Hello, i need help is writing my business assignment, which is due on April 4th, 2021. I have attached the files that includes the guidelines on how to write the report and what should be the format

Remembered for his impact on public policy, macroeconomic theory, Depression - era economics, & the rise of the public sector. Keynes revolutionized Depression - era economic thinking... In orthodox economics, a downturn is anticipated to be automatically self -correcting . “An economy in depression could stay there. There was nothing inherent in the economic mechanism to pull it out. One could have 'equilibrium' with unemployment, even massive unemployment” (Heilbroner). But in crises, aggregate savings shrink & uncertainty discourages investment (' dead money ').  Keynes advocated that governments temporarily take on the role of investors through work programs, public sector employment, & infrastructure building.

 Stimulus could “prime the pump” by minimizing joblessness, boosting spending, & stabilizing the market to encourage the return of investment. Technological unemployment is a structural form of joblessness resulting from the efficient use of labour . During the Depression, Keynes was primarily concerned with reducing unemployment. This was not only an economic but a moral problem. The Depression produced a stark contrast: factories were dormant, while people remained jobless.

This “enormous anomaly of unemployment” highlighted a contradiction of industrialization: the dilemma of “technological unemployment.” The “increase in technical efficiency” exceeds the rate at which the “problem of labour absorption” can be resolved. “[E]conomising the use of labour” outpaces the speed at which “we can find new uses of labour.” Nonetheless, Keynes was optimistic about the prospects of solving this crisis, calling it a “temporary phase of maladjustment.” Optimism He rejected the “economic pessimism” which saw the “improvement in the standard of life” produced by industrial “progress” as a bygone period of growth. Economic Pessimism He also rejects the “pessimism of the revolutionaries” resorting to “violent change,” & the “pessimism of the reactionaries” who “risk no experiments.” Economic Pessimism Keynes predicts that a century from his time, society would have solved the “economic problem” --- viz., satisfying human needs.

Keynes' history of capitalism is meant to show that growth is such a sustained trend that in the “long run” we will resolve the “economic problem.” “[M]ankind is solving its economic problem. I would predict that the standard of life...one hundred years hence will be...eight times as high as it is today.” Once the technical & scientific capabilities required to solve the economic problem have been developed, work - time could shrink. But once labour time has been reduced , the question becomes what to do with the increase in leisure time . If “needs are satisfied...we [will] prefer to devote our further energies to non - economic purposes.” How will the individual “occupy the leisure, which science and compound interest will have won for him”? The end of labour?..... But Keynes was concerned about this prophesied end of work... “To those who sweat for their daily bread leisure is a longed -for sweet --- until they get it...[T]here is no country... who can look forward to the age of leisure...without a dread. For we have been trained too long to strive and not to enjoy. It is a fearful problem for the ordinary person.” By 2030, Keynes predicts that the “problems of economic necessity” would be “removed.” Once the economic problem is solved, he believed humanity faced an even greater dilemma:

how to master the art of life . Once this “condition has become so general” & “one's duty to one's neighbour is changed,” humanity will have reached a turning -point. Keynes fears we are morally & intellectually unequipped to solve this moral problem of how to live a good life. Economics as a 'Moral Science' Keynes treats economics as a “moral science” because it is instrumental to the good life. Once the requirements of life are satisfied by industrial & scientific progress, living a good life becomes the pressing purpose of society. But this moral problem can only be fully addressed once the “economic problem” has been managed.  We should not “overestimate the importance of the economic problem, or sacrifice to its supposed necessities other matters of greater and more permanent significance.”  The “economic problem,” which has until now been the “most pressing problem,” is therefore not the “permanent problem of the human race.”  Keynes is much more pessimistic about how rapidly we will solve this moral dilemma. The growth achieved by capitalism is required to realize the material preconditions of human happiness in the future, but happiness itself will depend further on mastering the “ art of life .” “The strenuous purposeful money -makers may carry all of us along with them into the lap of economic abundance. But it will be those peoples, who can keep alive, and cultivate into a fuller perfection, the art of life itself and do not sell themselves for the means of life, who will be able to enjoy the abundance when it comes.” Disillusioned by WWI, Keynes abandoned his earlier view of human nature as inherently rational & intrinsically moral.

