| | | If Col. Mustard and Mr. Green are innocent, Mrs. Peacock is the murderer. Col. Mustard has a pretty good alibi. Mr. Green had no motive. And remember, Mrs. Peacock's fingerprints were found on the murder weapon. Mrs. Peacock is the murderer. QUESTION 8 Select the argument below that has the following map:
① ③ └──┘ ↓ ⑤ ④ └──┘ ↓ ②
| | | If God were all-powerful, then either he could create a rock that he cannot move, or he couldn't create a rock that he cannot move. So it turns out that God is not all-powerful. For if he can create a rock that he cannot move, there is something that he cannot do (namely, move the rock!). So if God is all-powerful, he cannot create a rock he cannot move. But if he cannot create a rock he cannot move, there is something that he cannot do (namely, create the rock!) | | | | If all actions in the universe are predetermined, then human beings don't have freedom to act as they wish. But then, ultimately, it follows that we shouldn't hold people responsible for their actions. After all, science tells us that all actions in the universe are predetermined. And of course, we should only hold people responsible for their actions if they have freedom to act as they wish. And we now know that human beings don't have freedom to act as they wish. | | | | If God is all-knowing, then God already knows whether or not I will have a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. If God already knows whether or not I will have a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow, then it is futile for me to struggle to resist eating a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. My fitness trainer wants me to struggle to resist eating a large chocolate cake for my dinner tomorrow. So it is futile to do what my fitness trainer wants me to do. After all, God is all-knowing. | | | | If all things that currently exist might not have existed, then it is possible that at some point nothing will exist. But it is impossible that at some point nothing will exist. For if there is a time where nothing exists, it would follow that nothing can exist now. Yet I certainly exist now. So, there must be something existing now that could not have not existed, namely God. | | | | Death is either an annihilation in which we have no consciousness at all, or else it is a migration of the soul to another place. Yet in either case, it is not something to fear. We should not fear annihilation. It would be like a sound and dreamless sleep. And nor should we fear the migration of the soul to another place. |
2 points QUESTION 9 Select the argument below that has the following map:
① ② ④ └───────┘ ↓ ③
| | | If Huey sees a ghost tonight at the old hotel and he's there all by himself, he'll scream and run for the hills. Huey is at the old hotel by himself tonight. So, he'll scream and run for the hills. For he sees a ghost. | | | | If Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower, they'll get into an argument about Marcus. If they get into an argument about Marcus, the bride will run to her bedroom and cry. Marcy is sat next to Mindy at the bridal shower. Hence, the bride runs to her bedroom and cries. | | | | It will storm this evening. Whenever we three meet in the woods, it storms. We'll meet in the woods this evening. So, we're certain to get drenched in the downpour. | | | | I need to a computer with a webcam to take classes remotely this semester. The Apple Mac Pro has a webcam. The Google Pixelbook has one too. So I should either buy an Apple Mac Pro, or a Google Pixelbook. | | | | We should buy tickets to go to the opera if it would make Granddad happy. It would make Granddad happy to go to the opera. So we should buy tickets to go to the opera. The Marriage of Figaro is playing downtown next summer. |
2 points QUESTION 10 Select the argument below that has the following map:
② ③ ④ ⑤ ↘︎ ↘︎ ↙︎ ↙︎ ①
| | | The Lions are likely to lose this final game. Their star quarterback is sidelined with a knee injury. The team's morale is low after two disappointing defeats. This is a road game and they’ve done poorly on the road all season. And I heard that the linebacker is being paid off to throw the game.
