Write a 2-5 page essay, describing what you learned in this course, what it means to you, and what action can be taken in response to Human Trafficking issues. I will attach some of the powerpoint fro

Slavery In the Past & Modern Day Slavery Historical Slavery • Abolished and outlawed in the 19th century… • U.S. by the 13 th Amendment (1865) • Brazil was last country in the America’s to outlaw it in 1888 – But there are more slaves today than in 1860 – When slaves were sold into new world -slavery on the West - African coast, they would face a terrible journey across the Atlantic Ocean – They would spend the majority of the journey in chains and awful conditions of filth and bad nutrition, leading to disease & death – In fact, of the 10 -15 million slaves who were to be forced across the Atlantic, at least 2 million died (between 15 -20%) Inhumane Punishments  Slaves would be routinely punished with whipping and beating amongst other forms of punishment  They would be held in captivity and below the deck of the ship all night with no access to any essentials (e.g., food, water, bathrooms) A famous picture of the infamous “The Brookes” ship’s layout Dancing the Slaves  When they were allowed on the upper deck for brief period during the daytime, slaves were forced to ‘exercise’  Often this took the form of being forced to dance for their master’s amusement Slaves Revolting  In such unbelievably terrible conditions, slaves sometimes tried to rebel to overthrow the rule of the ship’s crew  In such conditions, suicide by jumping into the sea became common  This was a problem for ship captains as slaves were very valuable  The methods used to combat suicide therefore, were very severe  E.g., captains used the sharks that followed the ships as a means to terrify slaves. One ship captain, who had a rash of suicides on his ship, took a woman and lowered her into the water on a rope, and pulled her out as quickly as as possible. When the slaves could see her, it became apparent that the sharks had already killed her — and bitten off the lower half of her body.’ Historical Slavery (2)  From 1641 – 1750 slavery was legalized in 10 colonies (Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, & Georgia)  Widely assumed that slave labor was crucial to colonies’ economic development (e.g., demand for cheap labor)  Mainstream society supported slavery  Quakers were first group to oppose slavery and signed a petition in 1688 that declared slavery was antithetical to Christian teachings and principles)  Not all slaves were from Africa – many came from England (i.e., convicts, prostitutes, panhandlers) Historical Slavery (3)  Not all slaves were African  50,000 – 70,000 white slaves came from England (convicts, prostitutes, panhandlers, nonconformists or outcasts)  Many Irish were forced into slavery abroad under Oliver Cromwell’s rule (under ethnic -cleansing policy)  >300,000 were willingly transported to new world as indentured servants (similar to smuggling  debt bondage today) Historical Slavery (4) What is modern day slavery?  A slave is:  Forced to work -- through mental or physical threat  Owned or controlled by an 'employer', usually through mental or physical abuse or threatened abuse  Dehumani zed, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as 'property’  Physically constrained or has restrictions placed on his/her freedom of movement  Control does not have to mean being chained up or locked somewhere (often slaves are controlled mentally) Video & class discussion  https://www.pbs.org/video/global -perspectives -kevin -bales - contemporary -slavery/ (25) Kevin Bales - Contemporary Slavery Research  Kevin Bales, Professor of Contemporary Slavery at the University of Nottingham, discusses the problem of slavery in the 21st century and his research effort to figure out the exact numbers of people in slavery.  Compare historical slavery to contemporary slavery  How does racial discrimination and sexism influence MDS?  What are the situations modern slaves find themselves in?  Where could you possibly encounter modern slaves? TIP Report Classification The U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA Oct . 2000 ), requires the DOJ to submit an annual report to Congress on the status of severe forms of human trafficking.  Under the act, the DOJ classifies countries into 3 tiers  The worst, Tier 3 , represents a group of countries that do not fully comply with the act's minimum standards and are making insignificant efforts to reach compliance: Bangladesh, Cuba, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gyana, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Venezuela, Northern Korea & Burma.  Tier 2 countries do not fully comply but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance: 42 countries, including Georgia, India, Laos, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia, Japan.  Tier 1 nations are in full compliance with TVPA standards Videos & discussion  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKFPIL_RNlI (3:30) Hidden Victims of HT – Amy Farrell, PhD  The National Institute of Justice has funded a study looking at the barriers that local communities face identifying, investigating and prosecuting human trafficking cases under new state human trafficking laws. Critical Race Theory (CRT)  CRT acknowledges that racism is endemic to American life, deeply ingrained legally, culturally, socially & psychologically  CRT challenges dominant ideologies (e.g., white privilege, race neutrality, objectivity, color blindness)  CRT contends that race equality has been gained only when the interests of people of color promote those of whites  CRT insists on a contextual/historical analysis of race and racism (not to dwell on the past but to move beyond it)  CRT relies on stories & counter -stories of the lived experiences of people of color as a way to community the realities of the oppressed  CRT focuses on race and racism but also includes their intersection with other forms of subordination (e.g., gender, class discrimination) Intersectionality  Intersectionality acknowledges that race, gender, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class coexist to shape social identity, behavior, opportunities, and access to rights  Crenshaw’s (1991) intersectionality refers to how multiple forms of oppression are interrelated  Using an intersectional lens helps us explore multiple, complex and mutually reinforcing systems of oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, classism, homophobia, heterocentrism )  Regarding human trafficking – not all people are at equal risk of becoming a victim for various forms of trafficking  Harvard’s Implicit Association Test – Race (black – white)  https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html