Inspired by Freud, he recognized that there are deeply engrained psychological barriers to creating an ideal society in the future.

Endowed by evolution & reinforced by history, our propensities have been developed to solve the pressing demands of the economic problem.

Our “deepest instincts” have been “evolved” for the “purpose of solving the economic problem. If the economic problem is solved...I think with dread of the readjustment of the habits and instincts of the ordinary man, bred into him for countless generations.” Hence, even after the economic problem has been solved, Keynes argues that humans may still desire a small measure of work so as to not succumb to idleness. “For many ages to come the old Adam will be so strong in us that everybody will need to do some work...But beyond this, we shall endeavour to spread the bread thin on the butter...[so that work is as] widely shared as possible...For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the old Adam!” As he became more skeptical about the possibility of rapid social change after WWI, Keynes developed a more reformist view of human progress. Gradualism Until these psychological barriers are eradicated by the progress of culture, we will have to permit the immoral motives stoked by capitalism to go unchecked. Market Psychology Capitalism is an historically necessary , but immoral , phase because it provides a safer outlet for these irrational propensities Temporary Necessity “[In a post - capitalist society, we might] return to some of the most sure and certain principles of religion and traditional virtue -- - that avarice is a vice...We shall once more value ends above means...We shall honour those who can teach us how to pluck the hour... But beware! The time for all this is not yet. For at least another hundred years we must pretend...that fair is foul and foul is fair...Avarice and usury...must be our gods for a little longer still. For only they can lead us out of the tunnel of economic necessity into daylight.” According to Keynes, capitalism reinforces our pathological propensity for avarice/greed, irrational proneness to panic, & obessive love of money. The psychology of markets encourages & promotes competition, selfishness, & vanity at the expense of our aesthetic sensibilities, intellectual curiosity, & the common good of society. With the progressive ethical & intellectual development of individuals in the future, Keynes hoped that a future society would at last be free to abandon these psychological impulses. “When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals...[We might abandon the] pseudo -moral principles which have hag -ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities... We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money -motive at its true value...[namely, as] a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi -criminal, semi -pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease.” Continued automation of the productive process can have a decidedly negative effect & might lead to ' technological unemployment '. Techological Unemployment The dream of 'full automation' might actually turn into a nightmare for a future society. End of Labour But machinery, technical innovation, & industrialism contains an emancipatory essence for Keynes. He recognized that 'labour -saving' devices can become the liberator of labour by expanding free -time. Robotics, nanotechnology, & A.I. hold out the promise of putting an 'end to labour' in a more positive sense. Thus, the real question is whether a future of full automation will lead to a utopian or dystopian result... This is an ideal shared by thinkers as diverse as Aristotle, Marx, Keynes, & Rifkin. The labour movement struggled for the 10 -hour work day. In the late 1800s, the average work week was 60+ hours in Europe.

In 1917, Canadian labour activist Albert Goodwin, who campaigned for the 8 -hour day, was assassinated. Historically speaking, this dream of a future of leisure has some credibility:

In 1919, the Winnipeg General Strike tried to pressure provincial & federal governments into adopting the 40 -hour work week. The 9 -to -5 day was won in 1950 (8hrs work + 8hrs leisure + 8hrs rest) In 1968, student protests in France led to a 35 hour work week.

In Netherlands, the average work week is now 27 hours. But this is a long way from Keynes' prediction of 3 hours per day by 2030.

Automation continues to displace workers as a form of structural unemployment (with disastrous social, political, & moral implications).

Will the fruits of full automation be harvested by everyone, or, by a select few?