| | | | All is One. If all is One, then individuals do not exist. And since murder is the unjustified killing of one individual by another, it follows that murder does not exist. If murder does not exist, then my client cannot be guilty of murder. Therefore, my client cannot be guilty of murder. | | | | Child abuse is a sad and dangerous problem. Parents who were abused as children are themselves more often violent with their own children than parents who were not abused. This proves that being abused as a child leads to further abuse of the next generation. Therefore the only way to stop the cycle of child abuse is to provide treatment for abused children before they themselves become parents. We should provide financial support to social agencies that treat abused children. | | | | The only person above the law of the country is a sitting President. The sitting President is the country's ultimate authority. The country's ultimate authority creates its laws. And no creator of law is bound by that law. And it would cause chaos and confusion if a law court found a sitting President guilty of a crime. | | | | Cats should be recognized as the ultimate pets. They were worshiped in Ancient Egypt. They are fiercely independent. But they are also fiercely loyal. Any animal that is both independent and loyal makes an ultimate pet. |
2 points QUESTION 11 Select the argument below that has the following map:
④ ⑤ └───┘ ↓ ① ③ └───┘ ↓ ② | | | Pigs make great pets. They learn to do tricks as well as any dog can. They can be house trained, too. And they are affectionate, since they like to cuddle. And if you get bored with them or they become unruly, you can eat them. | | | | The check is void unless it is cashed within 30 days. So you cannot cash this check. For the date on the check is September 2, and it is now October 8. The date on check is now void. You cannot cash a check which is void. | | | | If Pierre lived in Paris for twenty years, he must speak French fluently. No one who can speak French fluently would take the course Elementary French I unless he or she wanted to get an easy “A”. And Pierre did live in Paris for twenty years. Plus, he's taking Elementary French I. So, he must be doing it to get an easy “A”. | | | | Today is either Tuesday or Wednesday. However, it can’t be Wednesday. The doctor’s office was open this morning and that office is always closed on Wednesday. Therefore, today must be Tuesday. So, tomorrow is Wednesday. | | | | I'm convinced that Mary deliberately hurt Jane. So, she ought to be punished. Anyone who deliberately hurts someone should be punished. And I saw Mary's cruel expression when Jane fell down the stairs. The only way she'd have that cruel expression is if she was intending to do harm. |
2 points QUESTION 12 Select the argument below that has the following map:
② ③ ④ └────┘ ↓ ①
| | | Questions cannot occur within an argument. That's because arguments are made up of statements. Questions are not statements. Statements are sentences that are either true or false. | | | | All sound arguments are deductive. That's because all sound arguments are valid. And all valid arguments are deductive. My logic professor told us that all sound argument are deductive, too. | | | | People who are extremely sarcastic are generally speaking quite insecure. A lot of insecure people feel inadequate. And those who feel inadequate tend to be extremely sarcastic. So if your sister is being sarcastic, it's because she's insecure. | | | | The only reason to think that there is life on other planets is if extraterrestrials traveled to our solar system. No extraterrestrial life has traveled to our solar system. We lack the means of traveling to other solar systems. So, there is no reason to think that there is life on other planets. | | | | That glass contains an alcoholic beverage. After all, it was either beer or cider that the barman poured into the glass. Beer is an alcoholic beverage. And cider is an alcoholic beverage, too. |
2 points QUESTION 13 Select the argument below that has the following map:
① ④
↓ ↓ ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤ | | | The law of gravity can be broken. Only those who believe in miracles believe that the law of gravity may be broken. If I drop this ball and it floats into the sky, the law of gravity would be broken. I drop this ball and it floats into the sky. So, I must believe in miracles. | | | | The criminals who burgled the mansion last night either came in through the upstairs window, or else the basement. There were unusual footprints near the basement, and the upstairs window was left open. The criminals must have left the same way that they entered. There is only one set of footprints leading up to the basement. So, the criminals must have entered through the upstairs window. | | | | The plays that William Shakespeare wrote, such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear, are widely thought to be masterpieces. That is the reason that many students must read his plays as part of their high school curriculum. The novels of Virginia Woolf, such as The Waves, Mrs. Galloway, and A Room of One's Own, are widely thought to be masterpieces. That is the