan”
since 2001 - Illegal excavations in Azikh according to international law
Armenians are violating:
Article 31 of Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by UN International Law Commission
53 Session of UN General Assembly acknowledges
Documents on the protection of cultural property on the occupied territories passed in Paris in 2012 on 8th session of UNESCO Committee
Hague convention on Illegally Exported Cultural Objects
No drastic changes
Intensification of hunting and fishing
Invention of bow and arrows
Increasing of social activity
Sedentary lifestyles (huts instead of caves)
Developed pottery
Domestication of animals
Aveydag, Damjili and Gobustan
Gobustan
Gobustan – “land of dry riverbed” - the major concentration of rock art and archeological traces in the whole region
Carvings engraved with artistic-geometric - mathematical accuracy
Material world, everyday lives and worldviews of Gobustan inhabitants
more than 6000 petroglyphs
shelters, ancient settlements, burial sites, sacred sites
Cult of the ancestors (forefather) and worshiping
“Caucasian amazons” mystery
evidence of a very long cultural continuity
Since 2007 - Gobustan is in UNESCO “World Cultural Heritage” list
Unique feature – different sequences of rock art – from 10,000 BC to the Middle Ages
10-8th century BC – the most ancient petroglyphs probably even earlier
Drawings dated back to Neolithic
Bronze Age inscriptions
4th century BC – inscriptions by Alexander the Great's cohorts
84-96 A.D – Roman Latin inscription
In the Middle Ages ( 8th –11th century) - Islamic influence
7-14th centuries – Persian and Arabic inscriptions
1840- 1st information about Gobustan in Russian sources
End of the of the 19th – 1st half of the 20th cent - Oxford University professors and English oil engineers research
30s of the 20th cent. - rock paintings discovered accidentally
1939 - Azerbaijani archaeologist I. Jafarzade discovered 3,500 rock paintings
Since 1965 – revealed 20 habitations, drawings and burial mounds
2000 – the 1st European researcher Italian Prof Emmanuel Anati investigation in Gobustan
Similar drawings in Ural, Karelia, Siberia, Sweden, Egypt, the Pyrenees, Africa
the eastern-most Roman inscription ever found
discovered in the 1930s
firstly documented in 1950
Romans attempting to cement the control over Caucasus, Black and Caspian seas
Roman protection of Caucasian allied states – Albania and Iberia as “puppet or client states”
Four campaigns of emperor Domitian (81-96) to Azerbaijan
The only survived intact inscription related to Domitian -“condemned emperor”
Thor Heyerdahl’s conception
Importance of boats to early man, as they provided security and transportation millennia before there were roads cut through the wilderness
Thor Heyerdahl’s theory on the ancestry of Norwegians from the Caucasus
Correlation between Norway and Azerbaijan
Migration of Scandinavian god Odin with his people to Norway from the land called Aser in order to avoid the Roman occupation
Place of origins of Aser land – east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea – Azerbaijan
Gobustan cave drawings depict types of boats used for early navigation
Ocean migration with the kinds of vessels used by people 5,000 years ago
“Iron Curtain” obstacles and visit to de-Sovietized Azerbaijan
Caucasus – mutual migratory center connected grey Caspian and freezing Norway water spaces
Navigation occurred before civilization
According to the theory: number of contemporary European peoples, including the Scandinavian peoples, lived in Gobustan, but then migrated to Europe for unknown reasons
“Neolithic Revolution”:
transitioning from an appropriating economy to a producing economy
Domestication of animals
Emerged cropping, pottery developed, mud houses
‘Sedentary lifestyle
Cattle breeding and animal husbandry
Represented by Hasanly, Haji Firuz and Yanigtepe (Southern Azerbaijan) and Gobustan (Northern Azerbaijan)
Emergence of early copper metallurgy
Increasing of the population
Types of dwelling – similar to Mesopotamian style - close relations between Azerbaijan (Khalaf culture) and Mesopotamia (Ubaid culture) - end of 6th-mid 4th millennium BC
No-irrigated agriculture
