Results and Discussion Sections You have worked hard on this research project, and you are over halfway done! In the last project assignment, based on the data collected from your participants, you co

PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 1 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Research Project Statistical Findings Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS ®). Table of Content with Page Numbers:  Descriptive statistics (m eans, standard deviations , and frequency distributions ) of the variables – page 1 of this file  Correlations among the variables – page 2 of this file  Gender differences examined using analys es of variance (ANOVA s) – page s 3 and 4 of this file  D ifferences between smoker and non -smokers examined using ANOVA s – pages 5 and 6 of this file Descriptive statistics of the variables : Descriptive statistics ( means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions ) of the variables are listed in the table below. Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N Self_Esteem 19.4857 5.40383 945 SleepDisturbance 22.3016 5.85263 945 Optimism 10.2688 4.62534 945 Resilience 3.4439 .78051 945 Anxiety 9.0944 8.58222 943 Depression 8.0996 8.75413 944 Stress 13.3192 9.01844 943 Age 34.0647 12.68467 927 (Gender) (Smokers and Non -Smokers ) PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 2 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Correlations among the variables : Pearson correlations were conducted. See the results below. Correlations Self_Esteem SleepDisturbance Optimism Resilience Anxiety Depression Stress Age Self_Esteem Pearson Correlation 1 .314 ** -.645 ** -.602 ** .480 ** .630 ** .482 ** -.144 ** Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 945 945 945 945 943 944 943 927 SleepDisturbance Pearson Correlation .314 ** 1 -.334 ** -.304 ** .315 ** .341 ** .385 ** -.034 Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .297 N 945 945 945 945 943 944 943 927 Optimism Pearson Correlation -.645 ** -.334 ** 1 .620 ** -.462 ** -.550 ** -.487 ** .177 ** Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 945 945 945 945 943 944 943 927 Resilience Pearson Correlation -.602 ** -.304 ** .620 ** 1 -.426 ** -.502 ** -.471 ** .153 ** Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 945 945 945 945 943 944 943 927 Anxiety Pearson Correlation .480 ** .315 ** -.462 ** -.426 ** 1 .723 ** .738 ** -.155 ** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 943 943 943 943 943 943 943 925 Depression Pearson Correlation .630 ** .341 ** -.550 ** -.502 ** .723 ** 1 .681 ** -.082 * Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .013 N 944 944 944 944 943 944 943 926 Stress Pearson Correlation .482 ** .385 ** -.487 ** -.471 ** .738 ** .681 ** 1 -.186 ** Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 943 943 943 943 943 943 943 925 Age Pearson Correlation -.144 ** -.034 .177 ** .153 ** -.155 ** -.082 * -.186 ** 1 Sig. (2 -tailed) .000 .297 .000 .000 .000 .013 .000 N 927 927 927 927 925 926 925 927 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 -tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2 -tailed). PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 3 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Gender differences : One -way analys es of variance (ANOVA s) were conducted. There are only four in the other category, so these four participants were excluded from the “gender differences” analyses below. Note: With 2 groups (male and female), an independent -samples t test is another common test to use . Descriptives N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Self_Esteem 1 Male 302 18.7517 5.14261 .29592 18.1693 19.3340 3.00 33.00 2 Female 639 19.8279 5.49794 .21750 19.4008 20.2549 10.00 36.00 Total 941 19.4825 5.40714 .17627 19.1365 19.8284 3.00 36.00 SleepDisturbance 1 Male 302 21.3013 6.10255 .35116 20.6103 21.9924 8.00 36.00 2 Female 639 22.7731 5.68644 .22495 22.3313 23.2148 8.00 40.00 Total 941 22.3007 5.86042 .19104 21.9258 22.6757 8.00 40.00 Optimism 1 Male 302 10.5166 4.41886 .25428 10.0162 11.0169 -9.00 20.00 2 Female 639 10.1424 4.72870 .18706 9.7751 10.5097 -4.00 20.00 Total 941 10.2625 4.63247 .15101 9.9661 10.5589 -9.00 20.00 Resilience 1 Male 302 3.5579 .74390 .04281 3.4737 3.6422 1.00 5.00 2 Female 639 3.3905 .79065 .03128 3.3290 3.4519 1.00 5.00 Total 941 