Will continued automation liberate humanity from labour & usher in a period of abundance & leisure, or, will a great mass of individuals be thrown out of work & into the ranks of the destitute? In contemporary American political discourse, immigration & globalization are often held as the main source of joblessness. But some studies identify “technological unemployment” as the most serious threat. Some have estimated that approximately 800 million jobs will be lost by 2030 due to continued automation. Frey & Osbourne estimate that 47% of American jobs are at risk of being automated or computerized in the near future. Winslow on Keynesian Economics as a 'Moral Science' Economics is a 'moral science' since it will solve the “economic problem” in the future, & free individuals time so as to master the “art of life.” Economics provides the “material means of a good life” & “ideal social republic of the future.” Capitalism is historically necessary (not morally justified) for Keynes because it creates the material abundance required to satisfy needs & the technology to liberate us from labour. Keynes believes that economists mistakenly study economics almost as if it were natural, rather than a social, science. Social Science As Winslow contends, in contrast to “physics,” the “kind of 'being'” human beings are is distinct from that “studied in 'natural science'.” Ontology As such, the methodology of the natural sciences is inappropriate for the study of human affrairs such as economics. Methodology “I also want to emphasise strongly the point about economics being a moral science...It is as though the fall of the apple to the ground depended on the apple's motives, on whether it is worth while falling to the ground, and whether the ground wanted the apple to fall” (Keynes). Humans are potentially free. We have a power to reflect on & choose between actions. This makes morality possible. Behaviour goes beyond the efficient causation of physics since we have aims to guide our conduct. Ethics is among these. Relations enter into the being of their relata. Humans are 'social animals'. A good life requires ideal social relations. A 'good life' for Keynes is one filled with Truth, Beauty, & Love.

“[The] 'goods'...are 'non -economic'; they are love, beauty and truth...[T]he 'ideal social republic'...[is one where people] are enabled to live 'good' lives.” Capitalism is a temporarily necessary phase of development because it provides the “material abundance” required to solve the “economic problem” & free the time of individuals to pursue “non -economic” purposes. In this sense, economics is “given its proper instrumental role,” like that of “dentistry” in providing the means of hygiene. Although Keynes' vision of an “ideal” society places him on the “extreme left” with Marx, his reformism with respect to the “task of transmuting human nature” makes him “more conservative” than Marshall. He is therefore criticized by the Left for having saved capitalism through the public sector... ...and criticized by the Right for having destroyed free market capitalism via socialization. This aspect of his thinking was the result of a reassessment of his earlier view of human nature (shared with Russell).

Earlier, he believed humankind “already consists of reliable, rational, decent people...who can be safely released from the outward constraints of convention.” Reflecting on this concept of human nature after WWI & his encounter with Freudian ideas, Keynes characterized it as a “disastrously mistaken” perspective. Keynes realized there are “insane and irrational springs of wickedness in most men,” & that “civilization is a thin and precarious crust.” Natural history & social history, or evolution & economics, have engrained in us certain instincts which are morally undesirable.

The passions of the business person are often expressive of urges & instincts which reside within a “deeper level” of the unconscious mind.

Capitalist competition reinforces these hidden psychological forces, i.e., the “pathological denial of mortality,” “sadism,” & obsessive compulsive tendencies. Keynes places his ideal society in the distant future, a century from his own time, as a “very long run project.” Until then, he claims we must continue to delude ourselves into believing that “fair is foul and foul is fair.” Why does he place his ideal society in the distant future, & why must we pretend that foul is fair? Capitalism is historically necessary because it is the only system capable of solving the economic problem. Economic Problem Capitalism creates the abundance of goods required to satisfy needs, & the technologies required for reducing the working day. Capitalism provides a safer & indirect outlet to channel aggressive impulses & sadistic desires. Sublimation Artificial constraints (viz., laws) can only be gradually loosened. Progress is slow because it requires reforming human nature & psychology. These “dangerous human proclivities,” if not “canalised into comparatively harmless channels” like economics, would explode through a less morally acceptable “outlet.” “It is better that a man should tyranise over his bank balance than over his fellow citizens.”