Flourishing of tribal communities
Patriarchy
Kultepe I, Alikomektepe, Shomutapa, Babadarvish, Gargalartapasi
Faster progress of productive forces
New economy based on the conquest of new technical procedures
Mining and metalworking
Invention of wheel that revolutionized transport
Rapid grow of commerce and trade
Large irrigation system
Flourishing of tribal communities
Increasing of the population and early features of urban civilization
War time
“Kura-Araz culture”
Discoveries in Baba Dervish, Garakopektepe, Misharchay, Kultepe, Yaniqtepe, Goytepe (South Azerbaijan)
Kultepe findings (Nakhchivan) a separate potters quarter was discovered
Emergence of first tribal groupings - Lullubi, Gutians (Kuti)
Appearance of proto urban sites (Nakhchivan)
Separation of trade - the 3rd public division of labor
Development of iron metallurgy and metalworking
War becoming a main profession to accommodate the wealth
Intensification of inter-tribal and inter-regional trade: Near East and Mesopotamia
Private ownership, inequality and social stratification
Collapse of primitive community and emergence of the class society
Talysh-Mugan and Nakhchivan cultures
1st tribes and tribal confederations
Geopolitical situation
Early people – people of the region, rather than being ethnically identified
Socio-economic processes led to the formation of ethnic groups
Transition of society into a “country”, “state” – basic political organization
Small areas – ethno-political unions
Large areas – single states
Archaeological and anthropological evidences
The most ancient population of Azerbaijan – the same as the population in all subsequent periods
Indigenousness of Azerbaijanis - aboriginal population
Proto-Turkic character of ethnicity
Despite of mixture with incoming ethnic groups, no radical change of the ethnic picture
Political organizations created by local people – state
Present – day Azerbaijanis – heirs to the states succeeded originally
Proved DNA analysis - based tests conducted by Department of Evolutionary genetics at the Max Planck Institute (Germany)
5000 years of Azerbaijan statehood traditions
the oldest traditions of state governance system since ancient times
End of the 4th – beginning of the 3rd mill. BC – emergence of 1st tribal confederations and state unions around the lake Urmiyah – Southern Azerbaijan due in proximity to Mesopotamia
Northern part – later political development mainly in fertile region of Kura and Araz rivers confluence
Lullubi, Guti, Turukki and Su
2nd half of the 3rd mill BC - 1st written information about the area
Local confederations played essential role in the politic-military history of the entire region
close interaction with Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Hittites
Local ethnoses (already present):
Qutis, Lullubis, su, nakhchis, manneans, albanians, utis, qarqars, kaspis, mugs, subars, udis, anariaks, girdimans, sodeys, didurs, chibs, lpins
Arrived ethnoses (incoming):
Cimmerianss, Sacks, massagets, Kaddusi, Huns, Khazars, Sabirs, Arabs, Sulduz-Chobanids, Jalairis, Jighatai, Kurgan, Sukait, Jorat, Budat, Oyrat, Tatar, Dolan, Ohguts
Local tribes was firstly mentioned in Sumerian cuneiforms and sagas
Three waves of Turkic tribes migration:
8-7th cent. BC – Cimmerians, Sacks, Scythians
1-5th cent. AD – Huns
11-12th cent. – Seljuks-Oghuzes
Lullubi
the II half of the 3rd mill. BC
the south and south-east of Urmiya Lake
King Anubanini’s reign – height of the confederation
Anubanini’s success was engraved on the “Stone ‘obelisk” is known to be about 4800 years
Pascal Coste had painted the rock in 1840
Rock is very similar with Behistun Inscription
It was damaged during Iran-Iraq war
Collapse of Lullubi kingdom in the 2nd millennium BC
Quti
west and southwest of Lake Urmia
Defeat of kingdom Akkad and over 100 years Quti reign up to the Persian Gulf
election of rulers and hereditary system
The heirs to the throne enjoyed a vast degree of independence in administrative matters
Influenced by Mesopotamian culture
1920-30s - for the 1st time in Prof. Hommel and Landsberger noted Turkic roots of Gutians and their relativeness with Soviet Azerbaijanis
3rd mill. BC – the fall of the Lullubi and Kuti state unions
Turukki and Su