3.4442 .77949 .02541 3.3943 3.4941 1.00 5.00 Anxiety 1 Male 301 8.1728 7.93621 .45744 7.2726 9.0729 .00 42.00 2 Female 638 9.5047 8.84362 .35012 8.8172 10.1922 .00 42.00 Total 939 9.0777 8.58156 .28005 8.5281 9.6273 .00 42.00 Depression 1 Male 302 7.9272 8.23460 .47385 6.9947 8.8596 -12.00 42.00 2 Female 638 8.1693 8.98260 .35562 7.4709 8.8676 .00 42.00 Total 940 8.0915 8.74561 .28525 7.5317 8.6513 -12.00 42.00 Stress 1 Male 301 12.5914 8.64614 .49836 11.6106 13.5721 .00 42.00 2 Female 638 13.6520 9.16607 .36289 12.9394 14.3646 .00 42.00 Total 939 13.3120 9.01169 .29409 12.7349 13.8892 .00 42.00 PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 4 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Gender differences (continued): ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Self_Esteem Between Groups 237.522 1 237.522 8.186 .004 Within Groups 27245.438 939 29.015 Total 27482.961 940 SleepDisturbance Between Groups 444.213 1 444.213 13.101 .000 Within Groups 31839.676 939 33.908 Total 32283.889 940 Optimism Between Groups 28.708 1 28.708 1.338 .248 Within Groups 20143.458 939 21.452 Total 20172.166 940 Resilience Between Groups 5.753 1 5.753 9.555 .002 Within Groups 565.401 939 .602 Total 571.154 940 Anxiety Between Groups 362.822 1 362.822 4.947 .026 Within Groups 68714.502 937 73.335 Total 69077.325 938 Depression Between Groups 12.017 1 12.017 .157 .692 Within Groups 71808.115 938 76.554 Total 71820.132 939 Stress Between Groups 230.084 1 230.084 2.839 .092 Within Groups 75945.490 937 81.052 Total 76175.574 938 PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 5 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Differences between smokers and non -smokers : One -way analys es of v ariance (ANOVA) were conducted to examine the differences between smokers and non -smokers. Note: With 2 groups (smokers and non -smokers), an independent -samples t test is another common test to use . Descriptives N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Self_Esteem 1 Smoker 138 21.0217 6.39510 .54439 19.9453 22.0982 3.00 36.00 2 Non -Smoker 807 19.2230 5.17460 .18215 18.8655 19.5806 10.00 36.00 Total 945 19.4857 5.40383 .17579 19.1407 19.8307 3.00 36.00 SleepDisturbance 1 Smoker 138 24.0000 5.24022 .44608 23.1179 24.8821 10.00 35.00 2 Non -Smoker 807 22.0112 5.90526 .20787 21.6031 22.4192 8.00 40.00 Total 945 22.3016 5.85263 .19039 21.9280 22.6752 8.00 40.00 Optimism 1 Smoker 138 8.8261 5.41411 .46088 7.9147 9.7374 -9.00 20.00 2 Non -Smoker 807 10.5155 4.43362 .15607 10.2091 10.8218 -4.00 20.00 Total 945 10.2688 4.62534 .15046 9.9735 10.5641 -9.00 20.00 Resilience 1 Smoker 138 3.2742 .85170 .07250 3.1308 3.4175 1.17 5.00 2 Non -Smoker 807 3.4729 .76448 .02691 3.4201 3.5258 1.00 5.00 Total 945 3.4439 .78051 .02539 3.3941 3.4937 1.00 5.00 Anxiety 1 Smoker 137 12.3066 9.50508 .81207 10.7006 13.9125 .00 42.00 2 Non -Smoker 806 8.5484 8.29889 .29232 7.9746 9.1222 .00 40.00 Total 943 9.0944 8.58222 .27948 8.5459 9.6428 .00 42.00 Depression 1 Smoker 138 11.1159 11.16569 .95049 9.2364 12.9955 -12.00 42.00 2 Non -Smoker 806 7.5831 8.16871 .28773 7.0183 8.1479 .00 36.00 Total 944 8.0996 8.75413 .28492 7.5404 8.6587 -12.00 42.00 Stress 1 Smoker 137 16.2336 9.94711 .84984 14.5530 17.9142 .00 42.00 2 Non -Smoker 806 12.8238 8.76165 .30862 12.2180 13.4296 .00 42.00 Total 943 13.3192 9.01844 .29368 12.7428 13.8955 .00 42.00 PSYC 3304 & 3104 , Research Project Findings Page 6 of 6 See the copyright statement in the course syllabus. Differences between smokers and non -smokers (continued): ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Self_Esteem Between Groups 381.271 1 381.271 13.226 .000 Within Groups 27184.786 943 28.828 Total 27566.057 944 SleepDisturbance Between Groups 466.148 1 466.148 13.793 .000 Within Groups 31868.900 943 33.795 Total 32335.048 944 Optimism Between Groups 336.347 1 336.347 15.971 .000 Within Groups 19859.382 943 21.060 Total 20195.729 944 Resilience Between Groups 4.657 1 4.657 7.699 .006 Within Groups 570.426 943 .605 Total 575.083 944 Anxiety Between Groups 1653.863 1 1653.863 22.978 .000 Within Groups 67728.737 941 71.975 Total 69382.600 942 Depression Between Groups 1470.564 1 1470.564 19.567 .000 Within Groups 70796.075 942 75.155 Total 72266.640 943 Stress Between Groups 1361.414 1 1361.414 17.024 .000 Within Groups 75253.508 941 79.972 Total 76614.923 942