Introduction to logic Answer all the questions following the instructions in each numbered section 1 through 6. 1. Translate th

Introduction to Logic

1. Reveal the framework of the analogical argument in each example by determining what would go in the premises and the conclusion.

Example

1. We know that humans are capable of highly abstract thinking by their ability to understand and use complex concepts. Recent research on dolphins has revealed that dolphins have brains almost identical in size to humans. Dolphins have a body size nearly identical to humans. Experiments have shown that dolphins can understand verbal commands and sign language instructions, which humans can do quite easily. Like humans, dolphins have a strong sense of self-identity, because it has been shown that dolphins can recognize themselves in mirrors and when shown their image on a T V screen. Therefore, it is highly probable that dolphins are capable of highly abstract thinking.

Answer:

Premise 1: X, humans, and Y, dolphins, have the following attributes in common: a, dolphins have brains almost identical in size to humans; b, dolphins have a body size nearly identical to humans; c, dolphins can understand verbal comm ands and sign language instructions, which humans can do quite easily; d, like humans, dolphins have a strong sense of self-identity, because it has been shown that dolphins can recognize themselves in mirrors and when shown their image on a T V screen.

Premise 2: We know that X, humans, are e, capable of highly abstract thinking by their ability to understand and use complex concepts.

Conclusion: Therefore, it is highly probable that Y, dolphins, are e, capable of highly abstract thinking. The structure of the argument can now be displayed: X and Y have a, b, c, and d in common.

X has e.

Therefore, probably Y has e

2. Chimpanzees are certainly capable of feeling pain. They will avoid negative feedback (electrical shocks) in a laboratory setting when given the opportunity to do so. When one chimpanzee is injured, others will recognize the pain behavior and try to comfort and help the injured member of the group. Chimpanzees that have been given pain-relief medicine soon after an injury connect the medicine to the relief from pain, because when injured again they will give the sign for the medicine. Humans display all of these behaviors as well. There are legal and ethical constraints that protect humans from experimentation without their consent. Therefore, chimpanzees should be afforded the same protections.

4. England and japan have much lower overall crime rates than the United States. The United States has 20 times more homicides than England and 30 times more than Japan. All three countries have large populations, are highly industrialized, and are in the top five in term s of economic strength among the world’s countries. In addition, all three countries are democracies, have separate branches of government, and a large prison system. But England and japan have strict gun control legislation. If the United States wants to lower its homicide rate, then it has to pass strict gun control legislation.