reason that many students must read her novels as part of their high school curriculum. One function of high school education is to introduce students to cultural masterpieces. | | | | Astronomers study great cosmic events that cannot be repeated. So astronomy is a science that does not depend upon repeatable experiments. And the science of botany does not rely upon repeatable experiments either. Botanists work to discover, identify, and classify the various plant species on Earth. So there are at least some sciences don't depend upon experimentation. | | | | It's morally acceptable for humans to eat anything that tastes good to us. So if meat tastes good to us, it's morally acceptable for us to eat it. Meat tastes good to us. That's because it contains complex proteins. So, it's morally acceptable for humans to eat meat. |
2 points QUESTION 14 Consider the following argument:
Kant was overly obsessive about his daily schedule. Additionally, his ethical framework is impractical. Thus, I shouldn't have to read his work in class. What is the correct map for this argument? | | | ① ↓ ② ↓ ③ | | | | ② ↓ ① ↓ ③ | | | | ① ③ └───────┘ ↓ ② | | | | ① ② ↘ ↙
③ | | | | ① ② └───────┘ ↓ ③ |
2 points QUESTION 15 Consider the following argument:
Krystal is either incredibly wealthy or incredibly foolish. She bought a pet lion for her private zoo. Only people with too much money or too little sense would do that. She's not incredibly wealthy. So she's foolish. What is the correct map for this argument? | | | ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① ④ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤ | | | | ① ② ③ ④ └──────┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ └──┘ ↓ ① ④ └───┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ └──┘ ↓ ① ④ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① ④ └───┘ ↓ ⑤ |
2 points QUESTION 16 Consider the following argument:
Marx objects to social practices, like religion, that keeps people distracted from their material conditions. Marvel movies keep millions of people distracted for hours at a time. Between ticket sales, tie-in comics and merchandise, digital and DVD copies, the studio has made billions of dollars in profits. This has allowed them to make more movies and distract more people. So Marx would object to Marvel movies. Which is the correct map for this argument?
| | | ① ② ③ ④ └──────┘ ↘ ↙
⑤ | | | | ③ ④ ↘ ↙ ② ① ↘ ↙ ⑤ | | | | ④ ↓ ③ ↓ ② ① └──┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ③ ↓ ④ ↓ ② ① └──┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ③ ④ ↘ ↙ ② ① └──┘ ↓ ⑤ |
2 points QUESTION 17 Consider the following argument:
Mark is majoring in education. I'm pretty sure, because he's been in three of my education classes. Also, he hangs out with a bunch of other education majors. He went to careers services yesterday and asked a lot of questions about high school teaching. So I think ultimately Mark wants to be a teacher. What is the correct map for this argument? | | | ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① ④ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ └──┘ ↓ ① ④ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① ④ └───┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ② ③ └──┘ ↓ ① ④ └───┘ ↓ ⑤ | | | | ① ② ③ ④ └──────┘ ↓ ⑤ |
2 points QUESTION 18 Consider the following argument:
Religious beliefs can be justified even without evidence, according to William James. Deciding to believe something is true on the basis of feeling is justified when there is no rational evidence against it. There is no rational evidence against the existence of God. Deciding to believe in God based on the hope that He exists is to believe on the basis of feeling. What is the correct map for this argument?
| | | ④ ② ③ └─────┘ ↘ ↙ ① | | | | ④ ↓ ② ③ └──┘ ↓ ①
| | | | ④ ② ③ └─────┘ ↘ ↙ ① | | | | ④ ② ③
↘ ↓ ↙
① | | | | ④ ② ③ └───────────┘ ↓ ① |
2 points QUESTION 19 Consider the following argument:
Capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime. In those states which have abolished the death penalty, the rate of incidence for serious crimes is lower than in those which have retained it. Besides, capital punishment is a barbaric practice, one which has no place in any society which calls itself “civilized.” What is the correct map for this argument? | | | ① ② ↘ ↙
③ | | | | ① ③ └──────┘ ↓ ② | | | | ② ③ ↘ ↙
① | | | | ② ③ └──────┘ ↓ ① | | | | ① ③ ↘ ↙
② |
2 points QUESTION 20 Consider the following argument:
The characters in that movie must have been puppets. After all, they could only have been puppets, real actors, or CGI special effects. But real actors cannot fly through the air! And the budget for the film was too small to cover CGI special effects. What is the correct map for this argument? | | | ① ② ③ ↘ ↓ ↙
④ | | | | ① ② ③ └───┘ ↓ ④ | | | | ② ③ ④ ↘ ↓ ↙
① | | | | ② ③ ④ └───┘ ↓ ①
| | | | ④ ↓ ② ③ └───┘ ↓ ① |
2 points QUESTION 21 Consider the following argument:
We should raise the age of retirement. It would decrease an expenditure. And it would generate revenue. It would reduce the number of years that citizens draw from social security. People would continue to pay income and social security taxes during their additional years of employment.
