I need you to write a 6 page paper ( the first page need to be 200 word abstract and then there needs to be a 5 page literature review, which you have to compare and contrast all the dataand sources

The following is a list of rules for writing well. This is list is not exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive. It is intended to be a checklist for improving the student’s writing abilities and skills. There is no particular order to the following suggestions.

Never use first or second person when writing a paper. The use of “I,” “me,” “we,” “you,” etc. is not acceptable in academic papers. You are expected to make your argument and state your position without directly relating it to yourself or your reader.

Don’t attribute any feelings/thoughts to the authors you are citing. Statements such as “the author feels” or “Smith thinks” are inaccurate. If you are citing a work, you do not have any idea how the author thinks or feels, only what he/she wrote and got published. Statements such as these are presumptive and wrong.

Abbreviations should be spelled out the first time you use them. When using abbreviations (which should be used sparingly), spell them out first. Example- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) states…… After this sentence, you can use the abbreviation of ATF. Be careful though. Some abbreviations need explanation (e.g., NATO) which brings us to #4.

If using a term, organization, or jargon that is commonplace in your field, footnote an explanation. Many people may not know what the DNC is. You may need to explain what the Democratic National Committee (DNC) is in a footnote. This can apply to various terms such as recidivism, NIMBY, etc. When in doubt, explain it. Remember that you are writing to an audience that has no idea what you are talking about. You also need to state why this term is important to your paper/topic.

Write at the eighth grade level. One sign of a good author is the ability to make complex terms and concepts simple. Think of your audience as being in the eighth grade. Now, write your paper to them so that they can understand it. Lengthy, complicated words are often not used correctly.

Don’t write a “they,” “this,” “she,” “he,” etc. in a sentence without specification. This is a big one! When reading a piece of written work, there are many concepts in a specific sentence. I, as your audience, can not ask you for clarification. Therefore, you need to be as clear as possible. Here is an example:

The lawyer met with his client and the parole officer. He decided to change his mind.

My question becomes who are you talking about?

The lawyer met with his client and the parole officer. The client decided to change his mind.

Another example:

The United Nations has decided to initiate a policy of human rights to protect the rights of women. This will be beneficial to many people.

My question is what is beneficial: the policy or the protection of rights.

The United Nations has decided to initiate a policy of human rights to protect the rights of women. This policy will be beneficial to many people.

When using string cites, pay attention to their order. String cites should be put in alphabetical order. If an author has more than one citation, then put cites in alphabetical, then chronological order. Example (Andrews and Bonta 1998, 2001; Bonta 1999; Gendreau 1996).

The word “prove” – when you are discussing social science research, the word “prove” should not be used. You can’t prove a hypothesis. Therefore, opt for another less restrictive word – show, found, discuss, state, declare, announce, report, etc.

Cite the author, not the work – the author has made the contribution of knowledge, not the book. Therefore, cite the author. Also, there is little need to put the author and book in the same

sentence. Once you have the author’s name and year, your audience can go to your bibliography and find the source. Example-

J. Petersilia in Probation and Parole in the 21st Century states that…..

Would be better to say:

Petersilia (2004) states….

Don’t start two sentences in the same paragraph with the same word. Redundancy can be confusing.

Example –

Abuse is a crime. Abuse can cause serious harm to the victim. This victimization can continue throughout the life of the individual. Abuse is a bad thing.

Preferred would be:

Abuse is a crime. These types of crimes can cause serious harm to the victim. This victimization can continue throughout the life of the individual. Domestic violence is a grave matter.

Don’t put adjectives before works or authors. Statements such as “the most famous author” or “the most important work” or “the first piece of literature” open you up to being wrong. First, comments that suggest authors are famous or important may isolate a member of the audience who does not agree. Additionally, when you say “the first work” or “the most important work,” it may be incorrect. This writing technique is similar to using “always” or “never” (which you should not do either).

Don’t use contractions in your writing. Spell them out – it’s should be it is; don’t should be do not. Spelling these out just makes your paper look more academic and proper.

Academic citations – Non academic citations are everywhere. I do not accept them. Newsweek, USA Today, and most internet sites are examples of non academic citations. The rule of thumb is that academic cites come from journals without any pictures and articles should be no less than 15- 20 pages long. This is not a rule set in stone, but it may help the student decide what to use or exclude.

Cite court cases. If you use court cases in your paper, you must cite them in text and in your bibliography. Furman v. Georgia is not correct. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) is correct.

Watch the congruence of in-text and bibliographic citations. Citing Smith in your text and Smith and Wilson on your bibliography is unacceptable. These are not the same citation. Also, be careful of Smith and Wilson in text and then Wilson and Smith in your bibliography or another part of your text. These are not the same.

Periods after citations. Periods (to end a sentence) should go after the citation. Additionally, punctuation should be included in a direct quote.

Example –

“A civil rights action for damages is not merely a private tort suit benefiting only the individual plaintiffs whose rights were violated” (Palmer, 1977: 206).

Don’t put direct quotes after one another. Direct quotes should be used as support for your position, not paper content. Direct quotes should only be used when you can’t think of anyway to paraphrase the quote. Therefore, you should “introduce” each quote with at least one sentence (e.g., put the sentences between the quotes). It would be even better to put 2, 3 or even 4 or 5 sentences between each quote.

Intentional “fluff” is unacceptable. When you are trying to “lengthen” a paper by adding words or irrelevant information, it makes for a very confusing argument. I would rather have a clear and concise argument that is shorter than a confusing, rambling, incoherent paper.