Emergence of Turukki and Su after the collapse of Lullubi and Qut
the most powerful military political formations
The south of Urmiya lake
Independent policy of Turukki and Su
Turukki – Su - Assyrian relations
Turkki and Su interference into the events in Mesopotamia
Turukki were frequently mentioned in Assyrian sources over 500 years
1800 - Turkic origins of Turukkis mentioned by G. Dassi and Jean F. Charles
1936-38s archaeologists Louis Delaporte and N. Gutterbock mentioned the Turkic roots of the tribes
Kur-Araz culture
Particular tendencies of the north development
No written sources
Study based only on archaeological materials
Decline of Kur-Araz culture and rise of urban areas
Uzarliktepe, Goytepe, Chinartepe settlements
Economic and cultural ties between the south and the north Azerbaijan
No clashes and conflicts between two parts
Manna
territories of Azerbaijan extended up to the Araz River (sometimes even beyond that) in the North and up to the Caspian Sea in the North East
established as a result of small states-provinces unification
firstly mentioned in 843 in Assyrian inscriptions
Manna ups and downs as a result of relations with Assyria, Urarthu, Scythians and later Media
Assyria and Urarthu aggressive politics for natural resources and trade routes
250 years of political life Manna suffered from Assyrian and Urarthian invasions
strengthening of Manna and becoming the leading power in the region
Mannean history – poorly investigated
Lack of sources
mainly reflected in Assyrian and Urarthian sources
Division of Azerbaijani lands – Northern and Southern
1936 – 1st Iranian archaeological expeditions
Artefacts - pillaged, shared, scattered by local residents
The great archaeological loss never be completely assembled
Attempts to discover Izirtu
1956 – Pennsylvania university archaeological excavations
subsequently purchased by private collectors and foreign museums
Since 1999 - up to present days – consecutive archaeological excavations
Blossomed during the reign of Iranzu (c. 725–720 BC)
Relations with Summer, Akkad, Mesopotamia
Cuneiform script
Economy: agriculture and animal husbandry, iron hoes
Manna as a buffer state in the mountain ranges between Assyria and Urarthu
No indicated contacts the far West behind Assyria and Urartu backs
598 BC - the last mentioned in Hebraic records as semi-independent state of Media
Completely conquered by Media in the late 7th - early 6th cent.
Ethnicity: lack of sources
Ethnicity –heirs of Kutians, Lullubis, Turukki, Su
Conceptions:
Proto-Turkic language - based on toponyms and ethnonyms;
Old- Iranian originated language;
Hurrian group with a slight Kassite admixture;
Aramaic language;
Sumerian language
Scythian kingdom
A “kingdom” began to take shape up in the 670s BC; included: the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Saks
between Urartu and Manna
Cimmerian-Scythian tribes slightly multi-colored in ethnic content
most of them related to Turkic tribes - toponomy of the South-Eastern Caucasus and Azerbaijan
mentioned in the Bible
Not a classical kingdom, i.e. a political structure governed by the ruling dynasty, dependent on military forces;
Media managed took over the territory of the kingdom in the 6th century BC
Mada and Farsi tribes arrival in the area called later Iran
1st mentioned in Assyrian sources dated back to 830 BC
Location – east and south-east of Manna
673 BC – formation of Media state
Extensive policy of occupation
“Scythian interregnum” in Median dynasty history
Media- one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East (with Babylonia, Lydia, Egypt)
subdue of Manna by Media and status of self-governance
Still questioned - invasion of the northern lands of Azerbaijan by Media
Consolidation process among Farsi
Deterioration of Media under Astiag and activation of Farsi
Decline of Media and establishment of Achaemenid state
Former Mannean lands incorporation into Achaemenid state
Two conceptions on the seizure of the northern part of Azerbaijan by Achaemenids
Cyrus II failure to capture Massagets kingdom (between Derbent and Gilgilchay)
No attempts made by Cyrus II to invade the northern part
Darius I reign and invasion of the northern Azerbaijani lands