| | | ② ③ ④ ⑤ └───────┘ ↓ ①
| | | | ④ ⑤ ↓ ↓ ② ③ └────┘ ↓ ① | | | | ⑤ ④ ↓ ↓ ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① | | | | ⑤ ④ ↓ ↓ ② ③ └────┘ ↓ ① | | | | ④ ⑤ ↓ ↓ ② ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ① |
2 points QUESTION 22 Consider the following passage:
Pyrite has a specific gravity of around 5 and gold has a specific gravity of around 19.3. Pyrite is better known as Fools Gold. But elements with a different specific gravity are not identical. So pyrite is not gold. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage? | | | All of the statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 23 Consider the following passage:
Meaghan has a deep suntan that she thinks make her look pretty. But the fact is that too much exposure to the sun is extremely unhealthy. Scientists have proved that sunlight causes premature aging of the skin. And of course, there have also been links between the sun's ultraviolet rays and skin cancer. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage? | | | All of the statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 24 Consider the following passage:
A burqa is a long, loose garment that covers the body from head to feet. Muslim women who wear a burqa are exercising religious freedom. Banning Muslim women from wearing burqas in public spaces is detrimental to individual liberty. For freedom of religion is a key part of individual liberty. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map for this passage? | | | All four statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 25 Consider the following passage:
People should be treated the same regardless of race and sex. In the past, this was not always the case. However, affirmative action programs require that people be treated differently depending on their race and sex. Such programs should therefore be abolished. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map for this passage? | | | All four statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 26 Consider the following passage:
It has become unfashionable to be married in this country. This is a startling change from fifty years ago. Nowadays, television and movies are full of stylish characters who happily live together, and yet are unwilling to commit to a lifelong partnership. And divorce is portrayed as a glamorous option for bored spouses. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage? | | | All of the statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 27 Consider the following passage:
All university students should work to improve their critical thinking skills. After all, critical thinking is necessary for surviving in the new economy. That's because we need to adapt to rapid change and make critical use of information in making decisions. Also, critical thinking can help us reflect on our values and purposes in life.
Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage? | | | All of the statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 28 Consider the following passage:
Smoking is an extremely unhealthy habit. However, many Americans continue to smoke. Studies have consistently tied smoking to increased cancer rates. It also increases the likelihood of heart attacks and strokes. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage? | | | All of the statements should be mapped. | | | | Statement 1 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 2 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 3 should not be mapped. | | | | Statement 4 should not be mapped. |
2 points QUESTION 29 Consider the following argument:
To grow healthily, flowers require water, sunlight, and soil. Sharanjit plants her flowers in fresh soil, and places them in a sunny spot near the window. She can expect them to grow healthily. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon?
| | | Sharanjit is a biology major. | | | | Sharanjit does not have a large dog. | | | | Sharanjit's roommate doesn't dislike the flowers. | | | | Sharanjit waters her flowers. | | | | Sharanjit has grown flowers successfully in the past. |
2 points QUESTION 30 Consider the following argument:
Since the subway train didn't stop at this platform, it must have been an express train. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon? | | | There are express trains running today. | | | | All trains stop at every platform. | | | | Only express trains don't stop at each platform. | | | | I am running late for a job interview. | | | | I have not left the platform for the last twenty minutes. |
2 points QUESTION 31 Consider the following argument:
Cats rely upon their whiskers to navigate their environment. The span of their whiskers is typically the same as the widest part of their body. If a cat's whiskers scrape against the sides of a hole they are squeezing into, they know that they are in danger of getting stuck. Moxie got stuck in that hole. So Moxie's owner probably shaved his whiskers. Which of the following tacit premises does the argument rely upon? | | | Moxie is a cat | | | | Moxie's whiskers scraped against the side of that hole. | | | | Moxie is not overweight. | | | | Moxie can typically navigate his environment. | | | | Moxie wants to get out of that hole |
2 points QUESTION 32 Consider the following argument:
The weather forecast predicts that a cold front is moving in tomorrow. So it's likely going to rain. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon? | | | Storm clouds are brewing outside. | | | | The weather forecast is reliable. | | | | Cold fronts usually bring in rain. | | | | It has not rained for more than a week. | | | | Cold fronts are fast-moving. |
2 points QUESTION 33 Consider the following argument:
There is currently a national coin shortage. This is an urgent social problem that would ordinarily be up to the federal government to fix. But the current administration is doing nothing about it. Thus, each responsible citizen should exchange any loose change they have for credit at a nearby grocery store. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon? | | | The government should be held responsible for failing to solve social problems. | | | | Grocery store credit has an equivalent monetary value. | | | | When the government fails to address urgent social problems, responsible citizens should do what they can to solve them. | | | | High federal taxes are taking coins out of circulation. | | | | People should not print their own money. |
2 points QUESTION 34 Consider the following argument:
Restricting the sale of automatic weapons and handguns will reduce the incidence of violent crime. The government should take any measures it can that will reduce the incidence of violent crime without unduly sacrificing other values. It follows that the government should restrict the sale of automatic weapons and hanguns. Which of the following tacit premises does the argument rely upon? | | | Restricting the sale of automatic weapons and handguns will not unduly sacrifice other values. | | | | Automatic weapons and handguns are currently cheap to purchase. | | | | The Supreme Court overturns the second amendment. | | | | Democrats are in charge of both the House and the Senate. | | | | The incidence of violent crime is increasing. |
2 points QUESTION 35 Consider the following argument:
Since magnets are not attracted to this object, I am certain that it is not made of steel. So it must be made of pure aluminum. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon? | | | We are in the southern hemisphere. | | | | This object is either made of steel or pure aluminum. | | | | All non-magnetic objects are made of pure aluminum. | | | | All objects are made of aluminum. | | | | The Earth's magnetic poles are behaving normally. |
2 points QUESTION 36 Consider the following argument:
Salt is required for every recipe in this book. My dad wants me to cook a meal for his 70th birthday. My Dad's doctor has told him to cut salt out of his diet. If I cook my dad a recipe from this book, his doctor will be mad. I won't cook a recipe from this book. In a map of this argument, where would the following additional information belong: My dad's doctor says that he is allowed to eat salt on special occasions.
| | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statements 2 and 3. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion. | | | | It is an objection to statement 4. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statements 1, 2, and 3. | | | | It is an objection to statement 3. |
2 points QUESTION 37 Consider the following argument:
We should not give in to the demands of terrorists when they take hostages. Doing that would convince them that their tactic works. Terrorists would therefore be encouraged to take hostages again in the future. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong: The hostage is a VIP, such as the President of the United States of America.
| | | It provides direct support for statement 3. | | | | It is an objection to statement 1. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 1. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 2. | | | | It is an objection to statement 3. |
2 points QUESTION 38 Consider the following argument:
People are allowed to vote when they turn 18. 18-year-olds are considered old enough to have important responsibilities. Being able to drink alcoholic beverages is an important responsibility. The age at which one can legally drink should therefore be lowered. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong: Males aged 18 must register for the draft. | | | It is an objection to statement 4. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 2. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 1. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 3. |
2 points QUESTION 39 Consider the following argument:
We should not give in to the demands of terrorists when they take hostages. Doing that would convince them that their tactic works. Terrorists would therefore be encouraged to take hostages again in the future. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong: If terrorists are convinced that a tactic works, they will be encouraged to apply it again in the future. | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 2. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 3. | | | | It is an objection to statement 1. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 3. |
2 points QUESTION 40 Consider the following argument:
People are allowed to vote when they turn 18. 18-year-olds are considered old enough to have important responsibilities. Being able to drink alcoholic beverages is an important responsibility. The age at which one can legally drink should therefore be lowered. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong: The current legal drinking age is 21.
| | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 2. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statements 2 and 3. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 3. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 3. | | | | It is a new independent premise that provides direct support for the conclusion. |
2 points QUESTION 41 Consider the following argument:
You should be careful asking a friend to keep a secret from their spouse. So think twice before you tell Marcus your innermost thoughts, on the promise that he won't tell Tilly. Marriage is a more intimate relationship than friendship. One should be wary thinking that someone would compromise a more intimate relationship for the sake of a less intimate one. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong? Spouses are friends who additionally typically live together, share resources, and who have a sexual relationship.
| | | It is an objection to statement 1. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 4. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 3. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 3. |
2 points QUESTION 42 Consider the following argument:
You should be careful asking a friend to keep a secret from their spouse. So think twice before you tell Marcus your innermost thoughts, on the promise that he won't tell Tilly. Marriage is a more intimate relationship than friendship. One should be wary thinking that someone would compromise a more intimate relationship for the sake of a less intimate one. In a map of the argument, where would the following additional information belong? Marcus and Tilly are married. | | | It provides direct support for statement 5. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 1. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 4. | | | | It provides direct support for statement 1. | | | | It is a tacit premise that should be added to join statement 5. |
2 points QUESTION 43 Consider the following argument:
Expulsion from school may deter bad behavior. So anyone who cheats on an exam should be expelled from school. A copy of the exam solutions was found in Harriet's bag. So she should be expelled. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Harriet says that she has no idea how the solutions got in her bag.
| | | It should be added to join statements 2 and 3, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 1, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 1, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statements 2 and 3, and has the effect of weakening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 44 Consider the following argument:
Neveah said that she's going to buy a cell phone next month. It's likely that she will buy an Android. Her brother recommended it. Also, more than 75% of new cell phones sold worldwide use the Android operating system. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Neveah rarely follows through on what she says. | | | It should be joined to statement 1, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 4, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 4, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 1, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 3, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 45 Consider the following argument:
We have good reason to believe that the dam will break by Christmas. If there is heavy rainfall this Fall, the river will surge putting more pressure on the dam. And if the Governor signs a budget that doesn't increase maintenance funding, the dam may collapse due to wear and tear. As if that weren't enough, the CIA has issued a report claiming that ecoterrorists are planning to destroy dams across the country to return rivers to their natural state. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Due to climate change, light rainfall is predicted for this Fall.
| | | It should be added to join statement 2, but has no effect on the strength of the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 2, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 2, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 4, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 3, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 46 Consider the following argument:
We have good reason to believe that the dam will break by Christmas. If there is heavy rainfall this Fall, the river will surge putting more pressure on the dam. And if the Governor signs a budget that doesn't increase maintenance funding, the dam may collapse due to wear and tear. As if that weren't enough, the CIA has issued a report claiming that ecoterrorists are planning to destroy dams across the country to return rivers to their natural state. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? The Governor has promised to make maintenance of infrastructure a priority.
| | | It should be added to join statement 3, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 2, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 3, but has no effect on the strength of the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 4, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 3, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 47 Consider the following argument:
Neveah said that she's going to buy a cell phone next month. It's likely that she will buy an Android. Her brother recommended it. Also, more than 75% of new cell phones sold worldwide use the Android operating system. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Neveah is planning to buy a second-hand cell phone. | | | It should be joined to statement 3, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 4, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 3, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It is an objection to statement 1, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be joined to statement 4, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 48 Consider the following argument:
We have good reason to believe that the dam will break by Christmas. If there is heavy rainfall this Fall, the river will surge putting more pressure on the dam. And if the Governor signs a budget that doesn't increase maintenance funding, the dam may collapse due to wear and tear. As if that weren't enough, the CIA has issued a report claiming that ecoterrorists are planning to destroy dams across the country to return rivers to their natural state. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? An upstream river has been diverted to run into this one, increasing pressure on the dam.
| | | It should be added to join statement 4, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 2, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 3, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion, and has the effect of weakening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 49 Consider the following argument:
Expulsion from school may deter bad behavior. So anyone who cheats on an exam should be expelled from school. A copy of the exam solutions was found in Harriet's bag. So she should be expelled. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Harriet was physically abusive to one of her classmates.
| | | It should be added to join statements 2 and 3, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 1, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statements 2 and 3, and has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 1, and has the effect of strengthening the argument. |
2 points QUESTION 50 Consider the following argument:
Neveah said that she's going to buy a cell phone next month. It's likely that she will buy an Android. Her brother recommended it. Also, more than 75% of new cell phones sold worldwide use the Android operating system. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Neveah only sometimes trusts her brother's judgment. | | | It should be added to join statement 3, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 3, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 4, and it has the effect of weakening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 1, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. | | | | It should be added to join statement 4, and it has the effect of strengthening the argument. |
2 points |
